Java高并发之同步异步

1、概念理解：

2、同步的解决方案：

1).基于代码

synchronized 关键字

　　修饰普通方法：作用于当前实例加锁，进入同步代码前要获得当前实例的锁。

　　修饰静态方法：作用于当前类对象加锁，进入同步代码前要获得当前类对象的锁。

　　修饰代码块：指定加锁对象，对给定对象加锁，进入同步代码块前要获得给定对象的锁。

 code1

package com.thread;

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

/**
 * 同步方法
 * @author Administrator
 *
 */
public class SynchronizedMethod implements Runnable{

    //静态共享变量 i
    static int i = 0;
    
    /**
     * 自增
     */
    public synchronized void increase(){
        i++;
    }
    
    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int j = 0; j < 100; j++) {
            increase();
        }
    }
    
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        SynchronizedMethod instance = new SynchronizedMethod();
        ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
            //同一实例，线程共享静态变量i
//            executorService.execute(instance);
            //不同实例，线程单独享有变量i，达不到同步目的
            executorService.execute(new SynchronizedMethod());
            /**
             * 由于线程执行时间过短，在不同实例下，可能会得到类似于同步的结果。
             */
            Thread.sleep(100);
        }
        
        executorService.shutdown();
        
        System.out.println(i);  //300
        
    }
}

code2

package com.thread;

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

/**
 * 同步代码块
 * @author Administrator
 *
 */
public class SynchronizedCodeBlock implements Runnable{

    //静态共享变量 i
    static int i = 0;
    
    @Override
    public void run() {
        //同步进来的对象
        synchronized(this){  //SynchronizedCodeBlock.class
            for (int j = 0; j < 100; j++) {
                i++;
            }
        }
    }
    
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        SynchronizedCodeBlock instance = new SynchronizedCodeBlock();
        ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
//            executorService.execute(instance);
            executorService.execute(new SynchronizedCodeBlock());
            Thread.sleep(10);
        }
        
        executorService.shutdown();
        
        System.out.println(i);  //300
        
    }
}

wait与notify运用

wait():使一个线程处于等待状态，并且释放所持有的对象的lock。

sleep():使一个正在运行的线程处于睡眠状态，是一个静态方法，调用此方法要捕捉InterruptedException异常。

notify():唤醒一个处于等待状态的线程，注意的是在调用此方法的时候，并不能确切的唤醒某一个等待状态的线程，而是由JVM确定唤醒哪个线程，而且不是按优先级。

notifyAll():唤醒所有处入等待状态的线程，注意并不是给所有唤醒线程一个对象的锁，而是让它们竞争。

code3

package com.test;

/**
 * 多线程实现 生产者-消费者模式
 *     关键点：wait和notifyAll或者notify时机的运用，确保先生产后消费
 * @author Administrator
 *
 */
public class Test
{
    private static Integer count = 0;  //数据仓库计数
    private final Integer FULL = 5;  //数据仓库最大存储量
    private static String lock = "lock";  //锁标识

    public static void main(String[] args) 
    {
        Test t = new Test();
        new Thread(t.new Producer()).start();
        new Thread(t.new Consumer()).start();
        new Thread(t.new Producer()).start();
        new Thread(t.new Consumer()).start();
    }
    
    //生产者
    class Producer implements Runnable
    {
        @Override
        public void run()
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
            {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(1000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e1) {
                    e1.printStackTrace();
                }
                synchronized (lock)
                {
                    while (count == FULL)
                    {
                        try {
                            lock.wait();
                        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                            e.printStackTrace();
                        }
                    }
                    count++;
                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "produce:: " + count);
                    //唤醒lock锁上的所有线程
                    lock.notifyAll();
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    //消费者
    class Consumer implements Runnable
    {
        @Override
        public void run()
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
            {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(1000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e1) {
                    e1.printStackTrace();
                }
                synchronized (lock)
                {
                    //如果首次消费者竞争得到锁，进入后等待
                    while (count == 0)
                    {
                        try {
                            lock.wait();
                        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                            e.printStackTrace();
                        }
                    }
                    count--;
                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+ "consume:: " + count);
                    lock.notifyAll();
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

volatile实现线程同步

原理：volatile保证不同线程对这个变量进行操作时的可见性，即一个线程修改了某个变量的值，新值对其他线程来说是立即可见的，并且禁止进行指令重排序。

注意：volatile不保证原子性，凡是不是原子性的操作，都不能保证可见性，也即不能保证同步

应用：

　　1)对变量的写操作不依赖于当前值 类似 i++、i=j 等操作 不能对 i 用volatile。解决办法：类似操作增加 synchronized、Lock、AtomicInteger 保证原子性。

　　2)该变量没有包含在具有其他变量的不变式中 

　　常用在多线程状态标志 flag、

ReentrantLock重入锁

重入锁：外层函数获取锁后，内层函数依然有获取该锁的代码，则重入锁无需再次获取锁，即可进入内层代码

code1

package com.lock;

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

/**
 * 重入锁
 *     外层函数获取锁后，内层函数依然有获取该锁的代码，则重入锁无需再次获取锁，即可进入内层代码
 *     ReentrantLock 和synchronized 都是 可重入锁
 * @author Administrator
 *
 */
public class ReentranLockTest implements Runnable{

    public static ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    public static int i = 0;
    
    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int j = 0; j < 10; j++) {
            lock.lock();  //加锁
            try {
                i++;
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();  //释放锁
            }
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        ReentranLockTest test = new ReentranLockTest();
        
        ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
            executorService.execute(test);
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        }
        executorService.shutdown();
        System.out.println(i);
        
