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  • Java 多线程

    创建线程

    方式一:继承Thread

    • 自定义一个类继承Thread类
    • 重写Thread的run方法,把自定义线程的任务代码定义在run方法上
    • 创建Thread子类的对象,并且调用start方法启动一个线程
    public class MyThread extends Thread {
    	public void run() {
    		for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
    			System.out.println(getName() + i);
    	}
    }
    
    // test
        		MyThread my1=new MyThread();//设置线程名
    		MyThread my2=new MyThread();
    		my1.setName("线程1 ");
    		my2.setName("线程2 ");
    		my1.start();
    		my2.start();
    

    方式二: 实现Runnable接口。

    Thread类使用静态代理实现,Thread构造函数接收一个实现Runnable接口的类作为代理类
    Thread类本身继承自Runnable接口

    • 自定义一个类实现Runnable接口。
    • 实现Runnable接口中的run方法,把自定义线程的任务代码定义在run方法上
    • 创建Runable实现类 的对象
    • 创建Thread对象,并且把Runnable实现类的对象作为参数传递
    • 调用Thread对象的start方法开启线程。
    public class DeamonDemo implements Runnable{
    
    	@Override
    	public void run() {
    		for(int i = 0;i<100;i++)
    			System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"---"+i);
    	}
    
    }
    
    // test
    public class DeamonTest {
    	public static void main(String[] args) {
    		DeamonDemo d = new DeamonDemo();
    		
    		Thread d1 = new Thread(d);
    		Thread d2 = new Thread(d);
    
    		d1.start();
    		d2.start();
    
    	}
    }
    
    

    方式三:实现Callable接口

    Callable是线程池的方式创建线程,可以获取到执行函数的返回值,还可以在执行时抛出异常

    • 实现Callable接口,Callable是一个泛型接口,指定call函数返回值类型
    • 实例化实现了Callable接口类
    • 创建线程池Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3),指定线程池大小
    • 提交执行,executor.submit(testCallable1),传递实现了Callable接口类
    • 获取执行结果,executor.submit提交后可获取执行结果
    • 关闭线程池,executorService.shutdown();
    public class TestCallable<T> implements Callable<T> {
    
        @Override
        public T call() throws Exception {
            for (int cnt = 0; cnt < 100;cnt++) {
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" :cnt = " + cnt);
            }
            return null;
        }
    
        public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
            for (int cnt = 0; cnt < 100;cnt++) {
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" :cnt = " + cnt);
            }
    
            // 创建线程类
            TestCallable<Object> testCallable1 = new TestCallable<>();
    
            // 创建线程池,初始化线程池大小
            ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);
    
            // 提交执行
            Future<Object> future = executorService.submit(testCallable1);
    
            // 获取执行结果
            Object result = future.get();
    
            // 服务关闭
            executorService.shutdown();
        }
    }
    

    守护线程

    线程分为用户线程守护线程,JVM中只有当所有用户线程结束,守护线程才会结束,守护线程的作用就是为其他线程提供服务,GC就是一个守护线程
    用户线程 :是高优先级线程。JVM 会在终止之前等待任何用户线程完成其任务。
    守护线程 :是低优先级线程。其唯一作用是为用户线程提供服务。

    • 设置守护线程,一旦主线程结束就结束守护线程
    • 主线程是用户线程
    • 守护线程中产生的线程也是守护线程
                    DeamonDemo d = new DeamonDemo();
    		
    		Thread d1 = new Thread(d);
    		Thread d2 = new Thread(d);
    				
    		d1.setDaemon(true);  //  设置守护线程
    		d2.setDaemon(true);
    		
    		d1.start();
    		d2.start();
    
    		for(int i = 0;i<10;i++){
    			//打印main线程(主线程)线程名
    			System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"---"+i);
    		}
    

    设置线程优先级

    • IllegalArgumentException
    • void setPriority()
    • int getPriority():优先级范围1-10 默认5
    		PriorityDemo p = new PriorityDemo();
    
    		Thread tp1 = new Thread(p);
    		Thread tp2 = new Thread(p);
    		Thread tp3 = new Thread(p);
    
    		tp1.setName("xyg");
    		tp2.setName("wdf");
    		tp3.setName("OoO");
    		
    		tp1.setPriority(10);  //  最高优先级
    		tp2.setPriority(1);
    		tp3.setPriority(1);
    		
    		tp1.start();
    		tp2.start();
    		tp3.start();
    

