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  • MySQL

    目录

    • 什么是表
    • 创建表
    • 查询表数据
    • 修改表结构
    • 删除表
    • 复制表
    • 表的完整性约束
    • 多表结构的创建与分析

    1, 什么是表

    • 表(TABLE) 是一种结构化的文件,可用来存储某种特定类型的数据。表中的一条记录有对应的标题,标题 称之为 表的字段。

    2, 创建表

    • 格式
    CREATE TABLE 表名(
    字段名1 类型[(宽度) 约束条件],
    字段名2 类型[(宽度) 约束条件],
    字段名3 类型[(宽度) 约束条件]
    )ENGINE=innodb DEFAULT CHARSET utf8;
    
    • 创建表
    # 语法:
    create table 表名(
    字段名1 类型[(宽度) 约束条件],
    字段名2 类型[(宽度) 约束条件],
    字段名3 类型[(宽度) 约束条件]
    );
    
    # 注意:
    1. 在同一张表中,字段名是不能相同
    2. 宽度和约束条件可选
    3. 字段名和类型是必须的
    
    create table student(
        id int not null auto_increment primary key,
        name varchar(250) not null,
        age int not null,
        sex enum('男','女') not null default '男',
        salary double(10,2) not null
    )engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
    
    # ps: not null :表示此列不能为空
    #     auto_increment :表示自增长,默认每次增长+1
    # 注意:自增长只能添加在主键或者唯一索引字段上
    # primary key :表示主键(唯一且不为空)
    # engine =innodb :表示指定当前表的存储引擎
    # default charset utf8 :设置表的默认编码集
    
    • 建表示例
    mysql> create database staff;
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> use staff;
    Database changed
    mysql> create table staff_info (id int,name varchar(50),age int(3),sex enum('male','female'),phone bigint(11),job varchar(11));
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    
    
    mysql> show tables;
    +-----------------+
    | Tables_in_staff |
    +-----------------+
    | staff_info      |
    +-----------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> desc staff_info;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select id,name,sex from staff_info;
    Empty set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from staff_info;
    Empty set (0.00 sec)
    
    • 插入数据
    mysql> insert into staff_info (id,name,age,sex,phone,job) values (1,'Alex',83,'female',13651054608,'IT');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into staff_info values (2,'Egon',26,'male',13304320533,'Teacher');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into staff_info values (3,'nezha',25,'male',13332353222,'IT'),(4,'boss_jin',40,'male',13332353333,'IT');
    Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> select * from staff_info;
    +------+----------+------+--------+-------------+---------+
    | id   | name     | age  | sex    | phone       | job     |
    +------+----------+------+--------+-------------+---------+
    |    1 | Alex     |   83 | female | 13651054608 | IT      |
    |    2 | Egon     |   26 | male   | 13304320533 | Teacher |
    |    3 | nezha    |   25 | male   | 13332353222 | IT      |
    |    4 | boss_jin |   40 | male   | 13332353333 | IT      |
    +------+----------+------+--------+-------------+---------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    • 主键
    # 主键,一种特殊的唯一索引,不允许有空值,如果主键使用单个列,则它的值必须唯一,如果是多列,则其组合必须唯一。
    create table tb1(
        nid int not null auto_increment primary key,
        num int null
    )
    # 或
    create table tb1(
        nid int not null,
        num int not null,
        primary key(nid,num)
    )
    
    • 自增
    # 自增,如果为某列设置自增列,插入数据时无需设置此列,默认将自增(表中只能有一个自增列)
    create table tb1(
        nid int not null auto_increment primary key,
        num int null
    )
    # 或
    create table tb1(
        nid int not null auto_increment,
        num int null,
        index(nid)
    )
    
    # 注意:1、对于自增列,必须是索引(含主键)。
    # 2、对于自增可以设置步长和起始值
    show session variables like 'auto_inc%';
    set session auto_increment_increment=2;
    set session auto_increment_offset=10;
    
    show global  variables like 'auto_inc%';
    set global auto_increment_increment=2;
    set global auto_increment_offset=10; 
    

