昨日内容回顾
1. 为什么要做前后端分离? - 前后端交给不同的人来编写,职责划分明确。方便快速开发 - 针对pc,手机,ipad,微信,支付宝... 使用同一个接口 2. 简述http协议? - 基于socket - 数据格式: "GET /index?name=123&age=19 http1.1 host:www.luffyciti.com content-type:application/json... " "POST /index http1.1 host:www.luffyciti.com content-type:application/json... {name:'alex',age:18}" "POST /index http1.1 host:www.luffyciti.com content-type:application/enform..... name=alex&age=18&xx=19" - 无状态短链接 一次请求一次响应之后断开连接 3. 简述restful 规范? https://www.luffycity.com/api/v1/courses/?sub_category=0 看上面一段url,可以说出5个 1. 使用https代替http 2.在URL中体现自己写的是API 3. 在URL中体现版本 4. 使用名词 5.参数要合理 之后,请求方式,响应信息。可以说后面5个 6. 根据请求方式不同,处理不同的操作 7. 4. django rest framework组件的作用? - 快速实现restful 规范 5. 列举django rest framework组件(10)? 6. 路飞的表结构
一、restful 接口
根据昨天代码,继续编写。
或者下载代码:
https://github.com/987334176/luffycity/archive/v1.2.zip
注意:删除api目录下的views.py文件,它没有用了
下载数据库使用:
https://github.com/987334176/luffycity/blob/master/db.sqlite3
第一种方式
修改api_urls.py
from django.conf.urls import url from api.views import course,degreecourse urlpatterns = [ # url(r'login/$', views.LoginView.as_view()), url(r'courses/$',course.CoursesView.as_view()), url(r'courses/(?P<pk>d+)/$',course.CourseDetailView.as_view()), url(r'degreecourse/$',degreecourse.DegreeCourseView.as_view()), url(r'degreecourse/teachers/$',degreecourse.DegreeCourseTeachersView.as_view()), url(r'degreecourse/scholarship/$',degreecourse.DegreeCourseScholarshipView.as_view()), ]
修改views目录下的course.py
from rest_framework.views import APIView from rest_framework.response import Response from api import models from api.serializers.course import CourseModelSerializer from api.utils.response import BaseResponse from api.utils.serialization_general import SerializedData class CoursesView(APIView): def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs): """ 查询所有 :param request: :param args: :param kwargs: :return: """ queryset = models.Course.objects.all() serializer_class = CourseModelSerializer data = SerializedData(request, queryset, serializer_class).get_data() return Response(data) def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs): """ 增加一条 :param request: :param args: :param kwargs: :return: """ class CourseDetailView(APIView): def get(self, request, pk,*args, **kwargs): """ 查询单个 :param request: :param pk: :param args: :param kwargs: :return: """ def put(self, request, pk,*args, **kwargs): """ 修改单个 :param request: :param pk: :param args: :param kwargs: :return: """ def delete(self, request, pk,*args, **kwargs): """ 删除单个 :param request: :param pk: :param args: :param kwargs: :return: """
上面的方式,更趋近于原始
第二种方式(推荐)
django-rst-framework为我们提供了ViewSet类, ViewSet为我们提供了默认的URL结构, 使得我们能更专注于API本身. ViewSet类与View类几乎是相同的, 但提供的是read或update, 而不是http动作get或put.
ViewSet类在实例化后, 通过Router类, 最终将URL与ViewSet方法绑定
ViewSet类的父类ViewSetMixin,其实重写了as_view方法
@classonlymethod def as_view(cls, actions=None, **initkwargs): """ Because of the way class based views create a closure around the instantiated view, we need to totally reimplement `.as_view`, and slightly modify the view function that is created and returned. """ ...
