zoukankan      html  css  js  c++  java
  • 理解 .NET Platform Standard

    相关博文:ASP.NET 5 Target framework dnx451 and dnxcore50

    .NET Platform Standard:https://github.com/dotnet/corefx/blob/master/Documentation/architecture/net-platform-standard.md

    .NET Platform Standard 是什么?直译过来就是 .NET 平台规范或标准,它的目的就是使 .NET 各个平台之间更加统一和规范,在之前的 .NET Core RC2 发布文章中提到了 .NET Standard Library,它其实就是 .NET Platform Standard 的体现之一,.NET Standard Library 现在有一个对应程序包NETStandard.Library,它的作用是兼容各个 .NET Platform,这个后面有进行说明,现在只是一个临时方案,以后微软慢慢会把相关的程序包(比如基础类库等),按照 .NET Standard Library 的标准进行开发和发布。

    .NET Platform Standard 列表:

    Target Platform Name Alias
    .NET Platform Standard netstandard 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
    .NET Core netcoreapp 1.0
    .NET Framework net 4.6.3
    4.6.2
    4.6.1
    4.6
    4.5.2
    4.5.1
    4.5
    Universal Windows Platform uap 10.0
    Windows win 8.1
    8.0
    Windows Phone wpa 8.1
    Windows Phone Silverlight wp 8.1
    8.0
    Mono/Xamarin Platforms *
    Mono *

    上面这些都是概念,我们在 ASP.NET Core 1.0 RC2 项目开发中,如何应用和体现呢?其实就是我们在project.json中配置的frameworks节点,我们先看一段配置(来自 Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore/project.json):

    "frameworks": {
      "net451": {
        "frameworkAssemblies": {
          "System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations": "",
          "System.Runtime": {
            "type": "build"
          }
        }
      },
      "netstandard1.3": {
        "imports": [
          "portable-net452+win81"
        ],
        "dependencies": {
          "System.Collections.Concurrent": "4.0.12-*",
          "System.ComponentModel.Annotations": "4.1.0-*",
          "System.Linq.Queryable": "4.0.1-*",
          "System.ObjectModel": "4.0.12-*",
          "System.Reflection.Extensions": "4.0.1-*",
          "System.Reflection.TypeExtensions": "4.1.0-*"
        }
      },
      "netcore50": {
        "dependencies": {
          "Microsoft.NETCore.Platforms": {
            "type": "build",
            "version": "1.0.1-*"
          },
          "System.Collections.Concurrent": "4.0.10",
          "System.ComponentModel.Annotations": "4.0.10",
          "System.Linq.Queryable": "4.0.0",
          "System.ObjectModel": "4.0.10",
          "System.Reflection.Extensions": "4.0.0",
          "System.Reflection.TypeExtensions": "4.0.0",
          "System.Runtime": {
            "type": "build",
            "version": "4.0.20"
          },
          "System.Dynamic.Runtime": {
            "type": "build",
            "version": "4.0.10"
          },
          "System.Runtime.WindowsRuntime": {
            "type": "build",
            "version": "4.0.10"
          },
          "System.Runtime.Extensions": {
            "type": "build",
            "version": "4.0.10"
          }
        }
      }
    }
    

    可以看到frameworks配置了net451netstandard1.3netcore50,这些是什么意思?从上面的 .NET Platform Standard 列表中,我们可以得到一些信息,但还是有些不太明白,我们看一下相关解释(来自 Project.json definition dnx451 vs .dotnet (4.51)):

    • dnxcore50: DNX SDK running on CoreCLR/CoreFx (deprecated, use netcoreapp1.0 instead).
    • dnx451: DNX SDK running on .Net 4.5.1 (Desktop CLR / Full BCL and FCL) (deprecated, use net451 instead).
    • net46: .Net Framework 4.6 SDK running on Desktop CLR / Full BCL and FCL.
    • uap10.0: UWP Windows 10 SDK running on .Net Native/CoreFx.
    • netcoreapp1.0: .NET Core 1.0 SDK running on CoreCLR/CoreFx.
    • netstandard1.5: (RC2, dotnet before) any pure IL code which declares its dependencies (System.Runtime (based) libraries instead of a PCL contracts). Framework dependencies are available for .Net 4.5.x onwards, .NET Core or UWP (System.Runtime based library set in different versions). As with RC2 dotnet is deprecated, use netstandard instead.

    先看dnxcore50的解释,DNX SDK 是什么?它其实是一种命令或工具,指向你的程序集使用的哪种目标环境,CoreCLR/CoreFx 就是说,程序集跑在 CoreCLR/CoreFx 上,dnxcore50现在已经被弃用了,被 netcoreapp1.0所替代,netstandard1.5是一种新的平台规范,使用它必须引用NETStandard.Library程序包,否则System所有相关命名空间都找不到。

    简单来说,frameworks所配置的就是你程序集的运行环境或平台,如果配置了多个,就表示程序集可以跑在多个平台上,比如,上面Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore配置了net451netstandard1.3netcore50,也就是说Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore可以被这三种平台的程序集引用,比如你的程序集frameworks中只配置了net451,照样可以引用Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore程序集,只不过只能在 Windows 上运行,不能跨平台而已,一个程序集不同平台的代码写法:

