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  • 你不需要jQuery(四)

    jQuery是个好东西。它诞生于IE6在互联网称霸的那个时代。jQuery的存在让我们的代码能很好的兼容各种平台。

    然而,到如今,浏览器技术已经取得了巨大的进步。我们可以自由的使用所有最新众多ES5/ES6提供的原生API,配合革命性的HTML5 API,我们对DOM的操作变得从未如此的容易。WEB开发人员突然发现,没有jQuery其实也能轻松高效的完成项目开发。

    不要误会,jQuery仍然是一个强大的工具包,大多时候我们还是要优先选择它。然而,对于一些简单的任务,一些小项目,一个简单的页面,或者移动版网站上,我们使用简单的纯js也许更有效率。下面的10个技巧希望能给大家一些启发。

    1. 监听页面加载完成事件

    写jQuery代码时,我们通常首先做的是把代码包裹在$(document).ready()里,这样,当DOM加载完成,可以操作时,包裹的代码才会去执行。除了使用jQuery,我们还可以使用 DOMContentLoaded 事件代替,下面是用例:

    / Add an event listener of DOMContentLoaded to the whole document and call an anonymous function.
    // You can then wrap your code in that function's brackets
    // and it will execute once loading is complete.
    
    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
    
        // Our hawaiian greeting is displayed as soon as the page loads,
    
        console.log('Aloha');
    
    });
    

      

    2. 查找/选择页面元素

    曾经,我们如果想捕捉一个/一批元素,只能通过 idclass 和 tag 名称,jQuery给我提供了革命性的更具灵活性的基于css的查找方法。随着浏览器的进步,我们现在可以使用两个新型的原生JavaScript API – querySelector 和querySelectorAll:

    // We can use document.querySelector to get the first element that matches a certain criteria.
    // It's only argument is a string containing one or more CSS selectors.
    
    var lochNess = document.querySelector(".monsters");
    
    console.log("It's from Scotland - " + lochNess.textContent);
    
    // We can also get all elements of a certain type or class by using document.querySelectorAll.
    // This returns a NodeList of all the elements that fit our criteria.
    
    var scary = document.querySelectorAll(".monsters");
    
    console.log("Hide and seek champions: ");
    
    for (var i = 0; i < scary.length; i++) {
    
        console.log(scary[i].innerHTML);
    
    }
    
    

     

    <ul>
    
        <li class="monsters">Nessy</li>
    
        <li class="monsters">Big foot</li>
    
        <li class="monsters">La chupacabra</li>
    
    </ul>
    

      

    3. 添加和移除事件监听器

    事件监听是WEB应用里非常常见的操作。在过去,IE里的事件监听和其它浏览器的监听方法是不统一/不兼容的。但如今,我们只需要使用addEventListener就可以了:

    var btn = document.querySelectorAll("button"),
        list = document.querySelector("ul");
    
    // We call the addEventListener method on our desired event target(in this case a button).
    // This will start a listener that will wait until a click is generated on the element.
    
    btn[0].addEventListener("click", function () {
    
        // When this button is clicked we want to enable zooming of our list.
    
        // To do this we add an event listener to our list itself,
        // so when the cursor hovers it, the enlarge function gets called.
    
        list.addEventListener("mouseover", enlarge);
    });
    
    // To disable the zooming we can simply use removeEventListener.
    
    btn[1].addEventListener("click", function () {
    
        // Removing event listeners doesn't work on anonymous functions, so always use a named one.
    
        list.removeEventListener("mouseover", enlarge);
    });
    
    // Let's create our enlarge function.
    
    var enlarge = function () {
    
        // Add class zoomed to the unordered list.
    
        list.classList.add("zoomed");
    
        // When the cursor leaves the list return to normal size by removing the class.
    
        list.addEventListener("mouseout", function () {
    
            list.classList.remove("zoomed")
    
        });
    
    };
    
    // Now we want to be able to color the names by clicking them.
    
