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  • SQL语法详解(转)

    Select
                用途:
                从指定表中取出指定的列的数据
                语法:

                SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name

                解释:
                从数据库中选取资料列,并允许从一或多个资料表中,选取一或多个资料列或资料行。SELECT 陈述式的完整语法相当复杂,但主要子句可摘要为:
                SELECT select_list
                [ INTO new_table ]
                FROM table_source
                [ WHERE search_condition ]
                [ GROUP BY group_by_expression ]
                [ HAVING search_condition ]
                [ ORDER BY order_expression [ ASC | DESC ] ]
                例:
                “Persons” 表中的数据有
                LastName
                FirstName
                Address
                City
                Hansen
                Ola
                Timoteivn 10
                Sandnes
                Svendson
                Tove
                Borgvn 23
                Sandnes
                Pettersen
                Kari
                Storgt 20
                Stavanger

                选出字段名” LastName”、” FirstName” 的数据
                SELECT LastName,FirstName FROM Persons

                返回结果:
                LastName
                FirstName
                Hansen
                Ola
                Svendson
                Tove
                Pettersen
                Kari

                选出所有字段的数据
                SELECT * FROM Persons

                返回结果:

                LastName
                FirstName
                Address
                City
                Hansen
                Ola
                Timoteivn 10
                Sandnes
                Svendson
                Tove
                Borgvn 23
                Sandnes
                Pettersen
                Kari
                Storgt 20
                Stavanger

                Where
                用途:
                被用来规定一种选择查询的标准
                语法:
                SELECT column FROM table WHERE column condition value

                下面的操作符能被使用在WHERE中:
                =,<>,>,<,>=,<=,BETWEEN,LIKE
                注意: 在某些SQL的版本中不等号< >能被写作为!=
                解释:
                SELECT语句返回WHERE子句中条件为true的数据
                例:
                从” Persons”表中选出生活在” Sandnes” 的人
                SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City='Sandnes'

                Persons 表中的数据有:
                LastName
                FirstName
                Address
                City
                Year
                Hansen
                Ola
                Timoteivn 10
                Sandnes
                1951
                Svendson
                Tove
                Borgvn 23
                Sandnes
                1978
                Svendson
                Stale
                Kaivn 18
                Sandnes
                1980
                Pettersen
                Kari
                Storgt 20
                Stavanger
                1960

                返回结果:
                LastName
                FirstName
                Address
                City
                Year
                Hansen
                Ola
                Timoteivn 10
                Sandnes
                1951
                Svendson
                Tove
                Borgvn 23
                Sandnes
                1978
                Svendson
                Stale
                Kaivn 18
                Sandnes
                1980

                And & Or
                用途:
                在WHERE子句中AND和OR被用来连接两个或者更多的条件
                解释:
                AND在结合两个布尔表达式时,只有在两个表达式都为 TRUE 时才传回 TRUE
                OR在结合两个布尔表达式时,只要其中一个条件为 TRUE 时,OR便传回 TRUE
                例:
                Persons 表中的原始数据:
                LastName
                FirstName
                Address
                City
                Hansen
                Ola
                Timoteivn 10
                Sandnes
                Svendson
                Tove
                Borgvn 23
                Sandnes
                Svendson
                Stephen
                Kaivn 18
                Sandnes

                用AND运算子来查找Persons 表中FirstName为”Tove”而且LastName为” Svendson”的数据
                SELECT * FROM Persons
                WHERE FirstName='Tove'
                AND LastName='Svendson'

                返回结果:
                LastName
                FirstName
                Address
                City
                Svendson
                Tove
                Borgvn 23
                Sandnes

                用OR运算子来查找Persons 表中FirstName为”Tove”或者LastName为” Svendson”的数据
                SELECT * FROM Persons
                WHERE firstname='Tove'
                OR lastname='Svendson'