那么url方式也发生了变化
修改api_urls.py
from django.conf.urls import url from api.views import course urlpatterns = [ url(r'courses/$', course.CoursesView.as_view({'get': 'list', 'post': 'create'})), url(r'courses/(?P<pk>d+)/$', course.CoursesView.as_view({'get': 'retrieve', 'put': 'update', 'delete': 'destroy'})) ]
解释:看这一段{'get':'list','post':'create'}
它表示get请求时,转发到list方法。post请求转发到create方法。
这里面定义的方法名,都是约定俗成的。推荐使用这些名字!也可以自定义。
修改views目录下的course.py
from rest_framework.views import APIView from rest_framework.viewsets import ViewSetMixin from rest_framework.response import Response from api import models from api.serializers.course import CourseModelSerializer from api.utils.response import BaseResponse from api.utils.serialization_general import SerializedData class CoursesView(ViewSetMixin,APIView): def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs): """ 查询所有 :param request: :param args: :param kwargs: :return: """ queryset = models.Course.objects.all() serializer_class = CourseModelSerializer data = SerializedData(request, queryset, serializer_class).get_data() return Response(data) def create(self, request, *args, **kwargs): """ 增加一条 :param request: :param args: :param kwargs: :return: """ class CourseDetailView(APIView): def retrieve(self, request, pk,*args, **kwargs): """ 查询单个 :param request: :param pk: :param args: :param kwargs: :return: """ def update(self, request, pk,*args, **kwargs): """ 修改单个 :param request: :param pk: :param args: :param kwargs: :return: """ def destroy(self, request, pk,*args, **kwargs): """ 删除单个 :param request: :param pk: :param args: :param kwargs: :return: """
以上方式适用于:用户请求处理时业务逻辑复杂的情况。
注意:如果继承了GenericViewSet,并且返回序列化数据使用了Response
必须要定义queryset属性,否则报错
看源码
必须要定义queryset变量,否则执行assert(断言)。
还有一种解决方式,使用JSONRenderer。它也可以返回json数据,但是没有像Response那样,有好看的页面!
三、DRF跨域(cors组件)
运行的vue项目,发现出现跨域
查看Pycharm控制台输出:
[18/Aug/2018 20:14:31] "GET /api/v1/courses/ HTTP/1.1" 200 212
可以发现,请求实际已经到达了后端。并且做了正确的返回,但是浏览器拒绝接收!
这为什么呢?这是因为浏览器的同源策略
1.什么是同源策略
2.同源策略的目的
关于更多的同源策略信息,请参考链接:
http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2016/04/same-origin-policy.html
总结:
浏览器具有同源策略,打开某个网站后,通过ajax向另外一个网站发送http请求时候,数据回来时会被浏览器阻止(跨域)
解决跨域
方式一
在api端设置响应头 CORS
修改views目录下的course.py,增加响应头
from rest_framework.views import APIView from rest_framework.viewsets import ViewSetMixin from rest_framework.response import Response from api import models from api.serializers.course import CourseModelSerializer from api.utils.response import BaseResponse from api.utils.serialization_general import SerializedData class CoursesView(ViewSetMixin,APIView): def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs): """ 查询所有 :param request: :param args: :param kwargs: :return: """ queryset = models.Course.objects.all() serializer_class = CourseModelSerializer data = SerializedData(request, queryset, serializer_class).get_data() # 增加响应头,http://localhost:8080表示前端的地址 return Response(data,headers={'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': 'http://localhost:8080'}) def create(self, request, *args, **kwargs): """ 增加一条 :param request: :param args: :param kwargs: :return: """ class CourseDetailView(APIView): def retrieve(self, request, pk,*args, **kwargs): """ 查询单个 :param request: :param pk: :param args: :param kwargs: :return: """ def update(self, request, pk,*args, **kwargs): """ 修改单个 :param request: :param pk: :param args: :param kwargs: :return: """ def destroy(self, request, pk,*args, **kwargs): """ 删除单个 :param request: :param pk: :param args: :param kwargs: :return: """
Access-Control-Allow-Origin字段,表示http://localhost:8080可以请求数据。该字段也可以设为星号,表示同意任意跨源请求
客户端浏览器检查自己的域是否在允许列表中,决定是否处理响应
刷新vue页面,发现没有报错了。说明接收了数据!