    #if DNX451
        //Code here for dnx451
    #elif DNXCORE50
        //code here for dnxcore50
    #endif
    

    imports的解释是(来自 Frameworks and imports sections in project.json: what are they?):imports is a way to use packages that were not designed for that framework. Basically you tell it "Use those targets even though they don't seem to be supported. I know what I'm doing". 简单来说,就是兼容本程序集配置平台所不支持的平台,有点绕,我们做一个测试就清楚了:

    如上图的配置,为什么frameworks配置了netcoreapp1.0会出现错误?因为我们引用的Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore程序包并不完全支持netcoreapp1.0平台,所以我们需要在netcoreapp1.0下增加"imports": ["net451"] 配置,其作用就是使之兼容,当然现在只是兼容平台的配置,以后完善之后,这个配置会去掉的。

    imports 的一段配置:

    "netcoreapp1.0": {
      "imports": [
        "net461",
        "portable-net45+win81"
      ]
    }
    

    首先,imports 可以配置多个节点,portable-net45+win81是什么意思?portable 的意思是便携式的,在之前的博文中有提及,意思就是自身发布不携带依赖的程序包,而是使用系统中安装配置的,net45就是上面说的frameworks配置,win81是系统平台的意思,但不只是特指 Windows 8.1 系统。

    Platform NuGet identifier
    .NET Framework 2.0 - 4.6 net20 - net46
    .NET Core netcoreapp
    .NET Micro Framework netmf
    Windows 8 win8, netcore45
    Windows 8.1 win8, netcore451
    Windows Phone Silverlight (8, 8.1) wp8, wp81
    Windows Phone 8.1 wpa8.1
    Universal Windows Platform 10 uap10, netcore50
    Silverlight 4, 5 sl4, sl5
    MonoAndroid monoandroid
    MonoTouch monotouch
    MonoMac monomac
    Xamarin iOS xamarinios
    Xamarin PlayStation 3 xamarinpsthree
    Xamarin PlayStation 4 xamarinpsfour
    Xamarin PlayStation Vita xamarinpsvita
    Xamarin Watch OS xamarinwatchos
    Xamarin TV OS xamarintvos
    Xamarin Xbox 360 xamarinxboxthreesixty
    Xamarin Xbox One xamarinxboxone

    最后,再做一个测试,这个我们一般在 ASP.NET 5 Core 1.0 RC1 升级到 RC2 中会遇到的,两个程序集:

    • CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure.Interfaces
    • CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure: 依赖于CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure.Interfaces

    CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure.Interfacesproject.json配置:

    {
      "version": "1.0.0-*",
      "description": "CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure.Interfaces Class Library",
      "authors": [ "xishuai" ],
      "frameworks": {
        "netcoreapp1.0": {
          "imports": [
            "net451"
          ]
        },
        "net451": { }
      },
      "dependencies": {
        "Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore": "1.0.0-rc2-final",
        "Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer": "1.0.0-rc2-final"
      }
    }
    

    CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructureproject.json配置:

    {
      "version": "1.0.0-*",
      "description": "CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure Class Library",
      "authors": [ "xishuai" ],
      "frameworks": {
        "netcoreapp1.0": {
          "imports": [
            "net451"
          ]
        },
        "net451": { }
      },
      "dependencies": {
        "CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure.Interfaces": "1.0.0-*",
        "Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore": "1.0.0-rc2-final",
        "Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer": "1.0.0-rc2-final"
      }
    }
    

    几种测试情况:

    • CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure.Interfaces中的netcoreapp1.0去除"imports": ["net451"]配置:出现错误,上面有过分析,因为Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore并不完全支持netcoreapp1.0
    • CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure.Interfaces去除netcoreapp1.0配置:出现错误,因为CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure配置了netcoreapp1.0,而引用的CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure.Interfaces却支持net451
    • CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure.Interfaces去除net451配置:出现错误,同上,因为CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure配置了net451,而引用的CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure.Interfaces却支持netcoreapp1.0
    • CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure去除netcoreapp1.0配置:成功,因为依赖的CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure支持net451
    • CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure去除net451配置:出现成功,同上,因为依赖的CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure支持netcoreapp1.0

    综合上面的测试,简单来说,就是程序包的运行平台或环境取决于底层的引用,底层的引用指的是你自己项目中的程序包,而不是基础类库和微软开发的程序包,因为它们都支持多平台,比如上面的Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore程序包。

    另外,如果你的程序包frameworks配置的是net451,它其实和 .NET Core 没多大关系了,因为它使用的是 .NET Framework 和 Desktop CLR,而不是 CoreCLR 和 CoreFx,即使你项目中使用的是 .NET Core RC2 的程序包。

    参考资料:

  • 相关阅读:
    Codeforces 17.E Palisection
    poj4052 Hrinity
    bzoj2565 最长双回文串
    Java基础知识强化之集合框架笔记43:Set集合之TreeSet存储Integer类型的元素并遍历
    Java基础知识强化之集合框架笔记42:Set集合之LinkedHashSet的概述和使用
    Java基础知识强化之集合框架笔记41:Set集合之HashSet存储自定义对象并遍历练习
    Java基础知识强化之集合框架笔记40:Set集合之HashSet存储自定义对象并遍历
    TCP/IP协议原理与应用笔记13:底层网络技术之传输介质
    Java基础知识强化之集合框架笔记39:Set集合之HashSet存储字符串并遍历
    Java基础知识强化之集合框架笔记38:Set集合之Set集合概述和特点
  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/xishuai/p/understand-dotnet-platform-standard.html
Copyright © 2011-2022 走看看