                返回结果:
                LastName
                FirstName
                Address
                City
                Svendson
                Tove
                Borgvn 23
                Sandnes
                Svendson
                Stephen
                Kaivn 18
                Sandnes

                你也能结合AND和OR (使用括号形成复杂的表达式),如:
                SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE
                (FirstName='Tove' OR FirstName='Stephen')
                AND LastName='Svendson'

                返回结果:
                LastName
                FirstName
                Address
                City
                Svendson
                Tove
                Borgvn 23
                Sandnes
                Svendson
                Stephen
                Kaivn 18
                Sandnes

                Between…And
                用途:
                指定需返回数据的范围
                语法:
                SELECT column_name FROM table_name
                WHERE column_name
                BETWEEN &#118;alue1 AND &#118;alue2

                例:
                “Persons”表中的原始数据
                LastName
                FirstName
                Address
                City
                Hansen
                Ola
                Timoteivn 10
                Sandnes
                Nordmann
                Anna
                Neset 18
                Sandnes
                Pettersen
                Kari
                Storgt 20
                Stavanger
                Svendson
                Tove
                Borgvn 23
                Sandnes

                用BETWEEN…AND返回LastName为从”Hansen”到”Pettersen”的数据:
                SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName
                BETWEEN 'Hansen' AND 'Pettersen'

                返回结果:
                LastName
                FirstName
                Address
                City
                Hansen
                Ola
                Timoteivn 10
                Sandnes
                Nordmann
                Anna
                Neset 18
                Sandnes
                Pettersen
                Kari
                Storgt 20
                Stavanger

                为了显示指定范围之外的数据,也可以用NOT操作符:
                SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName
                NOT BETWEEN 'Hansen' AND 'Pettersen'

                返回结果:
                LastName
                FirstName
                Address
                City
                Svendson
                Tove
                Borgvn 23
                Sandnes

                Distinct
                用途:
                DISTINCT关键字被用作返回唯一的值
                语法:
                SELECT DISTINCT column-name(s) FROM table-name

                解释:
                当column-name(s)中存在重复的值时,返回结果仅留下一个
                例:
                “Orders”表中的原始数据
                Company
                OrderNumber
                Sega
                3412
                W3Schools
                2312
                Trio
                4678
                W3Schools
                6798

                用DISTINCT关键字返回Company字段中唯一的值:
                SELECT DISTINCT Company FROM Orders

                返回结果:
                Company
                Sega
                W3Schools
                Trio

                Order by
                用途:
                指定结果集的排序
                语法:
                SELECT column-name(s) FROM table-name ORDER BY { order_by_expression
                [ ASC | DESC ] }

                解释:
                指定结果集的排序,可以按照ASC(递增方式排序,从最低值到最高值)或者DESC(递减方式排序,从最高值到最低值)的方式进行排序,默认的方式是ASC
                例:
                “Orders”表中的原始数据:
                Company
                OrderNumber
                Sega
                3412
                ABC Shop
                5678
                W3Schools
                2312
                W3Schools
                6798

                按照Company字段的升序方式返回结果集:
                SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders
                ORDER BY Company

                返回结果:
                Company
                OrderNumber
                ABC Shop
                5678
                Sega
                3412
                W3Schools
                6798
                W3Schools
                2312

                按照Company字段的降序方式返回结果集:
                SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders
                ORDER BY Company DESC

                返回结果:
                Company
                OrderNumber
                W3Schools
                6798
                W3Schools
                2312
                Sega
                3412
                ABC Shop
                5678

                Group by
                用途:
                对结果集进行分组,常与汇总函数一起使用。
                语法:
                SELECT column,SUM(column) FROM table GROUP BY column

                例:
                “Sales”表中的原始数据:
                Company
                Amount
                W3Schools
                5500
                IBM
                4500
                W3Schools
                7100

                按照Company字段进行分组,求出每个Company的Amout的合计:
                SELECT Company,SUM(Amount) FROM Sales
                GROUP BY Company

