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  • 如何用Pivot实现行列转换

    在Oracle中,如果要实现行列转换,较为常见的是用DECODE和CASE语句。对于简单的行列转行,DECODE和CASE语句尚能应付。在逻辑比较复杂,分组聚合较多的场景中,DECODE和CASE语句则力有不逮。而pivot则可完美解决这一切。

    首先,我们来看看Oracle对于其的解释:

    可见,pivot是数据仓库中的关键技术,它利用交叉查询(crosstabulation query)将行转换为列。

    基本语法如下:

    复制代码
    SELECT ....
    FROM <table-expr>
       PIVOT
         (
          aggregate-function(<column>)
          FOR <pivot-column> IN (<value1>, <value2>,..., <valuen>)
            ) AS <alias>
    WHERE .....
    复制代码

    下面我们来通过具体的案例对其进行阐述。

    首先,构造案例所需的数据,

    1> 创建视图,以EMP表的数据作为源数据。

    CREATE VIEW emp_view AS
    SELECT
     deptno,job,to_char(hiredate,'yyyy') hiredate,
     count(*) cnt,sum(sal) sum_sal
    FROM emp
    GROUP BY deptno,job,to_char(hiredate,'yyyy');

    其中,deptno为部门号,job为工作的类型(即工种),hiredate为雇佣的日期,cnt为特定部门,特定工种在特定年份雇佣的员工的总数,sum_sal为特定部门,特定工种,特定年份雇佣的员工的工资的总和。

    2> 视图的数据如下:

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    SQL> select * from emp_view;
    
        DEPTNO JOB       HIRE        CNT    SUM_SAL
    ---------- --------- ---- ---------- ----------
            20 CLERK     1980          1        800
            20 ANALYST   1981          1       3000
            20 ANALYST   1987          1       3000
            30 CLERK     1981          1        950
            30 MANAGER   1981          1       2850
            10 MANAGER   1981          1       2450
            30 SALESMAN  1981          4       5600
            20 MANAGER   1981          1       2975
            10 PRESIDENT 1981          1       5000
            10 CLERK     1982          1       1300
            20 CLERK     1987          1       1100
    
    11 rows selected.
    复制代码

    应用场景一:

    基本的Pivot转换

    例1:

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    SELECT * FROM
    ( SELECT deptno,hiredate,cnt
      FROM emp_view
     ) PIVOT (SUM(cnt)
       FOR hiredate IN ('1980' AS "1980",'1981' AS "1981",
                        '1982' AS "1982",'1987' AS "1987"))
    ORDER BY deptno;
    
        DEPTNO       1980       1981       1982       1987
    ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
            10                     2          1
            20          1          2                     2
            30                     6
    
    3 rows selected.
    复制代码

    例2:

    复制代码
    SELECT * FROM
    ( SELECT deptno,job,cnt
      FROM emp_view
     ) PIVOT (SUM(cnt)
       FOR job IN ('CLERK','ANALYST','MANAGER','SALESMAN','PRESIDENT'))
    ORDER BY deptno;
    
        DEPTNO    'CLERK'  'ANALYST'  'MANAGER' 'SALESMAN' 'PRESIDENT'
    ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -----------
            10          1                     1                      1
            20          2          2          1
            30          1                     1          4
    
    3 rows selected.
    复制代码

    两例以不同的列进行统计,前者是hiredate,后者是job。

    除此之外,前者用了别名,后面没有用别名,两者的显示效果也是不一样的。

    应用场景二:

    对多列进行Pivot转换

    复制代码
    SELECT * FROM
    ( SELECT deptno,job,hiredate,cnt
      FROM emp_view
     ) PIVOT (SUM(cnt)
                FOR (job,hiredate) IN
                  (('CLERK','1980') AS clerk_1980,
                   ('CLERK','1981') AS clerk_1981,
                   ('ANALYST','1987') AS analyst_1987,
                   ('MANAGER','1981') AS manager_1981
                  )
               )
    ORDER by deptno;
    
        DEPTNO CLERK_1980 CLERK_1981 ANALYST_1987 MANAGER_1981
    ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ------------
            10                                               1
            20          1                       1            1
            30                     1                         1
    
    3 rows selected.
    复制代码

    限于篇幅,FOR (job,hiredate) IN语句中没有列出更多组合,只列出了四组,当然,我们可以根据实际场景需要罗列更多的组合。

    从本例中可以看出,对两个列进行Pivot转换可从三个维度呈现统计结果。

    应用场景三:

    用Pivot实现多个聚合

    复制代码
    SELECT * FROM
    ( SELECT deptno,hiredate,cnt,sum_sal
      FROM emp_view
     ) PIVOT ( SUM(cnt) AS cnt,
               SUM(sum_sal) AS sum_sal
               FOR hiredate IN ('1980','1981','1982','1987'))
    ORDER BY deptno;
    
        DEPTNO '1980'_CNT '1980'_SUM_SAL '1981'_CNT '1981'_SUM_SAL '1982'_CNT '1982'_SUM_SAL '1987'_CNT '1987'_SUM_SAL
    ---------- ---------- -------------- ---------- -------------- ---------- -------------- ---------- --------------
            10                                    2           7450          1           1300
            20          1            800          2           5975                                    2           4100
            30                                    6           9400
    
    3 rows selected.
    复制代码

    '1981'_CNT指的是1981年雇佣的员工的总数,'1981'_SUM_SAL指的是1981年雇佣员工所开出的工资。

    具体到本例中,即1981年10号部门招聘了2位员工,开出的工资合计为7450元,20号部门招聘了2位员工,开出的工资合计为5975元,30号部门招聘了6名员工,开出的工资合计为9400元,依次类推。

    既然有pivot将行转换为列,同样也有unpivot操作将聚合后的列转换为行。

    UNPIVOT

    以上述应用场景三的结果作为源数据进行操作

    复制代码
    CREATE TABLE T1 AS
    SELECT * FROM
    ( SELECT deptno,hiredate,cnt,sum_sal
      FROM emp_view
     ) PIVOT ( SUM(cnt) AS cnt,
               SUM(sum_sal) AS sum_sal
               FOR hiredate IN ('1980' AS "1980",'1981' AS "1981",
                                '1982' AS "1982",'1987' AS "1987"))
    ORDER BY deptno
    复制代码

    表T1的结果为:

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    SQL> select * from t1;
    
        DEPTNO   1980_CNT 1980_SUM_SAL   1981_CNT 1981_SUM_SAL   1982_CNT 1982_SUM_SAL   1987_CNT 1987_SUM_SAL
    ---------- ---------- ------------ ---------- ------------ ---------- ------------ ---------- ------------
            10                                  2         7450          1         1300
            20          1          800          2         5975                                  2         4100
            30                                  6         9400
    
    3 rows selected.
    复制代码

    首先进行一维unpivot

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    SELECT deptno,DECODE(hiredate,'1980_CNT','1980','1981_CNT','1981','1982_CNT','1982','1987_CNT','1987') AS hiredate,cnt
    FROM T1
    UNPIVOT INCLUDE NULLS
    ( cnt
      FOR hiredate IN ("1980_CNT","1981_CNT","1982_CNT","1987_CNT"));
    
        DEPTNO HIRE        CNT
    ---------- ---- ----------
            10 1980
            10 1981          2
            10 1982          1
            10 1987
            20 1980          1
            20 1981          2
            20 1982
            20 1987          2
            30 1980
            30 1981          6
            30 1982
            30 1987
    
    12 rows selected.
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    输出的结果为不同部门在不同年份的雇佣人数,

    注意:上述SQL语句中UNPIVOT后加了INCLUDE NULLS,当然也可以指定为EXCLUDE NULLS,即排除cnt为空的值,如果不指定,则默认为EXCLUDE NULLS。

    UNPIVOT后不指定INCLUDE NULLS的输入结果为:

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        DEPTNO HIRE        CNT
    ---------- ---- ----------
            10 1981          2
            10 1982          1
            20 1980          1
            20 1981          2
            20 1987          2
            30 1981          6
    
    6 rows selected.
    复制代码

    下面,我们再进行二维unpivot

    复制代码
    SELECT deptno,hiredate,cnt,sum_sal
    FROM T1
    UNPIVOT
    ( (cnt,sum_sal)
      FOR hiredate IN (("1980_CNT","1980_SUM_SAL") AS 1980,
                       ("1981_CNT","1981_SUM_SAL") AS 1981,
                       ("1982_CNT","1982_SUM_SAL") AS 1982,
                       ("1987_CNT","1987_SUM_SAL") AS 1987));
    
        DEPTNO   HIREDATE        CNT    SUM_SAL
    ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
            10       1981          2       7450
            10       1982          1       1300
            20       1980          1        800
            20       1981          2       5975
            20       1987          2       4100
            30       1981          6       9400
    
    6 rows selected.
    复制代码

    输入结果为T1表列转行的结果。

    参考文档:

    SQL for Analysis and Reporting

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/xieweikai/p/6838261.html
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