    线程状态

    • 线程通过thread.getState()方法获取状态

    线程的六种状态

    • NEW:未启动状态
    • RUNNABLE:执行中
    • BLOCKED:等待线程锁
    • WAITING:线程等待
    • TIMED_WAITING:线程睡眠
    • TERMINATED:完成执行
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            Thread thread = new Thread(() -> {
                for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                    try {
                        Thread.sleep(1);
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            });
    
            thread.start();
    
            while (true) {
                if (thread.getState() == Thread.State.TERMINATED) {
                    break;
                }
                System.out.println("thread = " + thread.getState());
            }
        }
    

    ...
    thread = TIMED_WAITING
    thread = TIMED_WAITING
    thread = RUNNABLE
    thread = RUNNABLE
    thread = TERMINATED

    线程加入 join

    • 一旦有join()线程,其他线程必须等待
    		JoinDemo p = new JoinDemo();
    
    		Thread tp1 = new Thread(p);
    		Thread tp2 = new Thread(p);
    		Thread tp3 = new Thread(p);
    
    		tp1.setName("xyg");
    		tp2.setName("fuck");
    		tp3.setName("wdnmd");
    
    		tp1.setPriority(10);
    		tp2.setPriority(1);
    		tp3.setPriority(1);
    
    		tp1.start();
    		try {
    			tp1.join();  //  其他线程等待该线程终止
    		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
    			e.printStackTrace();
    		}
    		tp2.start();
    		tp3.start();
    

    线程暂停

    • public static void yield()----Thread:暂停当前正在执行的线程,并执行其他线程
    • 使用yield()的目的是让相同优先级的线程之间能适当的轮转执行。但是,实际中无法保证yield()达到让步目的
    • 因为让步的线程还有可能被线程调度程序再次选中。
    	public void run() {
    		for(int i = 0;i<100;i++){
    			System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"---"+i);
    			Thread.yield();  //执行其他线程
    		}
    	}
    

    线程安全

    多个线程操作同一个数据,解决:添加锁

    同步代码块

    • 同步代码块的锁可以是任意的对象。 同步函数的锁是固定 的,非静态函数的锁对象是this对象。 静态函数的锁对象是class对象。
    • 锁对象必须是多线程共享的对象,否则锁不住
    • 在同步代码块或者是同步函数中调用sleep方法是不会释放锁对象的,如果是调用了wait方法是会释放锁对象的。
            ...
    	public void run() {
    			if (x%2==0) {
    				//同步代码块
    				synchronized (this) {// 多个线程使用同一个锁对象
    					if (ticket > 0) {
    						try {
    							Thread.sleep(100);
    						} catch (InterruptedException e) {
    							e.printStackTrace();
    						}
    						System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "正在出售第" + (ticket--) + "张票。");
    					}
    				}
    			} 
    

    方法锁

    • 同步代码块的锁可以是任意的对象。 同步函数的锁是固定 的,非静态函数的锁对象是this对象。 静态函数的锁对象是class对象。
    
    	public void run() {
                check();
            }
            ...
    	//同步方法
    	//同步方法的锁对象是this对象
    	//静态同步方法的锁对象是 类名.class Class类型对象
    	private synchronized void check() {
    			if (ticket > 0) {
    				try {
    					Thread.sleep(100);
    				} catch (InterruptedException e) {
    					e.printStackTrace();
    				}
    				System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "正在出售第" + (ticket--) + "张票。");
    			}
    	}
    

    Arraylist线程安全

    • 使用了同步代码块锁住了arraylist的添加
    • sleep为了解决主线程过早结束
    public static void main(String[] args) {
            ArrayList<Object> objects = new ArrayList<>();
            for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
                Thread thread = new Thread(() -> {
                    synchronized (objects){
                        objects.add(Thread.currentThread().getName());
                    }
                });
                thread.start();
            }
            try {
                Thread.sleep(3000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("objects = " + objects.size());
        }
    

    Juc的线程安全集合

    public class JucList {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            CopyOnWriteArrayList<Object> objects = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
            for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
                Thread thread = new Thread(() -> {
                        objects.add(Thread.currentThread().getName());
                });
                thread.start();
            }
            try {
                Thread.sleep(3000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("objects = " + objects.size());
        }
    }
    

    ReentrantLock

    • ReentrantLock()默认构造非公平锁,构造函数传递true实例化为公平锁

    公平锁是指多个线程同时尝试获取同一把锁时,获取锁的顺序按照线程达到的顺序, 非公平锁则允许线程“插队”

    • ReentrantLock.lock():加锁
    • ReentrantLock.unLock():解锁
    public class ReentrantLockTest {
        public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
    
            Ticket t1 = new Ticket();
    
            Thread thread1 = new Thread(t1);
            Thread thread2 = new Thread(t1);
    
            thread1.start();
            thread2.start();
    
        }
    
    }
    
    class Ticket implements Runnable {
        Integer ticket = 100;
    