                返回结果:
                Company
                SUM(Amount)
                W3Schools
                12600
                IBM
                4500

                Having
                用途:
                指定群组或汇总的搜寻条件。
                语法:
                SELECT column,SUM(column) FROM table
                GROUP BY column
                HAVING SUM(column) condition &#118;alue

                解释:
                HAVING 通常与 GROUP BY 子句同时使用。不使用 GROUP BY 时,HAVING 则与 WHERE 子句功能相似。
                例:
                “Sales”表中的原始数据:
                Company
                Amount
                W3Schools
                5500
                IBM
                4500
                W3Schools
                7100

                按照Company字段进行分组,求出每个Company的Amout的合计在10000以上的数据:
                SELECT Company,SUM(Amount) FROM Sales
                GROUP BY Company HAVING SUM(Amount)>10000

                返回结果:
                Company
                SUM(Amount)
                W3Schools
                12600

                Join
                用途:
                当你要从两个或者以上的表中选取结果集时,你就会用到JOIN。
                例:
                “Employees”表中的数据如下,(其中ID为主键):
                ID
                Name
                01
                Hansen, Ola
                02
                Svendson, Tove
                03
                Svendson, Stephen
                04
                Pettersen, Kari

                “Orders”表中的数据如下:
                ID
                Product
                01
                Printer
                03
                Table
                03
                Chair

                用Employees的ID和Orders的ID相关联选取数据:
                SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product
                FROM Employees, Orders
                WHERE Employees.ID = Orders.ID

                返回结果:
                Name
                Product
                Hansen, Ola
                Printer
                Svendson, Stephen
                Table
                Svendson, Stephen
                Chair

                或者你也可以用JOIN关键字来完成上面的操作:
                SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product
                FROM Employees
                INNER JOIN Orders
                ON Employees.ID = Orders.ID

                INNER JOIN的语法:
                SELECT field1, field2, field3
                FROM first_table
                INNER JOIN second_table
                ON first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield

                解释:
                INNER JOIN返回的结果集是两个表中所有相匹配的数据。

                LEFT JOIN的语法:
                SELECT field1, field2, field3
                FROM first_table
                LEFT JOIN second_table
                ON first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield

                用”Employees”表去左外联结”Orders”表去找出相关数据:
                SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product
                FROM Employees
                LEFT JOIN Orders
                ON Employees.ID = Orders.ID

                返回结果:
                Name
                Product
                Hansen, Ola
                Printer
                Svendson, Tove

                Svendson, Stephen
                Table
                Svendson, Stephen
                Chair
                Pettersen, Kari

                解释:
                LEFT JOIN返回”first_table”中所有的行尽管在” second_table”中没有相匹配的数据。

                RIGHT JOIN的语法:
                SELECT field1, field2, field3
                FROM first_table
                RIGHT JOIN second_table
                ON first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield

                用”Employees”表去右外联结”Orders”表去找出相关数据:
                SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product
                FROM Employees
                RIGHT JOIN Orders
                ON Employees.ID = Orders.ID

                返回结果:
                Name
                Product
                Hansen, Ola
                Printer
                Svendson, Stephen
                Table
                Svendson, Stephen
                Chair

                解释:
                RIGHT JOIN返回” second_table”中所有的行尽管在”first_table”中没有相匹配的数据。

                Alias
                用途:
                可用在表、结果集或者列上,为它们取一个逻辑名称
                语法:
                给列取别名:
                SELECT column AS column_alias FROM table

                给表取别名:
                SELECT column FROM table AS table_alias

                例:
                “Persons”表中的原始数据:
                LastName
                FirstName
                Address
                City
                Hansen
                Ola
                Timoteivn 10
                Sandnes
                Svendson
                Tove
                Borgvn 23
                Sandnes
                Pettersen
                Kari
                Storgt 20
                Stavanger

                运行下面的SQL:
                SELECT LastName AS Family, FirstName AS Name
                FROM Persons

