IO 面向流,堵塞
管道可以理解为水管,可以直接运输水流(字节数据)
NIO 面向缓冲区,非堵塞
管道可以理解铁路,需要依赖火车(缓冲区)才能运输数据。
Java NIO系统的核心在于:通道/管道(Channel)和缓冲区(Buffer)。通道表示打开到I0设备(例如:文件、套接字)的连接。若需要使用NIO系统,需要获取用于连接I0设备的通道以及用于容纳数据的缓冲区。然后操作缓冲区,对数据进行处理。简而言之,Channel负责传输,Buffer负责存储
缓冲区
概念
缓冲区就是数组,用户存储不同数据类型的数据,根据数据类型不同(boolean除外),提供了相应类型的缓冲区
ByteBuffer
CharBuffer
ShortBuffer
IntBuffer
LongBuffer
FloatBuffer
DoubleBuffer
上述缓冲区的管理方式几乎一致,通过allocate()获取缓冲区,缓冲区存储数据的连个核心方法 put()、get()
缓冲区中的四个核心属性:
capacity:容量,表示缓冲区中最大存储数据的容量。一旦声明不能改变。 limit: 界限,表示缓冲区中可以操作数据的大小。(limit后数据不能进行读写) position:位置,表示缓冲区中正在操作数据的位置。 mark:标记,表示记录当前position的位置。可以通过reset()恢复到mark的位置 0<=mark<=position<=limit<=capacity
基本操作
public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { //test1(); test2(); } public static void test1(){ ByteBuffer byteBuffer= ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); System.out.println("-----allocate-----"); System.out.println(byteBuffer.position()); System.out.println(byteBuffer.limit()); System.out.println(byteBuffer.capacity()); byteBuffer.put("abcde".getBytes()); System.out.println("-----put()-----"); System.out.println(byteBuffer.position()); System.out.println(byteBuffer.limit()); System.out.println(byteBuffer.capacity()); //切换读取模式 byteBuffer.flip(); System.out.println("-----flip()-----"); System.out.println(byteBuffer.position()); System.out.println(byteBuffer.limit()); System.out.println(byteBuffer.capacity()); System.out.println("-----get()-----"); byte[] bytes = new byte[byteBuffer.limit()]; byteBuffer.get(bytes);//如果bytes的空间大于byteBuffer.limit(),会报错 System.out.println(new String(bytes,0,byteBuffer.limit())); System.out.println(byteBuffer.position()); System.out.println(byteBuffer.limit()); System.out.println(byteBuffer.capacity()); //可重复读取数据 byteBuffer.rewind(); System.out.println("-----rewind()-----"); System.out.println(byteBuffer.position()); System.out.println(byteBuffer.limit()); System.out.println(byteBuffer.capacity()); //清空缓冲区(缓冲区的数据并没有真正意义上的清空,但处于被遗忘的状态) byteBuffer.clear(); System.out.println("-----clear()-----"); System.out.println(byteBuffer.position()); System.out.println(byteBuffer.limit()); System.out.println(byteBuffer.capacity()); } public static void test2(){ ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); byteBuffer.put("abcde".getBytes()); byteBuffer.flip(); byte[] bytes = new byte[5]; byteBuffer.get(bytes, 0, 2); byteBuffer.mark(); System.out.println(new String(bytes,0,2)); System.out.println(byteBuffer.position()); byteBuffer.get(bytes, 0, 2); //position又回到了mark标记的配置 byteBuffer.reset(); byteBuffer.get(bytes, 0, 2); System.out.println(new String(bytes,0,2)); System.out.println(byteBuffer.position()); } }
直接缓冲区和非直接缓冲区
非直接缓冲区:通过allocate()方法分配缓冲区,将缓冲区建立在JVM的内存中
直接缓冲区:通过allocateDirect()方法分配直接缓冲区,将缓冲区建立在物理内存中。可以提高效率
内核空间与用户空间
内核空间主要指操作系统用于程序调度、虚拟内存的使用或者连接硬件资源等的程序逻辑。为了保证操作系统的稳定向,运行在操作系统中的用户进程不能访问操作系统所使用的内存空间。如果用户程需要访问硬件资源,如网络连接等,可以调用操作系统提供的接口来实现,这个接口的调用其实也是系统调用。每次系统调用都会存在两个内存空间的切换,通常的网络传输也是一次系统调用,通过网络传输的数据先是从内核空间从远程主机接受数据,然后再从内核空间复制到用户空间,供程序使用。这种复制手段很费时,虽然包住了程序运行时的安全性与稳定性,但是也牺牲了部分效率。现在linux系统上提供了sendfile文件传输方式来减少这种复制方式的成本。
内核空间和用户空间大小分配也是个需要权衡的问题,如果是一台登录服务器要分配更多的内核空间,因为没有个登录用户操作系统都会初始化一个用户进程,这个进程大部分在内核空间运行。当前windows内核:用户为1:1(也就是大约2G内核空间,2G用户空间),linux为1:3。
补充参考:https://blog.csdn.net/u012129558/article/details/82878994
通道
DMA技术的重要性在于,利用它进行数据传送时不需要CPU的参与。每台电脑主机板上都有DMA控制器,通常计算机对其编程,并用一个适配器上的ROM(如软盘驱动控制器上的ROM)来储存程序,这些程序控制DMA传送数据。一旦控制器初始化完成,数据开始传送,DMA就可以脱离CPU,独立完成数据传送。
参考:https://baike.baidu.com/item/DMA%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93/7492727?fr=aladdin
通道(Channe1):用于源节点与目标节点的连接。在Java NIO中负责缓冲区中数据的传输。Channe1本身不存储数据,因此需要配合缓冲区进行传输。
通道的主要实现类
注意FileChannel不能切换非堵塞模式,通过上面的图可以看出SelectableChannel(监听器),下面没有FileChannel
获取通道
1.Java针对支持通道的类提供了getChanne1()方法
本地IO:
FileInputStream/FileOutputStream
RandomAccessFile
网络IO:
Socket
ServerSocket