    3, 查询表数据

    # 查询表数据
    select 字段(多个以","间隔) from 表名;
    例:  select name,sex from student;
    或者: select * from student;
       
    # 查看表结构
    desc 表名;
    例: desc student;
     
    # 查看创建表信息
    show create table student;  
    
    • 查看表结构有两种方式:

    • describe [tablename];这种方法和desc [tablename];效果相同;可以查看当前的表结构

    • 虽然desc命令可以查看表的定义,但是其输出的信息还不够全面,为了得到更全面的表定义信息,有时候就需要查看创建表的SQL语句,使用show create table语法。除了可以看到表定义之外,还可以看到engine(存储引擎)和charset(字符集)等信息。(G选项的含义是是的记录能够竖向排列,以便更好的显示内容较长的记录。)

    • 查询表结构示例

    mysql> describe staff_info;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> desc staff_info;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> show create table staff_infoG;
    *************************** 1. row ***************************
           Table: staff_info
    Create Table: CREATE TABLE `staff_info` (
      `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
      `name` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
      `age` int(3) DEFAULT NULL,
      `sex` enum('male','female') DEFAULT NULL,
      `phone` bigint(11) DEFAULT NULL,
      `job` varchar(11) DEFAULT NULL
    ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
    1 row in set (0.01 sec)
    
    ERROR: 
    No query specified
    

    4, 修改表结构

    • 语法
    语法:
    1. 修改表名
          ALTER TABLE 表名 
                          RENAME 新表名;
    
    2. 增加字段
          ALTER TABLE 表名
                          ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…],
                          ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
                                
    3. 删除字段
          ALTER TABLE 表名 
                          DROP 字段名;
    
    4. 修改字段
          ALTER TABLE 表名 
                          MODIFY  字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
          ALTER TABLE 表名 
                          CHANGE 旧字段名 新字段名 旧数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
          ALTER TABLE 表名 
                          CHANGE 旧字段名 新字段名 新数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
    
    5.修改字段排列顺序/在增加的时候指定字段位置
        ALTER TABLE 表名
                         ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]  FIRST;
        ALTER TABLE 表名
                         ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]  AFTER 字段名;
        ALTER TABLE 表名
                         CHANGE 字段名  旧字段名 新字段名 新数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]  FIRST;
        ALTER TABLE 表名
                         MODIFY 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]  AFTER 字段名;
    
    mysql> desc staff_info;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    # 表重命名
    mysql> alter table staff_info rename staff;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> desc staff;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    # 删除sex列
    mysql> alter table staff drop sex;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> desc staff;
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | name  | varchar(50) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | age   | int(3)      | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | phone | bigint(11)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | job   | varchar(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
    # 添加列
    mysql> alter table staff add sex enum('male','female');
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
    Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    # 修改id的宽度
    mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4);
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> desc staff;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(4)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    6 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
    # 修改name列的字段名
    mysql> alter table staff change name sname varchar(20);
    Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.03 sec)
    Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> desc staff;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(4)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | sname | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    # 修改sex列的位置
    mysql> alter table staff modify sex enum('male','female') after sname;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> desc staff;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(4)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | sname | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    # 创建自增id主键
    mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4) primary key auto_increment;
    Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> desc staff;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id    | int(4)                | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
    | sname | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    # 删除主键,可以看到删除一个自增主键会报错
    mysql> alter table staff drop primary key;
    ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key
    
    # 需要先去掉主键的自增约束,然后再删除主键约束
    mysql> alter table staff modify id int(11);
    Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> desc staff;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | 0       |       |
    | sname | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    6 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> alter table staff drop primary key;
    Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.06 sec)
    Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    # 添加联合主键
    mysql> alter table staff add primary key (sname,age);
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    # 删除主键
    mysql> alter table staff drop primary key;
    Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    # 创建主键id
    mysql> alter table staff add primary key (id);
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> desc staff;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | 0       |       |
    | sname | varchar(20)           | NO   |     |         |       |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | age   | int(3)                | NO   |     | 0       |       |
    | phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    # 为主键添加自增属性
    mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4) auto_increment;
    Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> desc staff;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id    | int(4)                | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
    | sname | varchar(20)           | NO   |     |         |                |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | age   | int(3)                | NO   |     | 0       |                |
    | phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    #添加表字段
    alter table 表名 add 字段名 类型 约束;
    例如: alter table student add age int not null default 0 after name;
    ps: after name 表示在name字段后添加字段 age.
      