上面是简单请求
简单请求 OR 非简单请求
条件:
1、请求方式:HEAD、GET、POST 2、请求头信息: Accept Accept-Language Content-Language Last-Event-ID Content-Type 对应的值是以下三个中的任意一个 application/x-www-form-urlencoded multipart/form-data text/plain
注意:同时满足以上两个条件时,则是简单请求,否则为复杂请求
简单请求和非简单请求的区别
简单请求:一次请求
非简单请求:两次请求,在发送数据之前会先发一次请求用于做“预检”,只有“预检”通过后才再发送一次请求用
关于"预检"
- 请求方式:OPTIONS - "预检"其实做检查,检查如果通过则允许传输数据,检查不通过则不再发送真正想要发送的消息 - 如何"预检" => 如果复杂请求是PUT等请求,则服务端需要设置允许某请求,否则"预检"不通过 Access-Control-Request-Method => 如果复杂请求设置了请求头,则服务端需要设置允许某请求头,否则"预检"不通过 Access-Control-Request-Headers text/plain
数据展示
修改settings.py,将分页改成20
REST_FRAMEWORK = { 'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':'rest_framework.versioning.URLPathVersioning', 'VERSION_PARAM':'version', 'DEFAULT_VERSION':'v1', 'ALLOWED_VERSIONS':['v1','v2'], 'PAGE_SIZE':20, 'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination', }
修改vue项目的HelloWorld.vue
<template> <div class="hello"> <h1>{{ msg }}</h1> <h1>课程列表</h1> <ul v-for="item in courseList"> <li>{{item.name}}</li> </ul> </div> </template> <script> export default { name: 'HelloWorld', data () { return { msg: '欢迎使用路飞学城', courseList:[], } }, mounted(){ //页面加载完成后 this.initCourse(); //执行此方法 }, methods:{ initCourse:function () { let that = this //向后台发送ajax请求 this.$axios.request({ url:'http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/courses/', method:'GET', responseType:'json', }).then(function (arg) { //成功之后 console.log(arg); if (arg.data.code == 1000){ //更新数据 that.courseList = arg.data.data; }else { //弹出错误 alert(arg.data.error); } }).catch(function (err) { //发生错误 console.log(err); }) } }, } </script> <!-- Add "scoped" attribute to limit CSS to this component only --> <style scoped> h1, h2 { font-weight: normal; } ul { list-style-type: none; padding: 0; } li { display: inline-block; margin: 0 10px; } a { color: #42b983; } </style>
刷新网页,效果如下:
第二种
使用自定义中间件
修改views目录下的course.py,去掉headers
def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs): """ 查询所有 :param request: :param args: :param kwargs: :return: """ queryset = models.Course.objects.all() serializer_class = CourseModelSerializer data = SerializedData(request, queryset, serializer_class).get_data() return Response(data)
在api目录下创建md文件夹,在里面创建cors.py
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin from django.conf import settings class CorsMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin): def process_response(self,request,response): # 设置响应头 response['Access-Control-Allow-Origin'] = 'http://localhost:8080' return response
修改settings.py,注册自定义中间件
MIDDLEWARE = [ 'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware', 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware', 'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware', 'api.md.cors.CorsMiddleware', ]
刷新vue页面,效果同上!