                返回结果:
                Family
                Name
                Hansen
                Ola
                Svendson
                Tove
                Pettersen
                Kari

                运行下面的SQL:
                SELECT LastName, FirstName
                FROM Persons AS Employees

                返回结果:
                Employees中的数据有:
                LastName
                FirstName
                Hansen
                Ola
                Svendson
                Tove
                Pettersen
                Kari

                Insert Into
                用途:
                在表中插入新行
                语法:
                插入一行数据
                INSERT INTO table_name
                &#118;alueS (&#118;alue1, &#118;alue2,....)

                插入一行数据在指定的字段上
                INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2,...)
                &#118;alueS (&#118;alue1, &#118;alue2,....)

                例:
                “Persons”表中的原始数据:
                LastName
                FirstName
                Address
                City
                Pettersen
                Kari
                Storgt 20
                Stavanger

                运行下面的SQL插入一行数据:
                INSERT INTO Persons
                &#118;alueS ('Hetland', 'Camilla', 'Hagabakka 24', 'Sandnes')

                插入后”Persons”表中的数据为:
                LastName
                FirstName
                Address
                City
                Pettersen
                Kari
                Storgt 20
                Stavanger
                Hetland
                Camilla
                Hagabakka 24
                Sandnes

                运行下面的SQL插入一行数据在指定的字段上:
                INSERT INTO Persons (LastName, Address)
                &#118;alueS ('Rasmussen', 'Storgt 67')

                插入后”Persons”表中的数据为:
                LastName
                FirstName
                Address
                City
                Pettersen
                Kari
                Storgt 20
                Stavanger
                Hetland
                Camilla
                Hagabakka 24
                Sandnes
                Rasmussen
                Storgt 67

                Update
                用途:
                更新表中原有数据
                语法:
                UPDATE table_name SET column_name = new_&#118;alue
                WHERE column_name = some_&#118;alue

                例:
                “Person”表中的原始数据:
                LastName
                FirstName
                Address
                City
                Nilsen
                Fred
                Kirkegt 56
                Stavanger
                Rasmussen
                Storgt 67

                运行下面的SQL将Person表中LastName字段为”Rasmussen”的FirstName更新为”Nina”:
                UPDATE Person SET FirstName = 'Nina'
                WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen'

                更新后”Person”表中的数据为:
                LastName
                FirstName
                Address
                City
                Nilsen
                Fred
                Kirkegt 56
                Stavanger
                Rasmussen
                Nina
                Storgt 67

                同样的,用UPDATE语句也可以同时更新多个字段:
                UPDATE Person
                SET Address = 'Stien 12', City = 'Stavanger'
                WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen'

                更新后”Person”表中的数据为:
                LastName
                FirstName
                Address
                City
                Nilsen
                Fred
                Kirkegt 56
                Stavanger
                Rasmussen
                Nina
                Stien 12
                Stavanger

                Delete
                用途:
                删除表中的数据
                语法:
                DELETE FROM table_name WHERE column_name = some_&#118;alue

                例:
                “Person”表中的原始数据:
                LastName
                FirstName
                Address
                City
                Nilsen
                Fred
                Kirkegt 56
                Stavanger
                Rasmussen
                Nina
                Stien 12
                Stavanger

                删除Person表中LastName为”Rasmussen”的数据:
                DELETE FROM Person WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen'

                执行删除语句后”Person”表中的数据为:
                LastName
                FirstName
                Address
                City
                Nilsen
                Fred
                Kirkegt 56
                Stavanger

                Create Table
                用途:
                建立新的资料表。
                语法:
                CREATE TABLE table_name
                (
                column_name1 data_type,
                column_name2 data_type,
                .......
                )

                例:
                创建一张叫“Person”的表,该表有4个字段LastName, FirstName, Address, Age:
                CREATE TABLE Person
                (
                LastName varchar,
                FirstName varchar,
                Address varchar,
                Age int
                )