    #修改表字段
    方式一: alter table student modify 字段 varchar(100) null;
    方式二: alter table student change 旧字段 新字段 int not null default 0;
    ps:二者区别:
    change 可以改变字段名字和属性
    modify只能改变字段的属性
        
    #删除表字段 :
    alter table student drop 字段名;
      
    #更新表名称:
    rename table 旧表名 to 新表名;
    
    • 更新主键操作
    # 添加主键 : 
    alter table student add primary key(字段,"多个","间隔");
     
    # 移除主键 : 
    alter table student drop primary key;
    
    # ps:如果主键为自增长,以上方式则不被允许执行,请先去掉主键自增长属性,然后再移除主键
    alter table student modify id int not null,drop primary key 
    
    • 外键更新操作
    # 添加外键: 
    alter table 从表 add CONSTRAINT fk_test foreign key 从表(字段) REFERENCES 主表(字段);
    
    # 移除外键: 
    alter table 表 drop foreign key 外键名称;
    
    # ps:如果外键设置后想修改,那么只能是先删除,再添加
    
    • 默认值更新操作
    # 修改默认值 : 
    alter table 表 alter 字段 set default 100;
    # 删除默认值 :
    alter table 表 alter 字段 drop default;
    

    5, 删除表

    # 删除表
    drop table 表名;
     
    # 清空表
    truncate table 表名; 
    

    6, 复制表

    # 只复制表结构和表中数据
    CREATE TABLE tb2 SELECT * FROM tb1;
    # ps:主键自增/索引/触发器/外键 不会 被复制
       
    # 只复制表结构
    create table tb2 like tb1;
    # ps: 数据/触发器/外键 不会被复制 
    

    7, 表的完整性约束

    • 为了防止不符合规范的数据进入数据库,在用户对数据进行插入、修改、删除等操作时,DBMS自动按照一定的约束条件对数据进行监测,使不符合规范的数据不能进入数据库,以确保数据库中存储的数据正确、有效、相容。
    • 约束条件与数据类型的宽度一样,都是可选参数,主要分为以下几种:
      • NOT NULL :非空约束,指定某列不能为空;

      • UNIQUE : 唯一约束,指定某列或者几列组合不能重复

      • PRIMARY KEY :主键,指定该列的值可以唯一地标识该列记录

      • FOREIGN KEY :外键,指定该行记录从属于主表中的一条记录,主要用于参照完整性

    7.1 NOT NULL

    • 是否可空,null表示空,非字符串
    • not null - 不可空
    • null - 可空
    • not null示例
    mysql> create table t12 (id int not null);
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from t12;
    Empty set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> desc t12;
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    #不能向id列插入空元素。 
    mysql> insert into t12 values (null);
    ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'id' cannot be null
    
    mysql> insert into t12 values (1);
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
    
    • DEFAULT

    • 我们约束某一列不为空,如果这一列中经常有重复的内容,就需要我们频繁的插入,这样会给我们的操作带来新的负担,于是就出现了默认值的概念。

    • 默认值,创建列时可以指定默认值,当插入数据时如果未主动设置,则自动添加默认值

    • not null + default 示例

    mysql> create table t13 (id1 int not null,id2 int not null default 222);
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> desc t13;
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id1   | int(11) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
    | id2   | int(11) | NO   |     | 222     |       |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
    # 只向id1字段添加值,会发现id2字段会使用默认值填充
    mysql> insert into t13 (id1) values (111);
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from t13;
    +-----+-----+
    | id1 | id2 |
    +-----+-----+
    | 111 | 222 |
    +-----+-----+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    # id1字段不能为空,所以不能单独向id2字段填充值;
    mysql> insert into t13 (id2) values (223);
    ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'id1' doesn't have a default value
    