DatagramSocket
2.在JDK1.7中的NIO.2针对各个通道提供了静态方法open()
3.在JDK 1.7中的NIO.2的Files 工具类的newByteChannel()
1、利用通道完成文件复制(使用非直接缓存区),速度比面向流块
public static void main(String[] args) { String from_file = "C:\Users\zhengyan\Desktop\test1\x.txt"; String to_file = "C:\Users\zhengyan\Desktop\test1\t.txt"; copyFile(from_file,to_file); } private static void copyFile(String from_file, String to_file) { try { //创建输入文件通道 FileChannel fcIn = new FileInputStream(from_file).getChannel(); //创建输出文件通道 FileChannel fcOut = new FileOutputStream(to_file).getChannel(); //创建缓冲区 ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); while(fcIn.read(buf)!=-1){ buf.flip(); fcOut.write(buf); buf.clear(); } fcIn.close(); fcOut.close(); System.out.println("copy successful"); } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }
2、利用通道完成文件复制(使用直接缓存区,内存映射),速度比非直接缓冲区块
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { String from_file = "C:\Users\zhengyan\Desktop\test1\x.txt"; String to_file = "C:\Users\zhengyan\Desktop\test1\t.txt"; copyFile(from_file,to_file); } private static void copyFile(String from_file, String to_file) throws IOException { FileChannel inchannel = FileChannel.open(Paths.get(from_file), StandardOpenOption.READ); FileChannel outchannel = FileChannel.open(Paths.get(to_file), StandardOpenOption.READ,StandardOpenOption.WRITE,StandardOpenOption.CREATE); //内存映射文件 MappedByteBuffer inByteBuffer = inchannel.map(FileChannel.MapMode.READ_ONLY, 0, inchannel.size()); MappedByteBuffer outByteBuffer = outchannel.map(FileChannel.MapMode.READ_WRITE, 0, inchannel.size()); //直接对缓冲区进行数据读写操作 byte bytes[] = new byte[1024]; for(int i=0;i<inchannel.size();i++){ outByteBuffer.put(inByteBuffer.get()); } inchannel.close(); outchannel.close(); }
2、利用通道完成文件复制(使用直接缓存区,内存映射),速度比非直接缓冲区快(transferTo、transferFrom)
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { String from_file = "C:\Users\zhengyan\Desktop\test1\x.txt"; String to_file = "C:\Users\zhengyan\Desktop\test1\t.txt"; copyFile(from_file,to_file); } private static void copyFile(String from_file, String to_file) throws IOException { FileChannel inchannel = FileChannel.open(Paths.get(from_file), StandardOpenOption.READ); FileChannel outchannel = FileChannel.open(Paths.get(to_file), StandardOpenOption.READ,StandardOpenOption.WRITE,StandardOpenOption.CREATE); inchannel.transferTo(0,inchannel.size(),outchannel); inchannel.close(); outchannel.close(); }
分散和聚集
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException { String from_file = "C:\Users\zhengyan\Desktop\test1\x.txt"; String to_file = "C:\Users\zhengyan\Desktop\test1\t.txt"; copyFile(from_file,to_file); } private static void copyFile(String from_file, String to_file) throws IOException, InterruptedException { RandomAccessFile r = new RandomAccessFile(from_file, "rw"); RandomAccessFile rw = new RandomAccessFile(to_file, "rw"); FileChannel rChannel = r.getChannel(); FileChannel rwChannel = rw.getChannel(); ByteBuffer byteBuffer1 = ByteBuffer.allocate(1); ByteBuffer byteBuffer2 = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); //分散读取数据 ByteBuffer byteBuffers[] = {byteBuffer1,byteBuffer2}; rChannel.read(byteBuffers); while (rChannel.read(byteBuffers)!=-1){ for (ByteBuffer byteBuffer:byteBuffers){ byteBuffer.flip(); } //聚合写入数据 rwChannel.write(byteBuffers); for (ByteBuffer byteBuffer:byteBuffers){ byteBuffer.clear(); } } r.close(); rw.close(); }
字符集编码和解码
private static void charsettest() throws IOException { Charset charset = Charset.forName("UTF-8"); ByteBuffer estr = charset.encode("sdfsd的df"); //estr.flip(); CharBuffer decode = charset.decode(estr); System.out.println(decode.toString()); estr.rewind(); Charset gbk = Charset.forName("GBK"); CharBuffer decode1 = gbk.decode(estr); //会出现乱码 System.out.println(decode1.toString()); }
NIO核心非堵塞
注意堵塞和非堵塞以及同步和异步的区别
网络过程中IO堵塞