                如果想指定字段的最大存储长度,你可以这样:
                CREATE TABLE Person
                (
                LastName varchar(30),
                FirstName varchar(30),
                Address varchar(120),
                Age int(3)
                )

                下表中列出了在SQL的一些数据类型:
                Data Type
                Description
                integer(size)
                int(size)
                smallint(size)
                tinyint(size)
                Hold integers only. The maximum number of digits are specified in
                parenthesis.
                decimal(size,d)
                numeric(size,d)
                Hold numbers with fractions. The maximum number of digits are
                specified in size. The maximum number of digits to the right of the
                decimal is specified in d.
                char(size)
                Holds a fixed length string (can contain letters, numbers, and
                special characters). The fixed size is specified in parenthesis.
                varchar(size)
                Holds a variable length string (can contain letters, numbers, and
                special characters). The maximum size is specified in parenthesis.
                date(yyyymmdd)
                Holds a date

                Alter Table
                用途:
                在已经存在的表中增加后者移除字段
                语法:
                ALTER TABLE table_name
                ADD column_name datatype
                ALTER TABLE table_name
                DROP COLUMN column_name

                注意:某些数据库管理系统不允许移除表中的字段

                例:
                “Person”表中的原始数据:
                LastName
                FirstName
                Address
                Pettersen
                Kari
                Storgt 20

                在Person表中增加一个名为City的字段:
                ALTER TABLE Person ADD City varchar(30)

                增加后表中数据如下:
                LastName
                FirstName
                Address
                City
                Pettersen
                Kari
                Storgt 20

                移除Person表中原有的Address字段:
                ALTER TABLE Person DROP COLUMN Address

                移除后表中数据如下:
                LastName
                FirstName
                City
                Pettersen
                Kari

                Drop Table
                用途:
                在数据库中移除一个数据表定义及该数据表中的所有资料、索引、触发程序、条件约束及权限指定。
                语法:
                DROP TABLE table_name

                Create Database
                用途:
                建立新的数据库.
                语法:
                CREATE DATABASE database_name

                Drop Database
                用途:
                移除原有的数据库
                语法:
                DROP DATABASE database_name

                聚集函数
                count
                用途:
                传回选取的结果集中行的数目。
                语法:
                SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name

                例:
                “Persons”表中原始数据如下:
                Name
                Age
                Hansen, Ola
                34
                Svendson, Tove
                45
                Pettersen, Kari
                19

                选取记录总数:
                SELECT COUNT(Name) FROM Persons

                执行结果:
                3

                sum
                用途:
                以表达式传回所有值的总和,或仅 DISTINCT 值。SUM 仅可用于数值资料行。已忽略 Null 值。
                语法:
                SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name

                例:
                “Persons”表中原始数据如下:
                Name
                Age
                Hansen, Ola
                34
                Svendson, Tove
                45
                Pettersen, Kari
                19

                选取”Persons”表中所有人的年龄总和:
                SELECT SUM(Age) FROM Persons

                执行结果:
                98

                选取”Persons”表中年龄超过20岁的人的年龄总和:
                SELECT SUM(Age) FROM Persons WHERE Age>20

                执行结果:
                79

                avg
                用途:
                传回选取的结果集中值的平均值。已忽略 Null 值。
                语法:
                SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name

                例:
                “Persons”表中原始数据如下:
                Name
                Age
                Hansen, Ola
                34
                Svendson, Tove
                45
                Pettersen, Kari
                19

                选取”Persons”表中所有人的平均年龄:
                SELECT AVG(Age) FROM Persons

                执行结果:
                32.67

                选取”Persons”表中年龄超过20岁的人的平均年龄:
                SELECT AVG(Age) FROM Persons WHERE Age>20

                执行结果:
                39.5

                max
                用途:
                传回选取的结果集中值的最大值。已忽略 Null 值。
                语法:
                SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name