    # 向id1,id2中分别填充数据,id2的填充数据会覆盖默认值
    mysql> insert into t13 (id1,id2) values (112,223);
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from t13;
    +-----+-----+
    | id1 | id2 |
    +-----+-----+
    | 111 | 222 |
    | 112 | 223 |
    +-----+-----+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    • not null不生效
    # 设置严格模式:
        不支持对not null字段插入null值
        不支持对自增长字段插入”值
        不支持text字段有默认值
    
    # 直接在mysql中生效(重启失效):
    mysql>set sql_mode="STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION";
    
    # 配置文件添加(永久失效):
    sql-mode="STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION"
    

    7.2 UNIQUE

    • 唯一约束,指定某列或者几列组合不能重复

    • unique示例

    方法一:
    create table department1(
    id int,
    name varchar(20) unique,
    comment varchar(100)
    );
    
    
    方法二:
    create table department2(
    id int,
    name varchar(20),
    comment varchar(100),
    unique(name)
    );
    
    
    mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术');
    ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'IT' for key 'name'
    
    • not null 和unique的结合
    mysql> create table t1(id int not null unique);
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    
    mysql> desc t1;
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    • 联合唯一
    create table service(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20),
    host varchar(15) not null,
    port int not null,
    unique(host,port) #联合唯一
    );
    
    mysql> insert into service values
        -> (1,'nginx','192.168.0.10',80),
        -> (2,'haproxy','192.168.0.20',80),
        -> (3,'mysql','192.168.0.30',3306)
        -> ;
    Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> insert into service(name,host,port) values('nginx','192.168.0.10',80);
    ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192.168.0.10-80' for key 'host'
    

    7.3 PRIMARY KEY

    • 主键为了保证表中的每一条数据的该字段都是表格中的唯一值。换言之,它是用来独一无二地确认一个表格中的每一行数据。
    • 主键可以包含一个字段或多个字段。当主键包含多个栏位时,称为组合键 (Composite Key),也可以叫联合主键。
    • 主键可以在建置新表格时设定 (运用 CREATE TABLE 语句),或是以改变现有的表格架构方式设定 (运用 ALTER TABLE)。
    • 主键必须唯一,主键值非空;可以是单一字段,也可以是多字段组合。
    • 单字段主键
    ============单列做主键===============
    #方法一:not null+unique
    create table department1(
    id int not null unique, #主键
    name varchar(20) not null unique,
    comment varchar(100)
    );
    
    mysql> desc department1;
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | name    | varchar(20)  | NO   | UNI | NULL    |       |
    | comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
    #方法二:在某一个字段后用primary key
    create table department2(
    id int primary key, #主键
    name varchar(20),
    comment varchar(100)
    );
    
    mysql> desc department2;
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    #方法三:在所有字段后单独定义primary key
    create table department3(
    id int,
    name varchar(20),
    comment varchar(100),
    primary key(id); #创建主键并为其命名pk_name
    
    mysql> desc department3;
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
    # 方法四:给已经建成的表添加主键约束
    mysql> create table department4(
        -> id int,
        -> name varchar(20),
        -> comment varchar(100));
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> desc department4;
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id      | int(11)      | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> alter table department4 modify id int primary key;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> desc department4;
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
    • 多字段主键
    ==================多列做主键================
    create table service(
    ip varchar(15),
    port char(5),
    service_name varchar(10) not null,
    primary key(ip,port)
    );
    
    
    mysql> desc service;
    +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field        | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | ip           | varchar(15) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | port         | char(5)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | service_name | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
    +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into service values
        -> ('172.16.45.10','3306','mysqld'),
        -> ('172.16.45.11','3306','mariadb')
        -> ;
    Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> insert into service values ('172.16.45.10','3306','nginx');
    ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '172.16.45.10-3306' for key 'PRIMARY'
    