模拟复杂请求
修改HelloWorld.vue,增加登录按钮。发送固定的用户名和密码,指定数据格式为json
<template> <div class="hello"> <h1>{{ msg }}</h1> <button v-on:click="doLogin">登录</button> <h1>课程列表</h1> <ul v-for="item in courseList"> <li>{{item.name}}</li> </ul> </div> </template> <script> export default { name: 'HelloWorld', data () { return { msg: '欢迎使用路飞学城', courseList:[], } }, mounted(){ //页面加载完成后 this.initCourse(); //执行此方法 }, methods:{ initCourse:function () { let that = this //向后台发送ajax请求 this.$axios.request({ url:'http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/courses/', method:'GET', responseType:'json', }).then(function (arg) { //成功之后 console.log(arg); if (arg.data.code == 1000){ //更新数据 that.courseList = arg.data.data; }else { //弹出错误 alert(arg.data.error); } }).catch(function (err) { //发生错误 console.log(err); }) }, doLogin(){ this.$axios.request({ url:'http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/auth/', method:'POST', data:{ //用户名和密码 user:'xiao', pwd:'123', }, //增加headers头 headers:{ //指定数据格式 'Content-Type':'application/json', }, //响应格式为json responseType:'json', }).then(function (arg) { //成功之后 console.log(arg); }).catch(function (err) { //发生错误 console.log(err); }) } }, } </script> <!-- Add "scoped" attribute to limit CSS to this component only --> <style scoped> h1, h2 { font-weight: normal; } ul { list-style-type: none; padding: 0; } li { display: inline-block; margin: 0 10px; } a { color: #42b983; } </style>
修改api_urls.py,增加路径
from django.conf.urls import url from api.views import course,auth urlpatterns = [ url(r'auth/$', auth.AuthView.as_view({'post': 'login'})), url(r'courses/$', course.CoursesView.as_view({'get': 'list', 'post': 'create'})), url(r'courses/(?P<pk>d+)/$', course.CoursesView.as_view({'get': 'retrieve', 'put': 'update', 'delete': 'destroy'})) ]
在views目录下,创建文件auth.py
from rest_framework.views import APIView from rest_framework.viewsets import ViewSetMixin from rest_framework.response import Response from api import models from api.serializers.course import CourseModelSerializer from api.utils.response import BaseResponse from api.utils.serialization_general import SerializedData class AuthView(ViewSetMixin,APIView): def login(self, request, *args, **kwargs): print('用户发了POST请求了',request) return Response({'code':'ok'})
刷新vue页面,点击登录
查看Console,提示对方不允许
查看Network,它是一个OPTIONS请求
查看Pycharm控制台输出:
[18/Aug/2018 21:37:04] "OPTIONS /api/v1/auth/ HTTP/1.1" 200 163
通过以上信息,可以看出。浏览器发送OPTIONS请求,也就是在预检。但是后端没有同意,所以浏览器没有发送POST请求。
怎么才能让它通过预检呢?
修改md目录下的cors,做一个if判断,允许一下!
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin from django.conf import settings class CorsMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin): def process_response(self,request,response): # 设置响应头 response['Access-Control-Allow-Origin'] = 'http://localhost:8080' # 当为OPTIONS时 if request.method == "OPTIONS": # 允许通过的请求方式 response["Access-Control-Allow-Methods"] = "POST,PUT,DELETE" # 允许通过的请求头 response["Access-Control-Allow-Headers"] = "Content-Type" return response
刷新页面,再次点击登录
查看Console,发现请求正常
查看Network,发现有2次请求
查看第一个请求,它是OPTIONS请求方式
查看第二个请求,它是POST请求方式
查看Pycharm控制台输出:
[18/Aug/2018 21:43:24] "GET /api/v1/courses/ HTTP/1.1" 200 394 [18/Aug/2018 21:43:32] "OPTIONS /api/v1/auth/ HTTP/1.1" 200 163 用户发了POST请求了 <rest_framework.request.Request object at 0x0000024630CD85C0> [18/Aug/2018 21:43:32] "POST /api/v1/auth/ HTTP/1.1" 200 13
通过以上信息,可以看到。数据接收正常!