假如服务器只有一个线程来处理用户请求,由于某种原因(数据还没到达)造成线程堵塞(线程放弃了CPU执行权),此时如果有其他的用户请求,该线程就不能及时的处理该请求。传统的解决方式就是开一个线程池,多线程来处理用户请求,但是这样可能依然会造成堵塞的情况。
NIO解决非堵塞
利用的是select选择器。将用户的请求注册到select上,select来监听所有的请求数据(通过单独的一个线程),如果请求的数据准备完毕,才将该请求任务分配到服务器的一个或者多个线程上执行。
1、使用NIO,阻塞式完成通讯
服务端
//服务端 public class BlockNIOServer { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException { //获取通道 ServerSocketChannel serverSocketChannel = ServerSocketChannel.open(); //绑定端口 serverSocketChannel.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8090)); while (true){ //获取客户端连接通道 SocketChannel socketChannel = serverSocketChannel.accept(); System.out.println("连接成功,等待用户发送数据"); SocketAddress remoteAddress = socketChannel.getRemoteAddress(); String s = remoteAddress.toString(); String[] split = s.split(":"); //写入本地 String path = "C:\Users\zhengyan\Desktop\test1\"+split[1]+".txt"; FileChannel fileChannel = FileChannel.open(Paths.get(path), StandardOpenOption.READ, StandardOpenOption.WRITE, StandardOpenOption.CREATE); //接受客户端的数据并且写入文件 ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); while (socketChannel.read(byteBuffer)!=-1){ byteBuffer.flip(); fileChannel.write(byteBuffer); byteBuffer.clear(); } //可以给客户端提供反馈信息 byteBuffer.put("数据已经接受完毕...".getBytes()); byteBuffer.flip(); socketChannel.write(byteBuffer); fileChannel.close(); socketChannel.close(); System.out.println("写入数据成功...."); } } }
客户端
//客户端 public class BlockNIOClient { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException { //获取通道 SocketChannel socketChannel = SocketChannel.open(new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 8090)); FileChannel fileChannel = FileChannel.open(Paths.get("C:\Users\zhengyan\Desktop\test1\x.txt"), StandardOpenOption.READ); //System.out.println("模拟10秒之后发送数据..."); //可以开启两个客户端,一个睡10秒发送数据(先请求),一个不用睡眠(后请求),发现,必须等第一个用户处理完毕之后,第二个用户才可以被处理 //Thread.sleep(10000); //分配缓冲区大小 ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); //读取本地文件发送到服务器 while (fileChannel.read(byteBuffer)!=-1){ byteBuffer.flip(); socketChannel.write(byteBuffer); byteBuffer.clear(); } //告诉服务器,我的数据已经发送完毕 socketChannel.shutdownOutput(); //接受服务器返回来的消息 StringBuffer stringBuffer = new StringBuffer(); int len =-1; while ((len=socketChannel.read(byteBuffer))!=-1){ byteBuffer.flip(); stringBuffer.append(new String(byteBuffer.array(),0,len)); byteBuffer.clear(); } System.out.println(stringBuffer); socketChannel.close(); fileChannel.close(); } }
1、使用NIO,非阻塞式完成通讯(通过select作为监听器)
服务端
//服务端 public class BlockNIOServer { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException { //获取通道 ServerSocketChannel serverSocketChannel = ServerSocketChannel.open(); //切换非阻塞模式 serverSocketChannel.configureBlocking(false); //绑定端口 serverSocketChannel.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8090)); //获取选择器 Selector selector = Selector.open(); //将该通道注册到select中,让select监听该通道的连接是否准备就绪 serverSocketChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT); Iterator<SelectionKey> iterator = null; //通过选择器轮询获取已经准备就绪的事件 while (selector.select()>0){ iterator = selector.selectedKeys().iterator(); while (iterator.hasNext()){ SelectionKey selectionKey = iterator.next(); //如果获取的是准备连接就绪的事件 if (selectionKey.isAcceptable()){ System.out.println("有客户端已经准备好连接了...."); //开始接受连接客户端 SocketChannel accept = serverSocketChannel.accept(); //切换非阻塞模式 accept.configureBlocking(false); //将通道注册到selector中,让select监听该通道的数据是否准备就绪 accept.register(selector,SelectionKey.OP_READ); } else if (selectionKey.isReadable()){ SocketChannel socketChannel = (SocketChannel) selectionKey.channel(); Random random = new Random(); int i = random.nextInt(100); String path = "C:\Users\zhengyan\Desktop\test1\"+i+".txt"; FileChannel fileChannel = FileChannel.open(Paths.get(path), StandardOpenOption.READ, StandardOpenOption.WRITE, StandardOpenOption.CREATE); ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); while (socketChannel.read(byteBuffer)!=-1){ byteBuffer.flip(); fileChannel.write(byteBuffer); byteBuffer.clear(); } byteBuffer.put("数据已经接受完毕...".getBytes()); byteBuffer.flip(); socketChannel.write(byteBuffer); fileChannel.close(); socketChannel.close(); System.out.println("写入数据成功...."); } //取消选择键 iterator.remove(); } } } }