    7.3.1 AUTO_INCREMENT

    • 约束字段为自动增长,被约束的字段必须同时被key约束
    • 设置auto_increment
    #不指定id,则自动增长
    create table student(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20),
    sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
    );
    
    mysql> desc student;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
    | name  | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | male    |                |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    mysql> insert into student(name) values
        -> ('egon'),
        -> ('alex')
        -> ;
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+------+------+
    | id | name | sex  |
    +----+------+------+
    |  1 | egon | male |
    |  2 | alex | male |
    +----+------+------+
    
    
    #也可以指定id
    mysql> insert into student values(4,'asb','female');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into student values(7,'wsb','female');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+------+--------+
    | id | name | sex    |
    +----+------+--------+
    |  1 | egon | male   |
    |  2 | alex | male   |
    |  4 | asb  | female |
    |  7 | wsb  | female |
    +----+------+--------+
    
    
    #对于自增的字段,在用delete删除后,再插入值,该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长
    mysql> delete from student;
    Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    Empty set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into student(name) values('ysb');
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+------+------+
    | id | name | sex  |
    +----+------+------+
    |  8 | ysb  | male |
    +----+------+------+
    
    #应该用truncate清空表,比起delete一条一条地删除记录,truncate是直接清空表,在删除大表时用它
    mysql> truncate student;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+------+------+
    | id | name | sex  |
    +----+------+------+
    |  1 | egon | male |
    +----+------+------+
    row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    • offset偏移量
    #在创建完表后,修改自增字段的起始值
    mysql> create table student(
        -> id int primary key auto_increment,
        -> name varchar(20),
        -> sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
        -> );
    
    mysql> alter table student auto_increment=3;
    
    mysql> show create table student;
    .......
    ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
    
    mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+------+------+
    | id | name | sex  |
    +----+------+------+
    |  3 | egon | male |
    +----+------+------+
    row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> show create table student;
    .......
    ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
    
    
    #也可以创建表时指定auto_increment的初始值,注意初始值的设置为表选项,应该放到括号外
    create table student(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20),
    sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
    )auto_increment=3;
    
    
    
    
    #设置步长
    sqlserver:自增步长
        基于表级别
        create table t1(
            id int。。。
        )engine=innodb,auto_increment=2 步长=2 default charset=utf8
    
    mysql自增的步长:
        show session variables like 'auto_inc%';
        
        #基于会话级别
        set session auth_increment_increment=2 #修改会话级别的步长
    
        #基于全局级别的
        set global auth_increment_increment=2 #修改全局级别的步长(所有会话都生效)
    
    
    #!!!注意了注意了注意了!!!
    If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored. 
    翻译:如果auto_increment_offset的值大于auto_increment_increment的值,则auto_increment_offset的值会被忽略 ,这相当于第一步步子就迈大了,扯着了蛋
    比如:设置auto_increment_offset=3,auto_increment_increment=2
    
    
    
    
    mysql> set global auto_increment_increment=5;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> set global auto_increment_offset=3;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> show variables like 'auto_incre%'; #需要退出重新登录
    +--------------------------+-------+
    | Variable_name            | Value |
    +--------------------------+-------+
    | auto_increment_increment | 1     |
    | auto_increment_offset    | 1     |
    +--------------------------+-------+
    
    
    
    create table student(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20),
    sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
    );
    
    mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon1'),('egon2'),('egon3');
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+-------+------+
    | id | name  | sex  |
    +----+-------+------+
    |  3 | egon1 | male |
    |  8 | egon2 | male |
    | 13 | egon3 | male |
    +----+-------+------+
    
    步长:auto_increment_increment,起始偏移量:auto_increment_offset
    

    7.4 FOREIKEY

    • 多表 :
    假设我们要描述所有公司的员工,需要描述的属性有这些 : 工号 姓名 部门
    公司有3个部门,但是有1个亿的员工,那意味着部门这个字段需要重复存储,部门名字越长,越浪费
    解决方法: 我们完全可以定义一个部门表 然后让员工信息表关联该表,如何关联,即foreign key
    