        /**
         * 公平锁是指多个线程同时尝试获取同一把锁时,获取锁的顺序按照线程达到的顺序
         * 非公平锁则允许线程“插队”
         */
        private Lock reenlock = new ReentrantLock(); //初始为非公平锁
        //private Lock reenlock = new ReentrantLock(true); // 初始化为公平锁
    
        @Override
        public void run() {
            while (true) {
                // 锁机制
                reenlock.lock();
                try {
                    if (ticket > 0) {
                        try {
                            Thread.sleep(100);
                        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                            e.printStackTrace();
                        }
                        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "正在出售第" + (ticket--) + "张票。");
                    } else {
                        break;
                    }
                } finally {
                    // 解锁
                    reenlock.unlock();
                }
            }
        }
    
    }
    

    synchronized 和 ReentrantLock

    • 可重入锁是指同一个线程可以多次获取同一把锁,synchronized 和 ReentrantLock都是可重入锁
    • 是否可以响应中断,synchronized 过程中不可响应中断,ReentrantLock提供了中断功能
    • synchronized是非公平锁,ReentrantLock可通过构造方法指定公平锁和非公平锁,默认构造为非公平锁

    死锁

    线程死锁是指两个或两个以上的线程互相持有对方所需要的资源,由于synchronized的特性,一个线程持有一个资源,或者说获得一个锁,在该线程释放这个锁之前,其它线程是获取不到这个锁的,而且会一直死等下去,因此这便造成了死锁

    public class DeadLock {
        private Object lock1 = new Object();
        private Object lock2 = new Object();
    
        public void thread1Method() {
            synchronized (lock1) {
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+":获取到lock1,请求lock2");
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(1000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                synchronized (lock2) {
                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+":获取到lock2");
                }
            }
        }
    
        public void thread2Method() {
            synchronized (lock2) {
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+":获取到lock2,请求lock1");
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(1000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                synchronized (lock1) {
                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+":获取到lock1");
                }
            }
        }
    
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            DeadLock deadLock = new DeadLock();
            new Thread(()->{
                deadLock.thread1Method();
            }).start();
    
            new Thread(()->{
                deadLock.thread2Method();
            }).start();
        }
    }
    

    线程通信

    • wait() 让当前线程释放对象锁并进入等待(阻塞)状态
    • notify() :唤醒一个正在等待相应对象锁的线程,使其进入就绪队列
    • notifyAll():唤醒所有正在等待相应对象锁的线程,使它们进入就绪队列

    wait()和sleep()

    • wait()是Object类方法,释放锁对象
    • sleep()是Thread类的的静态方法,不释放锁对象
    	public synchronized void set(String name, int age) {
    		//如果有数据则等待
    		if (flag) {
    			try {
    				wait();  //  线程等待
    			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
    				e.printStackTrace();
    			}
    		}
    		
    		//设置值
    		this.name=name;
    		this.age=age;
    
    		// 修改标记
    		flag = true;
    		notify();// 线程唤醒
    	}
        
            ...
    
    	public synchronized void get(){
    		//如果没有数据就等待
    		if(!flag){
    			try {
    				wait();  // 线程等待
    			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
    				e.printStackTrace();
    			}
    		}
    		
    		System.out.println(name+" "+age);
    		
    		//修改标记
    		flag=false;
    		notify();  // 线程唤醒
    	}
    

    生产者消费者问题

    /**
     * 生产者消费者问题
     * 生产者不停生产,消费者不停消费。。
            1 products ware produced.
            1 product ware Consumed.
            2 products ware produced.
            3 products ware produced.
            4 products ware produced.
            2 product ware Consumed.
            5 products ware produced.
            3 product ware Consumed.
            6 products ware produced.
            4 product ware Consumed.
            7 products ware produced.
            5 product ware Consumed.
            ...
     */
    public class ProducersAndConsumers {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            Depostory depostory = new Depostory();
    
            Producers producers = new Producers(depostory);
            Consumers consumers = new Consumers(depostory);
    
            new Thread(producers).start();
            new Thread(consumers).start();
        }
    
    }
    
    // 产品
    class Product{
        int id;
    
        public Product(int id) {
            this.id = id;
        }
    }
    
    // 生产者
    class Producers implements Runnable{
        Depostory depostory;
    
        public Producers(Depostory depostory) {
            this.depostory = depostory;
        }
    
        @Override
        public void run() {
            for (int i = 1; ; i++) {
                depostory.push(new Product(i));
                System.out.println(i+" products"+" ware produced.");
            }
        }
    }
    
    // 消费者
    class Consumers implements Runnable{
    
        Depostory depostory;
    
        public Consumers(Depostory depostory) {
            this.depostory = depostory;
        }
    