客户端
//客户端 public class BlockNIOClient { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException { //获取通道 SocketChannel socketChannel = SocketChannel.open(new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 8090)); FileChannel fileChannel = FileChannel.open(Paths.get("C:\Users\zhengyan\Desktop\test1\x.txt"), StandardOpenOption.READ); //System.out.println("模拟10秒之后发送数据..."); //可以开启两个客户端,一个睡10秒发送数据(先请求),一个不用睡眠(后请求),发现,必须等第一个用户处理完毕之后,第二个用户才可以被处理 //Thread.sleep(20000); //分配缓冲区大小 ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); //读取本地文件发送到服务器 while (fileChannel.read(byteBuffer)!=-1){ byteBuffer.flip(); socketChannel.write(byteBuffer); byteBuffer.clear(); } //告诉服务器,我的数据已经发送完毕 socketChannel.shutdownOutput(); //接受服务器返回来的消息 StringBuffer stringBuffer = new StringBuffer(); int len =-1; while ((len=socketChannel.read(byteBuffer))!=-1){ byteBuffer.flip(); stringBuffer.append(new String(byteBuffer.array(),0,len)); byteBuffer.clear(); } System.out.println(stringBuffer); socketChannel.close(); fileChannel.close(); } }
使用UDP
服务端
//服务端 public class BlockNIOServer { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException { //获取通道 DatagramChannel datagramChannel = DatagramChannel.open(); //切换非阻塞模式 datagramChannel.configureBlocking(false); //绑定端口 datagramChannel.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8090)); //获取选择器 Selector selector = Selector.open(); //只需要监听数据是否到来 datagramChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ); while (selector.select()>0){ Iterator<SelectionKey> iterator = selector.selectedKeys().iterator(); while (iterator.hasNext()){ SelectionKey selectionKey = iterator.next(); if (selectionKey.isReadable()){ DatagramChannel channel = (DatagramChannel) selectionKey.channel(); ByteBuffer buf=ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); channel.receive(buf); buf.flip(); System.out.println(new String(buf.array(),0,buf.limit())); } //取消选择键 iterator.remove(); } } } }
客户端
//客户端 public class BlockNIOClient { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException{ DatagramChannel datagramChannel = DatagramChannel.open(); ByteBuffer buf=ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); buf.put(new Date().toString().getBytes()); buf.flip(); datagramChannel.send(buf,new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1",8090)); buf.clear(); datagramChannel.close(); } }
管道(Pipe)
Java NIO 管道是两个线程之间的单向数据连接。Pipe有一个source通道和一个sink通道。数据会被写到sink通道,从source通道读取。
public class PipeTest { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException { //获取管道 Pipe pipe = Pipe.open(); new Thread(new MyThread1(pipe)).start(); Thread.sleep(3000); new Thread(new MyThread2(pipe)).start(); } } class MyThread1 implements Runnable{ private Pipe pipe; public MyThread1(Pipe pipe){ this.pipe = pipe; } @Override public void run() { Pipe.SinkChannel sink = pipe.sink(); ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); byteBuffer.put("ssss".getBytes()); byteBuffer.flip(); try { sink.write(byteBuffer); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } byteBuffer.clear(); } } class MyThread2 implements Runnable{ private Pipe pipe; public MyThread2(Pipe pipe){ this.pipe = pipe; } @Override public void run() { ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); Pipe.SourceChannel source = pipe.source(); try { source.read(byteBuffer); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println(new String(byteBuffer.array(),0,byteBuffer.limit())); } }