    • 创造外键的条件
    mysql> create table departments (dep_id int(4),dep_name varchar(11));
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    
    mysql> desc departments;
    +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | dep_id   | int(4)      | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | dep_name | varchar(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    # 创建外键不成功
    mysql> create table staff_info (s_id int,name varchar(20),dep_id int,foreign key(dep_id) references departments(dep_id));
    ERROR 1215 (HY000): Cannot add foreign key 
    
    # 设置dep_id非空,仍然不能成功创建外键
    mysql> alter table departments modify dep_id int(4) not null;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> desc departments;
    +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | dep_id   | int(4)      | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
    | dep_name | varchar(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> create table staff_info (s_id int,name varchar(20),dep_id int,foreign key(dep_id) references departments(dep_id));
    ERROR 1215 (HY000): Cannot add foreign key constraint
    
    # 当设置字段为unique唯一字段时,设置该字段为外键成功
    mysql> alter table departments modify dep_id int(4) unique;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> desc departments;                                                                                                       +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | dep_id   | int(4)      | YES  | UNI | NULL    |       |
    | dep_name | varchar(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> create table staff_info (s_id int,name varchar(20),dep_id int,foreign key(dep_id) references departments(dep_id));
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    
    • 外键操作示例
    #表类型必须是innodb存储引擎,且被关联的字段,即references指定的另外一个表的字段,必须保证唯一
    create table department(
    id int primary key,
    name varchar(20) not null
    )engine=innodb;
    
    #dpt_id外键,关联父表(department主键id),同步更新,同步删除
    create table employee(
    id int primary key,
    name varchar(20) not null,
    dpt_id int,
    foreign key(dpt_id)
    references department(id)
    on delete cascade  # 连级删除
    on update cascade # 连级更新
    )engine=innodb;
    
    
    #先往父表department中插入记录
    insert into department values
    (1,'教质部'),
    (2,'技术部'),
    (3,'人力资源部');
    
    
    #再往子表employee中插入记录
    insert into employee values
    (1,'yuan',1),
    (2,'nezha',2),
    (3,'egon',2),
    (4,'alex',2),
    (5,'wusir',3),
    (6,'李沁洋',3),
    (7,'皮卡丘',3),
    (8,'程咬金',3),
    (9,'程咬银',3)
    ;
    
    
    #删父表department,子表employee中对应的记录跟着删
    mysql> delete from department where id=2;
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from employee;
    +----+-----------+--------+
    | id | name      | dpt_id |
    +----+-----------+--------+
    |  1 | yuan      |      1 |
    |  5 | wusir     |      3 |
    |  6 | 李沁洋    |      3 |
    |  7 | 皮卡丘    |      3 |
    |  8 | 程咬金    |      3 |
    |  9 | 程咬银    |      3 |
    +----+-----------+--------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    
    #更新父表department,子表employee中对应的记录跟着改
    mysql> update department set id=2 where id=3;
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
    Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> select * from employee;
    +----+-----------+--------+
    | id | name      | dpt_id |
    +----+-----------+--------+
    |  1 | yuan      |      1 |
    |  5 | wusir     |      2 |
    |  6 | 李沁洋    |      2 |
    |  7 | 皮卡丘    |      2 |
    |  8 | 程咬金    |      2 |
    |  9 | 程咬银    |      2 |
    +----+-----------+--------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

    8, 多表结构的创建与分析

    8.1 如何找出两张表之间的关系

    • 分析步骤:
      • 1、先站在左表的角度去找
        • 是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录,如果是,则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段(通常是id)
      • 2、再站在右表的角度去找
        • 是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录,如果是,则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段(通常是id)
      • 3、总结:
        • 多对一:
          • 如果只有步骤1成立,则是左表多对一右表
          • 如果只有步骤2成立,则是右表多对一左表
        • 多对多
          • 如果步骤1和2同时成立,则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一,即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系
        • 一对一:
          • 如果1和2都不成立,而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录,反之亦然。这种情况很简单,就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上,将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可