                例:
                “Persons”表中原始数据如下:
                Name
                Age
                Hansen, Ola
                34
                Svendson, Tove
                45
                Pettersen, Kari
                19

                选取”Persons”表中的最大年龄:
                SELECT MAX(Age) FROM Persons

                执行结果:
                45

                min
                用途:
                传回选取的结果集中值的最小值。已忽略 Null 值。
                语法:
                SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name

                例:
                “Persons”表中原始数据如下:
                Name
                Age
                Hansen, Ola
                34
                Svendson, Tove
                45
                Pettersen, Kari
                19

                选取”Persons”表中的最小年龄:
                SELECT MIN(Age) FROM Persons

                执行结果:
                19

                算术函数
                abs
                用途:
                传回指定数值表达式 (Numeric Expression) 的绝对正值。
                语法:
                ABS(numeric_expression)

                例:
                ABS(-1.0) ABS(0.0) ABS(1.0)

                执行结果:
                1.0 0.0 1.0

                ceil
                用途:
                传回大于等于给定数值表达式的最小整数。
                语法:
                CEIL(numeric_expression)

                例:
                CEIL(123.45) CEIL(-123.45)

                执行结果:
                124.00 -123.00

                floor
                用途:
                传回小于或等于给定数值表达式的最大整数。
                语法:
                FLOOR(numeric_expression)

                例:
                FLOOR(123.45) FLOOR(-123.45)

                执行结果:
                123.00 -124.00

                cos
                用途:
                在指定表达式中传回指定角度 (以弪度为单位) 的三角余弦值的数学函数。
                语法:
                COS(numeric_expression)

                例:
                COS(14.7

                执行结果:
                -0.599465

                cosh
                用途:
                传回以弧度为单位的角度值,其余弦为指定的 float 表达式,也称为反余弦。
                语法:
                COSH(numeric_expression)

                例:
                COSH(-1)

                执行结果:
                3.14159

                sin
                用途:
                以近似的数值 (float) 表达式传回给定角度 (以弧度) 之三角正弦函数 (Trigonometric Sine)。
                语法:
                SIN(numeric_expression)

                例:
                SIN(45.175643)

                执行结果:
                0.929607

                sinh
                用途:
                传回以弪度为单位的角度,其正弦为指定的 float 表达式 (也称为反正弦)。
                语法:
                SINH(numeric_expression)

                例:
                SINH(-1.00)

                执行结果:
                -1.5708

                tan
                用途:
                传回输入表达式的正切函数。
                语法:
                TAN(numeric_expression)

                例:
                TAN(3.14159265358979/2)

                执行结果:
                1.6331778728383844E+16

                tanh
                用途:
                传回以弪度为单位的角度,其正切为指定的 float 表达式 (也称为反正切)。
                语法:
                TANH(numeric_expression)

                例:
                TANH(-45.01)

                执行结果:
                -1.54858

                exp
                用途:
                传回给定的 float 表达式的指数 (Exponential) 值。
                语法:
                EXP(numeric_expression)

                例:
                EXP(378.615345498)

                执行结果:
                2.69498e+164

                log
                用途:
                传回给定的 float 表达式之自然对数。
                语法:
                LOG(numeric_expression)

                例:
                LOG(5.175643)

                执行结果:
                1.64396

                power
                用途:
                传回给定表达式指定乘幂的值。
                语法:
                POWER(numeric_expression,v)

                例:
                POWER(2,6)

                执行结果:
                64

                sign
                用途:
                传回给定的表达式之正 (+1)、零 (0) 或负 (-1) 号。
                语法:
                SIGN(numeric_expression)

                例:
                SIGN(123) SIGN(0) SIGN(-456)

                执行结果:
                1 0 -1

                sqrt
                用途:
                传回给定表达式的平方。
                语法:
                SQRT(numeric_expression)

                例:
                SQRT(10)

                执行结果:
                100

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/xh831213/p/326951.html
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