    }
}

code2

package com.lock;

import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

/**
 * 可中断的重入锁
 *     条件中断等待
 * @author Administrator
 *
 */
public class InterruptiblyLockTest {

    public static Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    
    public void function(){
        String tName = Thread.currentThread().getName();
        try {
            System.out.println(tName + "-开始获取锁......");
            lock.lockInterruptibly();
            System.out.println("获取到锁了......");
            Thread.sleep(10000);
            System.out.println("睡眠10秒后，开始干活......");
            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                System.out.println(tName + ":" + i);
            }
            System.out.println("活干完了......");
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.out.println(tName + "-我好像被人中断了!");
            e.printStackTrace();
        }finally {
            lock.unlock();
            System.out.println(tName + "-释放了锁");
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        InterruptiblyLockTest test = new InterruptiblyLockTest();
        //定义两个线程
        Thread t0 = new Thread() {
            public void run() {
                test.function();
            }
        };
        
        Thread t1 = new Thread() {
            public void run() {
                test.function();
            }
        };
        
        String tName = Thread.currentThread().getName();
        System.out.println(tName + "-启动t0");
        t0.start();
        System.out.println(tName + "-等5秒，再启动t1");
        Thread.sleep(5000);
        System.out.println(tName + "-启动t1");
        t1.start();
        //t0先占据了锁还在睡眠
        System.out.println(tName + "-不等了，把t1中断掉！");
        t1.interrupt();  //中断：只能中断处于等待锁的线程，不能中断已经获取锁的线程
    }
}

code3

package com.lock;

import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

/**
 * 尝试型锁
 *     拒绝阻塞
 * @author Administrator
 *
 */
public class TryLockTest {

    public ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    
    /**
     * tryLock
     *     当前资源没有被占用，则tryLock获取锁
     *  当前资源被当前锁占用，则tryLock返回true
     *  当前资源被其他线程占用，则tryLock返回false
     * @throws InterruptedException
     */
    public void tryLockFunction() throws InterruptedException{
        String tName = Thread.currentThread().getName();
        if(lock.tryLock()){
            try {
                System.out.println(tName + "-获取到锁了");
                Thread.sleep(3000);
                System.out.println(tName + "工作了3秒钟......");
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
                System.out.println(tName + "-释放锁");
            }
        }else{
            System.out.println(tName + "-无法获取到锁");
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * tryLock(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
     *     timeout时间内尝试请求锁，请求到了则返回true，可被中断
     *     
     * @throws InterruptedException
     */
    public void tryLockInterruptFunction() throws InterruptedException{
        String tName = Thread.currentThread().getName();
        SimpleDateFormat format = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd:hh:mm:ss");
        System.out.println(tName + "-开始尝试获取锁，当前时间："+format.format(new Date()));
        if(lock.tryLock(3,TimeUnit.SECONDS)){
            try {
                System.out.println(tName + "-获取到锁了");
                Thread.sleep(5000);
                System.out.println(tName + "工作了3秒钟......");
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
                System.out.println(tName + "-释放锁");
            }
        }else{
            System.out.println(tName + "-无法获取到锁");
            System.out.println(tName + "-结束尝试获取锁，当前时间："+format.format(new Date()));
        }
    }
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        TryLockTest test = new TryLockTest();
        new Thread("Lock-Thread1") {
            public void run() {
                try {
                    test.tryLockFunction();
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }.start();
        new Thread("Lock-Thread2") {
            public void run() {
                try {
                    test.tryLockFunction();
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }.start();
        
        //Lock-Thread1-获取到锁了
        //Lock-Thread2-无法获取到锁
        //Lock-Thread1工作了3秒钟......
        //Lock-Thread1-释放锁
        
        new Thread("LockInterrupt-Thread1") {
            public void run() {
                try {
                    test.tryLockInterruptFunction();
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }.start();
        new Thread("LockInterrupt-Thread2") {
            public void run() {
                try {
                    test.tryLockInterruptFunction();
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }.start();
        
        //LockInterrupt-Thread2-开始尝试获取锁，当前时间：2019-01-17:05:12:32
        //LockInterrupt-Thread1-开始尝试获取锁，当前时间：2019-01-17:05:12:32
        //LockInterrupt-Thread2-获取到锁了
        //LockInterrupt-Thread1-无法获取到锁
        //LockInterrupt-Thread1-结束尝试获取锁，当前时间：2019-01-17:05:12:35
        //LockInterrupt-Thread2工作了3秒钟......
        //LockInterrupt-Thread2-释放锁

    }
}

code4

package com.lock;

import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

/**
 * 公平锁
 *     按时间先后获取锁
 * @author Administrator
 *
 */
public class FairLockTest {
    //创建一个公平锁
    public static ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock(true);

    public void fairLockFunction(){
        while(true){
            try {
                lock.lock();
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"获取到锁......");
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }
    }
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        FairLockTest test = new FairLockTest();
        Thread t1 = new Thread("线程1") {
            public void run() {
                test.fairLockFunction();
            }
        };
        Thread t2 = new Thread("线程2") {
            public void run() {
                test.fairLockFunction();
            }
        };
        t1.start();
        t2.start();
    }
    
    //线程1获取到锁......
    //线程2获取到锁......
    //线程1获取到锁......
    //线程2获取到锁......
    //线程1获取到锁......
    //线程2获取到锁......
    //线程1获取到锁......
    //线程2获取到锁......
}

ThreadLocal创建线程间变量副本 

参考博客：聊一聊Spring中的线程安全性

 final实现volatile可见性

　　通过final不可变性的特点，替代volatile的可见性。

 参考博客：

https://blog.csdn.net/javazejian/article/details/72828483

https://www.cnblogs.com/duanxz/p/3709608.html?utm_source=tuicool&utm_medium=referral

http://www.cnblogs.com/duanxz/p/5066726.html

2).基于数据库