    8.2 建立表之间的关系

    • 一对多或称为多对一
    三张表:出版社,作者信息,书
    
    一对多(或多对一):一个出版社可以出版多本书
    
    关联方式:foreign key
    
    • sql示例
    =====================多对一=====================
    create table press(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20)
    );
    
    create table book(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20),
    press_id int not null,
    foreign key(press_id) references press(id)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade
    );
    
    
    insert into press(name) values
    ('北京工业地雷出版社'),
    ('人民音乐不好听出版社'),
    ('知识产权没有用出版社')
    ;
    
    insert into book(name,press_id) values
    ('九阳神功',1),
    ('九阴真经',2),
    ('九阴白骨爪',2),
    ('独孤九剑',3),
    ('降龙十巴掌',2),
    ('葵花宝典',3)
    ;
    
    • 其他示例
    班级和学生
    一个班级可以对应多个学生,但一个学生只能对应一个班级
    
    主机和机房
    一个机房可以有多台主机,但是一个主机只能属于一个机房
    
    • 多对多
    三张表:出版社,作者信息,书
    
    多对多:一个作者可以写多本书,一本书也可以有多个作者,双向的一对多,即多对多
      
    关联方式:foreign key+一张新的表
    
    • sql示例
    =====================多对多=====================
    create table author(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20)
    );
    
    
    #这张表就存放作者表与书表的关系,即查询二者的关系查这表就可以了
    create table author2book(
    id int not null unique auto_increment,
    author_id int not null,
    book_id int not null,
    constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade,
    constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade,
    primary key(author_id,book_id)
    );
    
    
    #插入四个作者,id依次排开
    insert into author(name) values('egon'),('alex'),('yuanhao'),('wpq');
    
    #每个作者与自己的代表作如下
    egon: 
    九阳神功
    九阴真经
    九阴白骨爪
    独孤九剑
    降龙十巴掌
    葵花宝典
    alex: 
    九阳神功
    葵花宝典
    yuanhao:
    独孤九剑
    降龙十巴掌
    葵花宝典
    wpq:
    九阳神功
    
    
    insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values
    (1,1),
    (1,2),
    (1,3),
    (1,4),
    (1,5),
    (1,6),
    (2,1),
    (2,6),
    (3,4),
    (3,5),
    (3,6),
    (4,1)
    ;
    
    • 其他示例
    服务和机器
    一个服务可能被部署到多台机器上,一台机器上也可以部署多个服务
    
    学生和课程
    一个学生可以选择多门课程,一门课程也可以被多个学生选择
    
    • 一对一
    两张表:学生表和客户表
    
    一对一:一个学生是一个客户
    
    关联方式:foreign key+unique
    
    • sql示例
    create table customer(
        -> id int primary key auto_increment,
        -> name varchar(20) not null,
        -> qq varchar(10) not null,
        -> phone char(16) not null
        -> );
    
    create table student(
        -> id int primary key auto_increment,
        -> class_name varchar(20) not null,
        -> customer_id int unique, #该字段一定要是唯一的
        -> foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外键的字段一定要保证unique
        -> on delete cascade
        -> on update cascade
        -> );
    
    #增加客户
    mysql> insert into customer(name,qq,phone) values
        -> ('韩蕾','31811231',13811341220),
        -> ('杨澜','123123123',15213146809),
        -> ('翁惠天','283818181',1867141331),
        -> ('杨宗河','283818181',1851143312),
        -> ('袁承明','888818181',1861243314),
        -> ('袁清','112312312',18811431230)
    
    mysql> #增加学生
    mysql> insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values
        -> ('脱产1班',3),
        -> ('周末1期',4),
        -> ('周末1期',5)
        -> ;
    
    • 其他示例
    例一:一个用户只有一个博客
    
        用户表:
        id  name
        1    egon
        2    alex
        3    wupeiqi
    
    
        博客表   
               fk+unique
        id url name_id
        1  xxxx   1
        2  yyyy   3
        3  zzz    2
    
    
    
    例二:一个管理员唯一对应一个用户
        用户表:
        id user  password
        1  egon    xxxx
        2  alex    yyyy
    
        管理员表:
           fk+unique
        id user_id password
        1   1      xxxxx
        2   2      yyyyy
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/xiaoqshuo/p/9944932.html
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