    
        @Override
        public void run() {
            while (true){
                Product pop = depostory.pop();
                System.out.println(pop.id+" product "+ "ware Consumed.");
            }
        }
    }
    
    // 仓库
    class Depostory{
        List<Product> products = new ArrayList<>();
        private int size = 5; // 仓库容量
    
        // 生产者生产产品
        public synchronized void push(Product product){
            if (size == products.size()) {
                // 等待消费者消费
                try {
                    wait();
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            try {
                Thread.sleep(10);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            products.add(product);
            notifyAll(); //通知消费者消费
        }
    
        // 消费者消费产品
        public synchronized Product pop(){
            if (products.size() == 0) {
                try {
                    wait(); // 线程等待,等待生产者生产
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            try {
                Thread.sleep(1000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            Product product = products.get(0);
            products.remove(product);
            notifyAll(); // 线程唤醒,通知
            return product;
        }
    }
    

    通过事件通知线程

    /**
     * 线程2等待线程2运行n秒后再运行,使用标记事件的方式
     */
    public class ThreadEventDemo {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            Event event = new Event();
    
            Thread1 thread1 = new Thread1(event);
            Thread2 thread2 = new Thread2(event);
    
            new Thread(thread1).start();
            new Thread(thread2).start();
        }
    }
    
    // Thread1
    class Thread1 implements Runnable {
        Event evnet;
        int cnt = 0;
    
        public Thread1(Event evnet) {
            this.evnet = evnet;
        }
    
        @Override
        public void run() {
            while (true) {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(1000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
    
                cnt++;
                if (cnt == 2) {
                    evnet.flag = true; // 设置事件
                }
                System.out.println("thread1 run for " + cnt + "seconds.");
    
            }
        }
    }
    
    // Thread2
    class Thread2 implements Runnable {
        Event evnet;
    
        public Thread2(Event evnet) {
            this.evnet = evnet;
        }
    
        @Override
        public void run() {
            while (true) {
                // 等待事件激活
                if (evnet.flag) {
                    System.out.println("thread2 running..");
                }
    
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(1000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    // Event
    class Event {
        boolean flag = false; // 事件默认未激活
    }
    

    管道通信

    • PipedOutputStream:可以向管道中写入数据,
    • PipedIntputStream:可以读取PipedOutputStream向管道中写入的数据,这两个类主要用来完成线程之间的通信

    PipedInputStream中,有一个buffer字节数组,默认大小为1024,作为缓冲区

    1. 构造PipedInputStream、PipedOutputStream
    2. 使用connect方法连接对方
    3. PipedOutputStream.write(bytes)方法向通道写入字节数组
    4. length = PipedIntputStream.read(bytes)方法向通道读取数组,当返回length为-1时读取完全部
    /**
     * 线程间,管道通信
     */
    public class PipedDemo {
        public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
            PipedInputStream pipedInputStream = new PipedInputStream();
            PipedOutputStream pipedOutputStream = new PipedOutputStream();
    
            //pipedInputStream.connect(pipedOutputStream);  // 效果相同
            pipedOutputStream.connect(pipedInputStream);
    
            new Thread(new WriteThread(pipedOutputStream)).start();
            Thread.sleep(1000);
            new Thread(new ReadThread(pipedInputStream)).start();
        }
    }
    
    // 写线程
    class WriteThread implements Runnable {
        PipedOutputStream pipedOutputStream;
    
        public WriteThread(PipedOutputStream pipedOutputStream) {
            this.pipedOutputStream = pipedOutputStream;
        }
    
        @Override
        public void run() {
            System.out.println("write:");
            try {
                for (int i = 0; i < 30; i++) {
                    System.out.print(i);
                    byte[] bytes = Integer.toString(i).getBytes();
                    pipedOutputStream.write(bytes);
                }
                pipedOutputStream.close();
                System.out.println();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }
    
    // 读线程
    class ReadThread implements Runnable {
        PipedInputStream pipedInputStream;
    
        public ReadThread(PipedInputStream pipedInputStream) {
            this.pipedInputStream = pipedInputStream;
        }
    
        @Override
        public void run() {
            byte[] bytes = new byte[20];
            try {
                int length = pipedInputStream.read(bytes);
                System.out.println("read:");
                // -1 表示读取完了
                while (-1 != length) {
                    String s = new String(bytes, 0, length);
                    System.out.print(s);
                    length = pipedInputStream.read(bytes);
                }
                pipedInputStream.close();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * output:
     *
         write:
         01234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829
         read:
         01234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829
     *
     */
    
  • 相关阅读:
    HDU 1455 http://acm.hdu.edu.cn/showproblem.php?pid=1455
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/xiongyungang/p/12495740.html
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