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  • TypeScript 基本语法

    TypeScript 是微软开发的 JavaScript 的超集,TypeScript兼容JavaScript,可以载入JavaScript代码然后运行。TypeScript与JavaScript相比进步的地方 包括:加入注释,让编译器理解所支持的对象和函数,编译器会移除注释,不会增加开销;增加一个完整的类结构,使之更新是传统的面向对象语言。

    TypeScript 微软官方网站 http://www.typescriptlang.org/
    TypeScript 源码 http://typescript.codeplex.com

    1.基本数据类型

    Boolean

    //Boolean
    var isDone:boolean = false;
    

    Number

    //Number
    var number = 100;
    

    String

    //String
    var name:string = "hello";
    

    Array

    //Array
    var list:number[] = [1, 2, 3];
    var list:Array<number>=[1, 2, 3];
    

    Enum

    //Enum
    enum Color {Red, Green, Blue}
    var c: Color = Color.Red;
    alert(c);//默认值从0开始,alert(0);
    //可以手动指定值
    enum Color1 {Red = 1, Green, Blue}
    var c1: Color1 = Color1.Green;
    alert(c1);//alert(2)
    //根据值查找名称
    enum Color2 {Red = 1, Green=2, Blue=4}
    var c2: string = Color2[4];
    alert(c2);//alert(Blue)
    

    Any

    //不确定类型,退出编译检查
    var notSure: any = 4;
    notSure = "maybe a string instead";
    notSure = false; // okay, definitely a boolean
    
    //不确定数组元素类型
    var anylist:any[] = [1, true, "free"];
    anylist[1] = 100;
    

    Void

    //空白
    function warnUser(): void {
        alert(123);
    }
    

    2.类

    基本语法

    class Animal {
        animalName:string;
    
        constructor(name:string) {
            this.animalName = name;
        }
    
        sayHello() {
            alert(this.animalName + ": Hello");
        }
    }
    
    var tom = new Animal("Tom");
    tom.sayHello();//alert(Tom:Hello)
    

    继承

    class Animal {
        animalName:string;
    
        constructor(name:string) {
            this.animalName = name;
        }
    
        sayHello() {
            alert(this.animalName + ": Hello");
        }
    }
    
    class Cat extends Animal {
        //重写sayHello方法
        sayHello() {
            alert(this.animalName + "(Cat):" + "Hello");
        }
    }
    
    class Mouse extends Animal {
        sayHello() {
            alert(this.animalName + "(Mouse):" + "Hello");
        }
    }
    
    var tom:Animal = new Cat("Tom");
    tom.sayHello();//alert(Tom(Cat):Hello)
    var jerry:Animal = new Mouse("Jerry");
    jerry.sayHello();//alert(Jerry(Mouse):Hello)
    

    修饰符

    当我们把animalName 改为private

    class Animal {
        private animalName:string;//默认是public
    
        constructor(name:string) {
            this.animalName = name;
        }
        //...
    }
    
    class Cat extends Animal {
        //重写sayHello方法
        sayHello() {
            alert(this.animalName + "(Cat):" + "Hello");//Error 编译不通过
        }
    }
    

    get,set 访问器

    class Animal {
        private _animalName:string;//默认是public
    
        get animalName():string {
            return this._animalName;
        }
    
        set animalName(name:string):string {
            this._animalName = name;
        }
    
        //...
    }
    

    静态属性

    //静态属性
    class Table {
        static width = 100;
        static height = 200;
    }
    
    var width = Table.width;
    alert(width);//alert(100)
    

    3.接口

    基本语法

    interface ICar {
        color:string;
    }
    
    class Bus implements ICar {
        color:string;
        constructor() {
            this.color = "Blue";
        }
    }
    
    var bus = new Bus();
    alert(bus.color);
    

    继承接口

    //继承接口
    interface Shape {
        color: string;
    }
    
    interface PenStroke {
        penWidth: number;
    }
    
    interface Square extends Shape, PenStroke {
        sideLength: number;
    }
    

    可选属性

    interface ICar {
        color:string;
        safetyDevice?:any;//实现类无需实现
    }
    
    function MoveCar(car:ICar){
        if(car.safetyDevice)
        {
            alert("The car is safe");
        }
        else
        {
            alert("The car is not safe");
        }
    }
    

    4.模块(Modules)

    作用:1.防止命名空间冲突;2.将一个功能模块很容易的划分到不同文件中,更容易维护;

    基本语法

    module MyDemo {
        export interface IDemo {
    
        }
    
        export class Demo implements IDemo {
    
        }
    }
    

    别名

    module Shapes {
        export module Polygons {
            export class Triangle { }
            export class Square { }
        }
    }
    
    import polygons = Shapes.Polygons;
    var sq = new polygons.Square(); // 类似于 'new Shapes.Polygons.Square()'
    

    5.函数(Function)

    基本语法

    function add(x:number, y:number):number {
        return x + y;
    }
    // or
    var myAdd = function (x:number, y:number):number {
        return x + y;
    };
    

    完整的函数类型

    var myAdd:(x:number, y:number)=>number =
        function (x:number, y:number):number {
            return x + y;
        };
    

    为了增强可读性,给参数x、y具有实际的意义,可以这样写

    var myAdd:(baseValue:number, increment:number)=>number =
        function (x:number, y:number):number {
            return x + y;
        };
    

    第二部分number 是一个返回类型,如果无需返回类型,请使用 'void'
    第三部分的function 参数类型,根据上下文类型进行推断,可以省略

    var myAdd:(baseValue:number, increment:number)=>number =
        function (x, y) {
            return x + y;
        };
    

    可选参数

    //可选参数
    function buildName(firstName:string, lastName?:string) {
        if (lastName)
            return firstName + " " + lastName;
        else return firstName;
    }
    var result1 = buildName("Bob");
    

    默认参数

    //默认参数
    function buildNameDefaultValue(firstName: string, lastName = "Smith") {
            return firstName + " " + lastName;
    }
    var result1 = buildNameDefaultValue("Bob");
    

    可变参数

    例如在C#中,方法参数定义使用param int[],调用方法时,就可以传递多个int类型的参数
    在TypeScript中

    function buildNameRest(firstName:string, ...restOfName:string[]) {
        return firstName + " " + restOfName.join(" ");
    }
    
    var employeeName = buildNameRest("Joseph", "Samuel", "Lucas", "MacKinzie")
    

    Lambads 和this关键字

    var people={
        name:["张三","李四","王五","赵六"],
        getName:function(){
            return function(){
                var i=Math.floor(Math.random()*4);
                return {
                    n:this.name[i]
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    var pname=people.getName();
    alert("名字:"+pname().n);
    

    调用发现getName中的this关键字指向的是getName,访问不到外部的name属性
    所以我们修改为:

    var people = {
        name: ["张三", "李四", "王五", "赵六"],
        getName: function () {
            return  ()=> {
                var i = Math.floor(Math.random() * 4);
                return {
                    n: this.name[i]
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    var pname = people.getName();
    alert("名字:" + pname().n);
    

    重载

    //重载
    function student(name:string):string;
    function student(age:number):number;
    function student(numberorage:any):any {
        if (numberorage && typeof (numberorage) == "string")
            alert("姓名");
        else
            alert("年龄");
    }
    student("Tom");//alert("姓名")
    student(15);//alert("年龄")
    

    6.泛型

    基本语法

    function identity<T>(arg: T): T {
        return arg;
    }
    
    //数组泛型
    function identity<T>(arg: T[]): T[] {
        console.log(arg.length);
    }
    
    

    泛型类型(通用的函数类型)

    function identity<T>(arg:T):T {
        return arg;
    }
    var myIdentity:<T>(arg:T)=>T = identity;//T也可使用其他字母表示
    //也可以这么写
    //var myIdentity:{<T>(arg:T): T} = identity;
    

    接口泛型

    interface GenericIdentityFn {
        <T>(arg:T): T;
    }
    
    function identity<T>(arg:T):T {
        return arg;
    }
    
    var myIdentity:GenericIdentityFn = identity;
    

    泛型类

    class GenericNumber<T> {
        zeroValue:T;
        add:(x:T, y:T) => T;
    }
    
    var myGenericNumber = new GenericNumber<number>();
    myGenericNumber.zeroValue = 0;
    myGenericNumber.add = function (x, y) {
        return x + y;
    };
    

    泛型约束

    interface Lengthwise {
        length: number;
    }
    
    function loggingIdentity<T extends Lengthwise>(arg:T):T {
        console.log(arg.length);
        return arg;
    }
    
    loggingIdentity(3);//error
    loggingIdentity({length: 10, value: 3});  //只要类型包含length属性即可
    

    泛型类约束

    class Findable<T>
    {
        //...
    }
    function find<T>(n: T, s: Findable<T>) {
        // ...
    }
    
    

    7.合并

    合并接口

    interface Box {
        height: number;
         number;
    }
    
    interface Box {
        scale: number;
    }
    
    var box: Box = {height: 5,  6, scale: 10};
    

    合并模块

    module Animals {
        exportclass Zebra { }
    }
    
    module Animals {
        exportinterface Legged { numberOfLegs: number; }
        exportclass Dog { }
    }
    
    //相当于
    module Animals {
        exportinterface Legged { numberOfLegs: number; }
        
        exportclass Zebra { }
        exportclass Dog { }
    }
    

    合并模块和类

    class Album {
        label:Album.AlbumLabel;
    }
    module Album {
        export class AlbumLabel {
        }
    }
    

    合并模块和函数

    function buildLabel(name:string):string {
        return buildLabel.prefix + name + buildLabel.suffix;
    }
    
    module buildLabel {
        export var suffix = "";
        export var prefix = "Hello, ";
    }
    
    alert(buildLabel("Sam Smith"));
    

    合并模块与枚举

    enum Color {
        red = 1,
        green = 2,
        blue = 4
    }
    
    module Color {
        export function mixColor(colorName:string) {
            if (colorName == "yellow") {
                return Color.red + Color.green;
            }
            else if (colorName == "white") {
                return Color.red + Color.green + Color.blue;
            }
            else if (colorName == "magenta") {
                return Color.red + Color.blue;
            }
            else if (colorName == "cyan") {
                return Color.green + Color.blue;
            }
        }
    }
    

    不能合并

    • 类与类不能合并
    • 接口与类不能合并
    • 变量与类不能合并

    转载请注明出处:http://www.cnblogs.com/xcong/p/4570235.html
    文中代码引用自Ts官网和极客学院
    TS文件下载 http://files.cnblogs.com/files/xcong/TsDemo.zip

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/xcong/p/4570235.html
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