    // When a 'click' is registered on one of the list entries it should change its color to green.
    // Thanks to event delegation we can actually add an event listener to the whole parent object.
    // This way we don't have to add separate event listeners to each <li>.
    
    list.addEventListener("click", function (e) {
    
        // Make the coloring happen only to the clicked element by taking the target of the event.
    
        e.target.classList.add('green');
    
    });
    

      

    <button>Enable zoom</button>
    
    <button>Disable zoom</button>
    
    <br><br>
    
    Click on any of the names to color them green
    
    <ul>
    
        <li>Chewbacca</li>
    
        <li>Han Solo</li>
    
        <li>Luke</li>
    
        <li>Boba fett</li>
    
    </ul>
    

      

    .green {
        color: green;
    }
    
    .zoomed {
        cursor: pointer;
        font-size: 23px;
    }
    

      

    addEventListener 的用法看起来跟jQuery里的事件监听用法非常相似。

    4. 对类和属性的操作

    以前,执行对于页面元素css类的各种操作(查找、增加、删除等),如果不用jQuery,那是一件非常麻烦的事情。这样的历史已经一去不复返了,这样要感谢classList 属性。而使用 setAttribute, 我们可对元素属性进行操作。

    var btn = document.querySelectorAll("button"),
        div = document.querySelector("#myDiv");
    
    btn[0].addEventListener("click", function () {
    
        // Get any attribute easily.
        console.log(div.id);
    });
    
    
    // Element.classList stores all classes of the element in the form of a DOMTokenList.
    
    var classes = div.classList;
    
    
    btn[1].addEventListener("click", function () {
    
        console.log(classes);
    
    });
    
    btn[2].addEventListener("click", function () {
    
        // 可以增加和移除某个类名
        classes.add("red");
    
    });
    
    btn[3].addEventListener("click", function () {
    
        // 可以翻转某个类名
        classes.toggle("hidden");
    
    });
    

      

    <div id='myDiv' class="square"></div>
    
    <button>Display id</button>
    
    <button>Display classes</button>
    <button>Color red</button>
    <button>Toggle visibility</button>
    

      

    .square {
         100px;
        height: 100px;
        margin-bottom: 20px;
        border: 1px solid grey;
        border-radius: 5px;
    }
    
    .hidden {
        visibility: hidden;
    }
    
    .red {
        background-color: red;
    }
    

      

    5. 获取或设置元素的内容

    jQuery里有个非常方便的 text() 和 html() 方法,相对应的,在元素JavaScript里,我们可以使用 textContent 和 innerHTML 两个属性,这两个属性其实并不是新出现的:

    var myText = document.querySelector("#myParagraph"),
        btn = document.querySelectorAll("button");
    
    // We can easily get the text content of a node and all its descendants.
    
    var myContent = myText.textContent;
    
    console.log("textContent:  " + myContent);
    
    // When using textContent to alter the text of an element
    // it deletes the old content and replaces it with new.
    
    btn[0].addEventListener('click', function () {
        
        myText.textContent = " Koalas are the best animals ";
        
    });
    
    // If we want to grab all the HTML in a node (including the tags) we can use innerHTML.
    
    var myHtml = myText.innerHTML;
    
    console.log("innerHTML:  " + myHtml);
    
    // To change the html simply supply new content.
    // Of course we aren't limited to text only this time.
    
    btn[1].addEventListener('click', function () {
        
        myText.innerHTML = "<button> Penguins are the best animals </button>";
        
    });
    

      

    <p id="myParagraph"><strong> Which are the best animals? </strong></p>
    
    <button>Koalas</button>
    
    <br>
    
    <button>Penguins</button>
    

      

    6. 循环数组

    jQuery里提供了很多实验的方法,比如each() 和 map(),而在新版的JavaScript api里,我们有了原生的 forEach 和 map ,需要注意的是,它们参数的用法有些不同,并且在回调函数里 this 的代表性也有些不同。

    var ninjaTurtles = ["Donatello", "Leonardo", "Michelangelo", "Raphael"];
    
    // ForEach automatically iterates through an array.
    
    ninjaTurtles.forEach(function (entry) {
        console.log(entry);
    });
    
    // The map method calls a function on every element of an array and creates a new array with the results.
    
    var lovesPizza = ninjaTurtles.map(function (entry) {
    
        return entry.concat(" loves pizza!");
    
    });
    
    console.log(lovesPizza);
    

      

    7. AJAX

    新版的JavaScript API里提供了一个全新的可以实现ajax的API——fetch,这个api采用了全新的 Promise 架构,使用起来更方便,更灵活,详细用法请参考《你不需要jQuery(三):新AJAX方法fetch() 》。

    总结

    如果你追求极简,不允许页面有半点臃肿,以更快的加载速度和更好的用户体验为目标,那么,你应该试试上面的技巧,不要因为一个很小的功能而滥用jQuery,浏览器在革新,JavaScript在进步,原生的API逐渐取代jQuery是潮流,WEB程序员应多关注这方面的知识技巧,不是吗?

     

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/xupeiyu/p/5067051.html
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