通过这样,无论是简单,还是复杂,都允许。
django cors组件
CORS,全称为跨域资源共享。它允许 Web 应用服务器进行跨域访问控制,从而使跨域数据传输得以安全进行。
上面的cors.py,帮我们实现了cors。这个手写的,但是官方提供了cors组件,专门用来解决跨域问题的!
1.安装django-cors-headers
pip install django-cors-headers
2.配置settings.py文件
INSTALLED_APPS = [ ... 'corsheaders', # 注册应用cors ] MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = ( ... 'corsheaders.middleware.CorsMiddleware', # 注册组件cors ) #跨域增加忽略 CORS_ALLOW_CREDENTIALS = True CORS_ORIGIN_ALLOW_ALL = True CORS_ORIGIN_WHITELIST = ( '*' ) CORS_ALLOW_METHODS = ( 'DELETE', 'GET', 'OPTIONS', 'PATCH', 'POST', 'PUT', 'VIEW', ) CORS_ALLOW_HEADERS = ( 'XMLHttpRequest', 'X_FILENAME', 'accept-encoding', 'authorization', 'content-type', 'dnt', 'origin', 'user-agent', 'x-csrftoken', 'x-requested-with', 'Pragma', )
注释掉自定义组件,settings.py完整代码如下:
""" Django settings for s11luffycity project. Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 1.11. For more information on this file, see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/topics/settings/ For the full list of settings and their values, see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/ref/settings/ """ import os # Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...) BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))) # Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production # See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/howto/deployment/checklist/ # SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret! SECRET_KEY = '-i@r%a=tf*0n6!kzd=m#gx9g82i7@!x=n9jx=jta&(7%zw67#!' # SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production! DEBUG = True ALLOWED_HOSTS = [] # Application definition INSTALLED_APPS = [ 'django.contrib.admin', 'django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'django.contrib.sessions', 'django.contrib.messages', 'django.contrib.staticfiles', 'api.apps.ApiConfig', 'rest_framework', 'corsheaders', # 注册应用cors ] MIDDLEWARE = [ 'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware', 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware', 'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware', # 'api.md.cors.CorsMiddleware', 'corsheaders.middleware.CorsMiddleware', # 注册组件cors ] ROOT_URLCONF = 's11luffycity.urls' TEMPLATES = [ { 'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates', 'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates')] , 'APP_DIRS': True, 'OPTIONS': { 'context_processors': [ 'django.template.context_processors.debug', 'django.template.context_processors.request', 'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth', 'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages', ], }, }, ] WSGI_APPLICATION = 's11luffycity.wsgi.application' # Database # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/ref/settings/#databases DATABASES = { 'default': { 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3', 'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'), } } # Password validation # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [ { 'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator', }, { 'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator', }, { 'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator', }, { 'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator', }, ] # Internationalization # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/topics/i18n/ LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us' TIME_ZONE = 'UTC' USE_I18N = True USE_L10N = True USE_TZ = True # Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images) # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/howto/static-files/ STATIC_URL = '/static/' REST_FRAMEWORK = { 'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':'rest_framework.versioning.URLPathVersioning', 'VERSION_PARAM':'version', 'DEFAULT_VERSION':'v1', 'ALLOWED_VERSIONS':['v1','v2'], 'PAGE_SIZE':20, 'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination', } #跨域增加忽略 CORS_ALLOW_CREDENTIALS = True CORS_ORIGIN_ALLOW_ALL = True CORS_ORIGIN_WHITELIST = ( '*' ) CORS_ALLOW_METHODS = ( 'DELETE', 'GET', 'OPTIONS', 'PATCH', 'POST', 'PUT', 'VIEW', ) CORS_ALLOW_HEADERS = ( 'XMLHttpRequest', 'X_FILENAME', 'accept-encoding', 'authorization', 'content-type', 'dnt', 'origin', 'user-agent', 'x-csrftoken', 'x-requested-with', 'Pragma', )
重启django项目,刷新页面,重启登录。效果同上!
OK!问题解决!
本文参考: