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  • Java8 容器类详解

      ArrayList Vector CopyOnWriteArrayList LinkedList HashMap ConcurrentHashMap LinkedHashMap LinkedBlockingQueue PriorityQueue
    使用场景 随机访问 ArrayList的线程安全版 读多写少,写加锁,写操作在复制的数组上进行,会导致数据不一致,存在 添加删除更快 映射 线程安全的HashMap 保证插入次序或者LRU次序的HashMap 链表实现的阻塞队列 优先队列,排序
    底层实现 数组 数组 数组 双向链表 数组+链表/红黑树(链表长度大于8时) 数组+链表/红黑树 数组+链表/红黑树,另外维护了一个双向链表 双向链表
    扩容 1.5倍 2倍 每次add操作都会将数组拷贝到len+1长的新数组中 / 2倍(rehash)   2倍    
    线程安全 否,可以使用Collections.synchronizedList()得到线程安全的List 是(synchronized) 是(ReentrantLock) 是(分段表/CAS+synchronized(jdk1.8之后)) 是(ReentrantLock)
    Fail-Fast    

    1.Fail-Fast使用 protected transient int modCount = 0; 支持,modCount记录容器结构化修改次数。在操作的前后判断modCount是否改变,若改变则认为序列化或者使用迭代其期间容器被结构化修改,则抛出异常。

    2.HashMap中使用的技巧:

    • 求hash值:将key的hash值的高16位和低16位进行与运算,降低哈希碰撞
    • 取模:y%x => y&(x-1)
    • 扩容rehash计算桶下标:原容量的二进制位为0则位置不变,为1则位置+oldCap
    • 当用户传入制定容量时,找到大于等于容量的最近的二进制数

    一、ArrayList

    public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
            implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable

    ArrayList主要实现了List、RandomAccess接口。

    ArrayList是List接口的可变大小数组的实现。实现所有可选链表操作,允许所有元素,包括null。除了实现了List接口之外,这个类还提供了操作用来内部存储链表的数组大小的方法(这个类大致等同于Vector,除了他是异步的以外)。

    size()、isEmpty()、get()、set()、iterator()、listIterator()操作以恒定的时间运行。add()操作以O(n)的时间复杂度运行,其他的所有操作则以线性的时间运行(粗略的说)。常量因子相比与LinkedList较低。

    每个ArrayList实例有一个capacity(容量)。capacity是用来存储链表元素的数组的大小。它总是至少和list大小一样大。当元素被加入到ArrayList后,它的capacity会自动扩容。除了增加一个元素有恒定的摊销时间成本之外,增长策略的细节未被指定。

    在添加大量的元素之前,一个应用可以使用ensureCapacity()操作提高一个实例的capacity。这可以减少增量重分配的数量(This may reduce the amount of incremental reallocation)。

    要注意的是ArrayList不是同步的。如果多线程并发的访问一个ArrayList实例,至少有一个线程会修改链表结构,必须在它的外部进行异步控制。(一个结构化的修改是指增加或删除一个或多个元素的操作,或者显式改变底层数组的大小;仅仅设置一个元素的值不是一个结构化的修改。)一个典型的实现是通过对某个对象的同步来自然封装这个链表。(This is typically accomplished by synchronizing on some object that naturally encapsulates the list.)

    如果没有这种对象,这个链表则需要用Collections.synchronizedList()方法来封装。这最好是在创建的时候完成,以防止偶然的对链表的异步访问。

    List list = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList(...));

    类的iterator()和listIterator(int)方法返回的迭代器都是fail-fast的:如果迭代器创建之后,链表在任意时刻被结构化的修改,除了迭代器自己的remove()、add()方法(迭代器自己的add()、remove()方法会将expectedModCount=modCount,因此不会触发异常,具体见方法分析),迭代器将抛出ConcurrentModificationException异常。因此,面对并发修改,迭代器将快速失败并清空,而不是在未来的不确定的时刻冒着任意的风险以及不确定的行为。

    注意,迭代器的fail-fast行为不能被保证一定发生,通常来说,当异步并发修改发生时,不可能做出任何硬性保证。Fail-fast迭代器基于最大努力抛出ConcurrentModificationException异常。因此,这样的做法的是错的,写一个程序,依赖于这个异常来保证程序的正确性:迭代器的fail-fast行为应该只被用来检查bug(个人理解是如果发生并发修改,并不一定保证抛出ConcurrentModificationException异常,因此程序的正确性不应该依赖此异常)。

    1.默认容量capacity

    /**
     * Default initial capacity.
    */ private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;

    2.存储ArrayList元素的数组elementData

    /**
     * The array buffer into which the elements of the ArrayList are stored.
     * The capacity of the ArrayList is the length of this array buffer. Any
     * empty ArrayList with elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
     * will be expanded to DEFAULT_CAPACITY when the first element is added.
     */
    transient Object[] elementData; // non-private to simplify nested class access

    ArrayList的容量就是数组的长度。

    任何elementData等于DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA的空ArrayList,当其第一个元素被添加进来时,elementData的长度将被扩展为DEFAULT_CAPACITY。

    3.ArrayList包含元素的数量size

    /**
     * The size of the ArrayList (the number of elements it contains).
     *
     * @serial
    */ private int size;

    4.构造器

    ArrayList包含三种构造器:

    1.ArrayList():将elementData初始化为空数组DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA。

    2.ArrayList(int initialCapacity):将element初始化为容量为initialCapacity的数组,当initialCapacity为0是,初始化为EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA

    3.ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c):使用集合来初始化elementData,如果集合的length为0,则初始化为EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA。

        /**
         * Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
         *
         * @param  initialCapacity  the initial capacity of the list
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
         *         is negative
         */
        public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
            if (initialCapacity > 0) {
                this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
            } else if (initialCapacity == 0) {
                this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
            } else {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
                                                   initialCapacity);
            }
        }
    
        /**
         * Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
         */
        public ArrayList() {
            this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
        }
    
        /**
         * Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
         * collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
         * iterator.
         *
         * @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
         * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
         */
        public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
            elementData = c.toArray();
            if ((size = elementData.length) != 0) {
                // defend against c.toArray (incorrectly) not returning Object[]
                // (see e.g. https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-6260652)
                if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
                    elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
            } else {
                // replace with empty array.
                this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
            }
        }

    5.Fail-fast与结构化修改

    Fail-fast机制

    ArrayList继承于AbstractList,AbstractList中的域modCount用来统计结构化修改的次数。

    结构化修改是指改变链表的大小,或者其他扰乱它的方式,可能导致正在进行的迭代可能产生不正确的结果。

        /**
         * The number of times this list has been <i>structurally modified</i>.
         * Structural modifications are those that change the size of the
         * list, or otherwise perturb it in such a fashion that iterations in
         * progress may yield incorrect results.
         *
         * <p>This field is used by the iterator and list iterator implementation
         * returned by the {@code iterator} and {@code listIterator} methods.
         * If the value of this field changes unexpectedly, the iterator (or list
         * iterator) will throw a {@code ConcurrentModificationException} in
         * response to the {@code next}, {@code remove}, {@code previous},
         * {@code set} or {@code add} operations.  This provides
         * <i>fail-fast</i> behavior, rather than non-deterministic behavior in
         * the face of concurrent modification during iteration.
         *
         * <p><b>Use of this field by subclasses is optional.</b> If a subclass
         * wishes to provide fail-fast iterators (and list iterators), then it
         * merely has to increment this field in its {@code add(int, E)} and
         * {@code remove(int)} methods (and any other methods that it overrides
         * that result in structural modifications to the list).  A single call to
         * {@code add(int, E)} or {@code remove(int)} must add no more than
         * one to this field, or the iterators (and list iterators) will throw
         * bogus {@code ConcurrentModificationExceptions}.  If an implementation
         * does not wish to provide fail-fast iterators, this field may be
         * ignored.
         */
        protected transient int modCount = 0;
    View Code

    在序列化以及迭代(forEach)等操作的前后,需要记录modCount的值进行对比,如果不相等,则抛出ConcurrentModificationException异常。

        /**
         * Saves the state of the {@code ArrayList} instance to a stream
         * (that is, serializes it).
         *
         * @param s the stream
         * @throws java.io.IOException if an I/O error occurs
         * @serialData The length of the array backing the {@code ArrayList}
         *             instance is emitted (int), followed by all of its elements
         *             (each an {@code Object}) in the proper order.
         */
        private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
            throws java.io.IOException {
            // Write out element count, and any hidden stuff
            int expectedModCount = modCount;
            s.defaultWriteObject();
    
            // Write out size as capacity for behavioral compatibility with clone()
            s.writeInt(size);
    
            // Write out all elements in the proper order.
            for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
                s.writeObject(elementData[i]);
            }
    
            if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }
    
        /**
         * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
         */
        @Override
        public void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(action);
            final int expectedModCount = modCount;
            final Object[] es = elementData;
            final int size = this.size;
            for (int i = 0; modCount == expectedModCount && i < size; i++)
                action.accept(elementAt(es, i));
            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }

    6.重要的方法

    • public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity)

      参数minCapacity是要扩容的最小大小,要进行扩容必须满足:

        1.minCapacity大于现在elementData的长度。

        2.不满足(elementData为默认空数组&&要扩容的最小大小小于DEFAULT_CAPACITY

        /**
         * Increases the capacity of this {@code ArrayList} instance, if
         * necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of elements
         * specified by the minimum capacity argument.
         *
         * @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
         */
        public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
            if (minCapacity > elementData.length
                && !(elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
                     && minCapacity <= DEFAULT_CAPACITY)) {
                modCount++;
                grow(minCapacity);
            }
        }
    • private int newCapacity(int minCapacity)

      返回至少和给定minCapacity一样大小的容量。

      如果可以的话将返回elementData大小的1.5倍。

      除非给定minCapacity大于MAX_ARRAY_SIZE,否则容量不应超过MAX_ARRAY_SIZE。

      /**
         * Returns a capacity at least as large as the given minimum capacity.
         * Returns the current capacity increased by 50% if that suffices.
         * Will not return a capacity greater than MAX_ARRAY_SIZE unless
         * the given minimum capacity is greater than MAX_ARRAY_SIZE.
         *
         * @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
         * @throws OutOfMemoryError if minCapacity is less than zero
         */
        private int newCapacity(int minCapacity) {
            // overflow-conscious code
            int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
            int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
            if (newCapacity - minCapacity <= 0) {
                if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA)
              //之前介绍elementData的时候说到,elementData为DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
              //的空ArrayList,当第一次添加元素时,容量被扩充为DEFAULT_CAPACITY
    return Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity); if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow throw new OutOfMemoryError(); return minCapacity; } return (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE <= 0) ? newCapacity : hugeCapacity(minCapacity); }
    • private Object[] grow(int minCapacity)
    • private Object[] grow()
        /**
         * Increases the capacity to ensure that it can hold at least the
         * number of elements specified by the minimum capacity argument.
         *
         * @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
         * @throws OutOfMemoryError if minCapacity is less than zero
         */
        private Object[] grow(int minCapacity) {
            return elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData,
                                               newCapacity(minCapacity));
        }
    
        private Object[] grow() {
            return grow(size + 1);
        }
    • private void add(E e, Object[] elementData, int s)
    • public boolean add(E e)
    • public add(int index, E element)

    add(E e)执行时,根据调用关系,当要进行扩容时,最终会调用newCapacity(),容量为扩充为element.length*1.5和minCapacity中的较大者(通常情况是这样,具体参见代码newCapacity())。

    add(int index, E element)执行时,如需进行扩容会先进行扩容,然后通过System.arraycopy进行移位,再将元素插入指定位置。

        /**
         * This helper method split out from add(E) to keep method
         * bytecode size under 35 (the -XX:MaxInlineSize default value),
         * which helps when add(E) is called in a C1-compiled loop.
         */
        private void add(E e, Object[] elementData, int s) {
            if (s == elementData.length)
                elementData = grow();
            elementData[s] = e;
            size = s + 1;
        }
    
        /**
         * Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
         *
         * @param e element to be appended to this list
         * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
         */
        public boolean add(E e) {
            modCount++;
            add(e, elementData, size);
            return true;
        }
    
        /**
         * Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this
         * list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and
         * any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
         *
         * @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
         * @param element element to be inserted
         * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public void add(int index, E element) {
            rangeCheckForAdd(index);
            modCount++;
            final int s;
            Object[] elementData;
            if ((s = size) == (elementData = this.elementData).length)
                elementData = grow();
            System.arraycopy(elementData, index,
                             elementData, index + 1,
                             s - index);
            elementData[index] = element;
            size = s + 1;
        }
    • public E remove(int index)
    • public boolean remove(Object o)
    • private void fastRemove(Object[] es, int i)

      remove(int index)主要调用了fastRemove()来进行删除,fastRemove()用的也是System.arraycopy()。

      remove(Object o)先找到该对象的索引,然后调用fastRemove()。

        /**
         * Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
         * Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their
         * indices).
         *
         * @param index the index of the element to be removed
         * @return the element that was removed from the list
         * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public E remove(int index) {
            Objects.checkIndex(index, size);
            final Object[] es = elementData;
    
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E oldValue = (E) es[index];
            fastRemove(es, index);
    
            return oldValue;
        }
    
        /**
         * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list,
         * if it is present.  If the list does not contain the element, it is
         * unchanged.  More formally, removes the element with the lowest index
         * {@code i} such that
         * {@code Objects.equals(o, get(i))}
         * (if such an element exists).  Returns {@code true} if this list
         * contained the specified element (or equivalently, if this list
         * changed as a result of the call).
         *
         * @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
         * @return {@code true} if this list contained the specified element
         */
        public boolean remove(Object o) {
            final Object[] es = elementData;
            final int size = this.size;
            int i = 0;
            found: {
                if (o == null) {
                    for (; i < size; i++)
                        if (es[i] == null)
                            break found;
                } else {
                    for (; i < size; i++)
                        if (o.equals(es[i]))
                            break found;
                }
                return false;
            }
            fastRemove(es, i);
            return true;
        }
    
        /**
         * Private remove method that skips bounds checking and does not
         * return the value removed.
         */
        private void fastRemove(Object[] es, int i) {
            modCount++;
            final int newSize;
            if ((newSize = size - 1) > i)
                System.arraycopy(es, i + 1, es, i, newSize - i);
            es[size = newSize] = null;
        }
    • 迭代器的add()、remove(),通过对expectedModCount的同步,使得迭代器本身对链表的修改不会触发异常。
        private class Itr implements Iterator<E> {
        ...
    
            public void remove() {
                if (lastRet < 0)
                    throw new IllegalStateException();
                checkForComodification();
    
                try {
                    ArrayList.this.remove(lastRet);
                    cursor = lastRet;
                    lastRet = -1;
                    expectedModCount = modCount;
                } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                    throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                }
            }
        ...
    
        }
    
        private class ListItr extends Itr implements ListIterator<E> {
    
        ...
            public void add(E e) {
                checkForComodification();
    
                try {
                    int i = cursor;
                    ArrayList.this.add(i, e);
                    cursor = i + 1;
                    lastRet = -1;
                    expectedModCount = modCount;
                } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                    throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                }
            }
        ...
    
        }

    7.序列化

    ArrayList 基于数组实现,并且具有动态扩容特性,因此保存元素的数组不一定都会被使用,那么就没必要全部进行序列化。

    可以发现,elementData被transient修饰,不会被序列化。

    transient 关键字

        /**
         * Saves the state of the {@code ArrayList} instance to a stream
         * (that is, serializes it).
         *
         * @param s the stream
         * @throws java.io.IOException if an I/O error occurs
         * @serialData The length of the array backing the {@code ArrayList}
         *             instance is emitted (int), followed by all of its elements
         *             (each an {@code Object}) in the proper order.
         */
        private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
            throws java.io.IOException {
            // Write out element count, and any hidden stuff
            int expectedModCount = modCount;
            s.defaultWriteObject();
    
            // Write out size as capacity for behavioral compatibility with clone()
            s.writeInt(size);
    
            // Write out all elements in the proper order.
            for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
                s.writeObject(elementData[i]);
            }
    
            if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }
    
        /**
         * Reconstitutes the {@code ArrayList} instance from a stream (that is,
         * deserializes it).
         * @param s the stream
         * @throws ClassNotFoundException if the class of a serialized object
         *         could not be found
         * @throws java.io.IOException if an I/O error occurs
         */
        private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
            throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
    
            // Read in size, and any hidden stuff
            s.defaultReadObject();
    
            // Read in capacity
            s.readInt(); // ignored
    
            if (size > 0) {
                // like clone(), allocate array based upon size not capacity
                SharedSecrets.getJavaObjectInputStreamAccess().checkArray(s, Object[].class, size);
                Object[] elements = new Object[size];
    
                // Read in all elements in the proper order.
                for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                    elements[i] = s.readObject();
                }
    
                elementData = elements;
            } else if (size == 0) {
                elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
            } else {
                throw new java.io.InvalidObjectException("Invalid size: " + size);
            }
        }

     二、Vector

    public class Vector<E>
      extends AbstractList<E>
        implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable

    Vector主要实现了List、RandomAccess接口。

    Vector类实现了一个对象的可增长数组。如同一个数组,Vector包含可以使用整数索引访问的component。然而,Vector被创建出来之后,其大小可以根据增加或者移除item来增长或者缩减。

    每个Vector通过维持capacity和capacityIncrement来试图优化存储管理。capacity总是至少和Vector的size一样大;通常,capacity会更大,因为当元素添加进Vector的时候,Vector的存储空间会增长capacityIncrement的大小。在插入大量元素以前,应用会增长Vector的capacity;Vector减少了增长重分配的数量。

    1.重要的域

    • elementData:存储Vector组件(以下翻译成元素)的数组elementData,最后一个元素之后的数组元素为null
        /**
         * The array buffer into which the components of the vector are
         * stored. The capacity of the vector is the length of this array buffer,
         * and is at least large enough to contain all the vector's elements.
         *
         * <p>Any array elements following the last element in the Vector are null.
         *
         * @serial
         */
        protected Object[] elementData;
    • elementCount:Vector对象合法元素的个数
        /**
         * The number of valid components in this {@code Vector} object.
         * Components {@code elementData[0]} through
         * {@code elementData[elementCount-1]} are the actual items.
         *
         * @serial
         */
        protected int elementCount;
    • capacityIncrement:当元素数量超过capacity时,capacity会自动增长capacityIncrement的大小。如果capacityIncrement小于等于0,capacit则y在每次需要增长时会扩大为两倍。
        /**
         * The amount by which the capacity of the vector is automatically
         * incremented when its size becomes greater than its capacity.  If
         * the capacity increment is less than or equal to zero, the capacity
         * of the vector is doubled each time it needs to grow.
         *
         * @serial
         */
        protected int capacityIncrement;

    3.重要的方法

        /**
         * Returns a capacity at least as large as the given minimum capacity.
         * Will not return a capacity greater than MAX_ARRAY_SIZE unless
         * the given minimum capacity is greater than MAX_ARRAY_SIZE.
         *
         * @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
         * @throws OutOfMemoryError if minCapacity is less than zero
         */
        private int newCapacity(int minCapacity) {
            // overflow-conscious code
            int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
            int newCapacity = oldCapacity + ((capacityIncrement > 0) ?
                                             capacityIncrement : oldCapacity);
            if (newCapacity - minCapacity <= 0) {
                if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
                    throw new OutOfMemoryError();
                return minCapacity;
            }
            return (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE <= 0)
                ? newCapacity
                : hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
        }

    4.Vector与ArrayList比较

    • Vector与ArrayList类似,但是Vector使用了synchronized进行同步。
    • 由于Vector时同步的,因此其开销要比ArrayList更大,访问速度更慢。最好使用ArrayList而不是Vector,因为同步操作完全可以由程序员自己来控制。
    • Vector每次扩容的空间是由capacityIncrement决定的,要么为oldCapacity+capacityIncrement,要么为原先的两倍,ArrayList为原先的1.5倍。

    5.替代方案

    • 在ArrayList部分中提到,可以使用Collections.synchronizedList()得到一个线程安全的ArrayList。
    • 可以使用concurrent并发包下的CopyOnWriteArrayList类。

    三、CopyOnWriteArrayList

    public class CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>
        implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable

    CopyOnWriteArrayList主要实现了List、RandomAccess接口。

    ArrayList线程安全的版本,所有的修改操作通过底层数组的一个拷贝来实现。

    这通常会造成很大的开销,但是当便利操作远超于修改操作时,通常会更有效。并且当你不能或者不想同步遍历这将会很有用,你需要排除并发带来的干扰。“快照”风格的迭代器方法在迭代器创建时,使用数组状态的一个引用。在迭代器的生命周期中,数组不会被改变,因此不会存在干扰且迭代器保证不会抛出ConcurrentModificationException。迭代器被创建之后,不会反映对链表的增、删、改。迭代器自身的元素改变操作remove()、set()不被支持。这些方法会抛出UnsupportOperationException。

    所有的元素都被允许,包括null。

    存储一致性效果:和其他并发集合一样,向CopyOnWriteArrayList放置一个元素的线程发生在访问或移除这个元素的其他线程之前。

    1.重要的域

    • 锁lock(对一些修改操作上锁)
        /**
         * The lock protecting all mutators.  (We have a mild preference
         * for builtin monitors over ReentrantLock when either will do.)
         */
        final transient Object lock = new Object();
    • array
        /** The array, accessed only via getArray/setArray. */
        private transient volatile Object[] array;

    2.重要的方法

    修改的操作都进行了锁,防止数据丢失等。

    add()方法先getArray()取得数组,然后拷贝一份新数组进行修改,最后将底层数组设置为新数组。

    同理,remove(int index)也是不是对原数组进行操作,而是使用一个新的数组。

    写操作在新的拷贝上进行,读操作仍然读取原来的数组,互不影响。

        public E set(int index, E element) {
            synchronized (lock) {
                Object[] es = getArray();
                E oldValue = elementAt(es, index);
    
                if (oldValue != element) {
                    es = es.clone();
                    es[index] = element;
                    setArray(es);
                }
                return oldValue;
            }
        }
    
        public boolean add(E e) {
            synchronized (lock) {
                Object[] es = getArray();
                int len = es.length;
                es = Arrays.copyOf(es, len + 1);
                es[len] = e;
                setArray(es);
                return true;
            }
        }
    
        public void add(int index, E element) {
            synchronized (lock) {
                Object[] es = getArray();
                int len = es.length;
                if (index > len || index < 0)
                    throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBounds(index, len));
                Object[] newElements;
                int numMoved = len - index;
                if (numMoved == 0)
                    newElements = Arrays.copyOf(es, len + 1);
                else {
                    newElements = new Object[len + 1];
                    System.arraycopy(es, 0, newElements, 0, index);
                    System.arraycopy(es, index, newElements, index + 1,
                                     numMoved);
                }
                newElements[index] = element;
                setArray(newElements);
            }
        }
    
        public E remove(int index) {
            synchronized (lock) {
                Object[] es = getArray();
                int len = es.length;
                E oldValue = elementAt(es, index);
                int numMoved = len - index - 1;
                Object[] newElements;
                if (numMoved == 0)
                    newElements = Arrays.copyOf(es, len - 1);
                else {
                    newElements = new Object[len - 1];
                    System.arraycopy(es, 0, newElements, 0, index);
                    System.arraycopy(es, index + 1, newElements, index,
                                     numMoved);
                }
                setArray(newElements);
                return oldValue;
            }
        }

    3.适用场景

    CopyOnWriteArrayList在写操作的同时允许读操作,大大提交了读操作的性能,因此很适合读多写少的应用场景。

    但是CopyOnWriteArrayList有其缺陷:

    • 内存占用:在写操作时需要复制一个新的数组,使得内存占用为原来的两倍左右。
    • 数据不一致:读操作不能读取实时性的数据,因为部分写操作的数据还未同步到数组中。

    所以CopyOnWriteArrayList不适合内存敏感以及对实时性要求很高的场景。

    四、LinkedList

    public class LinkedList<E>
        extends AbstractSequentialList<E>
        implements List<E>, Deque<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable

    LinkedList主要实现了List、Deque(双向链表)接口。

    List和Deque接口的双向链表实现。实现了所有链表的操作,允许所有类型包括null。

    所有的操作表现为一个双向链表所预期的那样。索引链表的操作将从开始或结尾开始遍历链表,这取决于开始和结尾哪个更靠近要索引的节点。

    注意LinkedList不是同步的。如果在并发访问下,并且至少有一个会结构化的修改链表,则必须在外部进行同步。关于结构化修改和之前所述一致。

    LinkedList也可以使用Collections.synchronizedList(new LinkedList(...));来进行封装,使得LinkedList支持并发访问。

    LinkedList的迭代器也遵循Fail-fast机制。

    1.重要的域

    • transient Node<E> first;
    • transient Node<E> last;
        /**
         * Pointer to first node.
         */
        transient Node<E> first;
    
        /**
         * Pointer to last node.
         */
        transient Node<E> last;

    2.重要的方法

    LinkedList方法较为简单,主要是对双向链表进行操作。

        /**
         * Links e as first element.
         */
        private void linkFirst(E e) {
            final Node<E> f = first;
            final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(null, e, f);
            first = newNode;
            if (f == null)
                last = newNode;
            else
                f.prev = newNode;
            size++;
            modCount++;
        }
    
        /**
         * Links e as last element.
         */
        void linkLast(E e) {
            final Node<E> l = last;
            final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(l, e, null);
            last = newNode;
            if (l == null)
                first = newNode;
            else
                l.next = newNode;
            size++;
            modCount++;
        }
    
        /**
         * Inserts element e before non-null Node succ.
         */
        void linkBefore(E e, Node<E> succ) {
            // assert succ != null;
            final Node<E> pred = succ.prev;
            final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(pred, e, succ);
            succ.prev = newNode;
            if (pred == null)
                first = newNode;
            else
                pred.next = newNode;
            size++;
            modCount++;
        }
    
        /**
         * Unlinks non-null first node f.
         */
        private E unlinkFirst(Node<E> f) {
            // assert f == first && f != null;
            final E element = f.item;
            final Node<E> next = f.next;
            f.item = null;
            f.next = null; // help GC
            first = next;
            if (next == null)
                last = null;
            else
                next.prev = null;
            size--;
            modCount++;
            return element;
        }
    
        /**
         * Unlinks non-null last node l.
         */
        private E unlinkLast(Node<E> l) {
            // assert l == last && l != null;
            final E element = l.item;
            final Node<E> prev = l.prev;
            l.item = null;
            l.prev = null; // help GC
            last = prev;
            if (prev == null)
                first = null;
            else
                prev.next = null;
            size--;
            modCount++;
            return element;
        }
    
        /**
         * Unlinks non-null node x.
         */
        E unlink(Node<E> x) {
            // assert x != null;
            final E element = x.item;
            final Node<E> next = x.next;
            final Node<E> prev = x.prev;
    
            if (prev == null) {
                first = next;
            } else {
                prev.next = next;
                x.prev = null;
            }
    
            if (next == null) {
                last = prev;
            } else {
                next.prev = prev;
                x.next = null;
            }
    
            x.item = null;
            size--;
            modCount++;
            return element;
        }
    View Code
        /**
         * Returns the (non-null) Node at the specified element index.
         */
        Node<E> node(int index) {
            // assert isElementIndex(index);
    
            if (index < (size >> 1)) {
                Node<E> x = first;
                for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
                    x = x.next;
                return x;
            } else {
                Node<E> x = last;
                for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--)
                    x = x.prev;
                return x;
            }
        }
    View Code

    3.LinkedList和ArrayList的比较

    • ArrayList底层基于动态扩容的数组实现,LinkedList基于双向链表实现。
    • ArrayList支持随机访问,LinkedList不支持。
    • LinkedList在任意位置添加删除元素更快。

    这些区别主要是基于数组和链表的特点。

    五、HashMap

    public class HashMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V>
        implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, Serializable

    HashMap主要实现了Map接口。

    Map接口基于HashTable的实现。HashMap提供了所有的map操作,允许null value和null key。HashMap类大致等同于HashTable类,除了HashMap是异步的且允许null。这个类不保证map的顺序;特别的,它不保证顺序随着时间的推移会保持不变。

    在哈希函数使元素正确分散的前提下,HashMap对于get()、put()操作提供恒定时间的表现(constant-time performance)。集合视图的迭代需要与HashMap的capacity(bucket的数量)及size(键值对的数量)成正比的时间。因此,如果迭代性能很重要的话,不要把初始容量设的太高(或者加载因子设的太低)使很重要的。

    HashMap实例有两个参数影响其性能:

    • 初始容量
    • 加载因子

    容量(capacity)是HashTable的桶(bucket)的数量,初始容量在创建时HashTable的容量。

    加载因子(load factor)是衡量在capacity扩容之前,HashTable允许被填装的多满。

    当HashTable中键值对个数超过加载因子和当前容量的乘积时,HashTable将会被rehash(即内部数据结构将重建),HashTable的桶将会扩大为近似两倍的桶。

    一般来说,默认加载因子(0.75)提供了对时间和空间较好的平衡。加载因子更高会减少空间开销但会提升查找开销(对照HashMap类大多数操作,包括get()、put())。在初始化容量的时候,预期的键值对数量和加载因子需要被考虑,来最小化rehash的次数。如果初始化容量大于键值对最大值除以加载因子,就不会发生rehash操作。

    如果HashMap实例要存储较多的键值对,用一个足够大的容量来创建它将使得键值对更有效率的被存储,相比于让它自动rehash来增长。注意使用具有相同hashCode()的键会降低一些hash table的性能。为了改善影响,当键是可比较的,这个类将使用比较顺序来打破这种关系。

    注意,HashMap也不是同步的。可以使用Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap(...))来进行异步访问。

    1.构造函数

        /**
         * Constructs an empty {@code HashMap} with the specified initial
         * capacity and load factor.
         *
         * @param  initialCapacity the initial capacity
         * @param  loadFactor      the load factor
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative
         *         or the load factor is nonpositive
         */
        public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
            if (initialCapacity < 0)
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
                                                   initialCapacity);
            if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
                initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
            if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
                                                   loadFactor);
            this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
            this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity);
        }
    
        /**
         * Constructs an empty {@code HashMap} with the specified initial
         * capacity and the default load factor (0.75).
         *
         * @param  initialCapacity the initial capacity.
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative.
         */
        public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {
            this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
        }
    
        /**
         * Constructs an empty {@code HashMap} with the default initial capacity
         * (16) and the default load factor (0.75).
         */
        public HashMap() {
            this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted
        }
    
        /**
         * Constructs a new {@code HashMap} with the same mappings as the
         * specified {@code Map}.  The {@code HashMap} is created with
         * default load factor (0.75) and an initial capacity sufficient to
         * hold the mappings in the specified {@code Map}.
         *
         * @param   m the map whose mappings are to be placed in this map
         * @throws  NullPointerException if the specified map is null
         */
        public HashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
            this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR;
            putMapEntries(m, false);
        }

    2.Node节点

        /**
         * Basic hash bin node, used for most entries.  (See below for
         * TreeNode subclass, and in LinkedHashMap for its Entry subclass.)
         */
        static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
            final int hash;
            final K key;
            V value;
            Node<K,V> next;
    
            Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) {
                this.hash = hash;
                this.key = key;
                this.value = value;
                this.next = next;
            }
    
            public final K getKey()        { return key; }
            public final V getValue()      { return value; }
            public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; }
    
            public final int hashCode() {
                return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);
            }
    
            public final V setValue(V newValue) {
                V oldValue = value;
                value = newValue;
                return oldValue;
            }
    
            public final boolean equals(Object o) {
                if (o == this)
                    return true;
                if (o instanceof Map.Entry) {
                    Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
                    if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) &&
                        Objects.equals(value, e.getValue()))
                        return true;
                }
                return false;
            }
        }

    3.put操作

    需要注意的是,从jdk1.8开始,新节点是插入在链表的尾部,此前是插在头部。

    • putVal(...)
        /**
         * Implements Map.put and related methods.
         *
         * @param hash hash for key
         * @param key the key
         * @param value the value to put
         * @param onlyIfAbsent if true, don't change existing value
         * @param evict if false, the table is in creation mode.
         * @return previous value, or null if none
         */
        final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
                       boolean evict) {
            HashMap.Node<K,V>[] tab; HashMap.Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
            //若table为null或者大小为0,则初始化表
            if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
                n = (tab = resize()).length;
            //如果对应的桶为null
            if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
                tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
            //若不为null
            else {
                HashMap.Node<K,V> e; K k;
                //如果为同一个key,则取得节点
                if (p.hash == hash &&
                        ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                    e = p;
                //若为TreeNode
                else if (p instanceof HashMap.TreeNode)
                    e = ((HashMap.TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
                //否则遍历链表
                else {
                    for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
                        //如果遍历到结尾还没找到相同的key,则将新node插入到链表尾部
                        if ((e = p.next) == null) {
                            p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
                            if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
                                treeifyBin(tab, hash);
                            break;
                        }
                        if (e.hash == hash &&
                                ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                            break;
                        p = e;
                    }
                }
                //e可能要被覆盖的节点的位置,如果插入到链表尾,e为null
                if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
                    V oldValue = e.value;
                    if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
                        e.value = value;
                    afterNodeAccess(e);
                    return oldValue;
                }
            }
            ++modCount;
            if (++size > threshold)
                resize();
            afterNodeInsertion(evict);
            return null;
        }

    4.确定桶下标

    HashMap中有许多操作要先确定一个key对应的桶的下表

    • 计算key的hash值

    这里对h和h>>>16进行异或,而不用key的hashCode(),是因为由于HashMap的key的hash值最终是要和capacity进行与运算,当capacity值不大时,与运算实际有效的位数较少,这样key.hashCode()得到的hash值有很大一部分没有用上,散列到table上冲突的概率增大,(h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16)将hash值的低16位变为低16和高16的异或,原来的高16位不变,这样可以减少散列冲突。

    至于 >> 是指右移,>>>是指无符号右移。

    具体解释看这里,膜拜大佬。

        static final int hash(Object key) {
            int h;
            return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
        }
    • 取模

    如果x为2的次方,则 (y%x) 等于 (y & x-1)。

    令x = 1 << 4,即x为2的4次方:

    x     : 00010000
    x - 1 : 00001111

    令一个数y与x-1做与运算,可以去除y的第4位以上的数:

    y       : 10110010
    x - 1   : 00001111
    y&(x-1) : 00000010

    得到的结果与y对x取模的结果是一样的。

    由于位运算的代价比求模运算小的多,因此在进行求模运算的时候用位运算替代能带来更大的性能。

    确定桶下标的最后一步是将key的hash值对桶个数取模:hash%capacity,如果能保证capacity为2的n次方,那么就可以将取模的操作转换为位运算。

    在上一节中,putVal()方法也使用了位运算来计算桶下标。

    5.动态扩容

    设 HashMap 的 table 长度为 M,需要存储的键值对数量为 N,如果哈希函数满足均匀性的要求,那么每条链表的长度大约为 N/M,因此平均查找次数的复杂度为 O(N/M)。

    为了让查找的成本降低,应该尽可能使得 N/M 尽可能小,因此需要保证 M 尽可能大,也就是说 table 要尽可能大。但如果M太大的话,会造成空间上的浪费,因此需要在时间和空间的开销上找到平衡。HashMap 采用动态扩容来根据当前的 N 值来调整 M 值,使得空间效率和时间效率都能得到保证。

    和扩容相关的参数主要有:capacity、size、threshold 和 loadFactor。

    参数含义
    capacity table 的容量大小,默认为 16。需要注意的是 capacity 必须保证为 2 的 n 次方。
    size 键值对数量。
    threshold size 的临界值,当 size 大于等于 threshold 就必须进行扩容操作。
    loadFactor 装载因子,table 能够使用的比例,threshold = capacity * loadFactor。
    static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4;
    
    static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
    
    static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
    
    transient Node<K,V>[] table;
    
    transient int size;
    
    int threshold;
    
    final float loadFactor;

    扩容使用resize()方法实现:

        /**
         * Initializes or doubles table size.  If null, allocates in
         * accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold.
         * Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the
         * elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move
         * with a power of two offset in the new table.
         * 初始化或者将table大小变为两倍。
         * 如果table为null,则根据threshold字段保存的初始容量来分配。
         * 如果table不为null,我们将用二次幂来扩展,每个桶的元素必须在相同索引的位置,或者在新表中
         * 移动二次幂的偏移。
         *
         * @return the table
         */
        final HashMap.Node<K,V>[] resize() {
            HashMap.Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
            int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
            int oldThr = threshold;
            int newCap, newThr = 0;
            //如果原来容量大于0,则分配为原来的两倍
            if (oldCap > 0) {
                if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
                    threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
                    return oldTab;
                }
                else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
                        oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
                    newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
            }
            //如果原来容量为0,原来的阈值不为0,则为第一次初始化table,新的容量为原来的阈值
            //使用带参的构造函数走的是这个分支
            else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold
                newCap = oldThr;
            //如果原来的容量为0,原来阈值也为0,则用默认值来初始化新的容量和阈值
            //使用HashMap不带参的构造函数走的就是这个分支
            else {               // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults
                newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
                newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
            }
            //第二个分支没有设置到newThr,在这里重新计算
            if (newThr == 0) {
                float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
                newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
                        (int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
            }
            threshold = newThr;
            //使用新的容量定义新的table
            @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
            HashMap.Node<K,V>[] newTab = (HashMap.Node<K,V>[])new HashMap.Node[newCap];
            table = newTab;
            //遍历旧表,将旧表中元素移到新表中
            if (oldTab != null) {
                for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
                    HashMap.Node<K,V> e;
                    if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
                        oldTab[j] = null;
                        //若当前桶只有一个元素,则直接进行rehash
                        if (e.next == null)
                            newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
                        else if (e instanceof HashMap.TreeNode)
                            ((HashMap.TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
                        else { // preserve order
                            HashMap.Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
                            HashMap.Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
                            HashMap.Node<K,V> next;
                            do {
                                next = e.next;
                                //如果哈希值和oldCap做与运算为0,则在新表中还在原位
                                if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
                                    if (loTail == null)
                                        loHead = e;
                                    else
                                        loTail.next = e;
                                    loTail = e;
                                }
                                //若与运算不为0,则在新表中的位置为原索引+oldCap,可以举例验证
                                else {
                                    if (hiTail == null)
                                        hiHead = e;
                                    else
                                        hiTail.next = e;
                                    hiTail = e;
                                }
                            } while ((e = next) != null);
                            if (loTail != null) {
                                loTail.next = null;
                                newTab[j] = loHead;
                            }
                            if (hiTail != null) {
                                hiTail.next = null;
                                newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            return newTab;
        }

    5.1扩容-重新计算桶下标

    重新计算桶下标的逻辑也在resize()方法中

    //如果哈希值和oldCap做与运算为0,则在新表中还在原位
    if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
       if (loTail == null)
           loHead = e;
       else
           loTail.next = e;
           loTail = e;
    }
    //若与运算不为0,则在新表中的位置为原索引+oldCap
    else {
        if (hiTail == null)
            hiHead = e;
        else
            hiTail.next = e;
            hiTail = e;
    }
    i,f (loTail != null) {
    loTail.next = null;
    newTab[j] = loHead;
    }
    if (hiTail != null) {
    hiTail.next = null;
    newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
    }

    在进行扩容时,需要把键值对重新放到对应的桶上。HashMap 使用了一个特殊的机制,可以降低重新计算桶下标的操作。

    假设原数组长度 capacity 为 16,扩容之后 new capacity 为 32:

    capacity     : 00010000
    new capacity : 00100000

    对于一个 Key,

    • 它的哈希值如果在第 5 位上为 0,那么取模得到的结果和之前一样;
    • 如果为 1,那么得到的结果为原来的结果 +16。

    6.计算数组容量

    HashMap要求容量capacity为2的n次方,构造函数允许用户传入的容量不是2的n次方,因为它可以自动地将传入的容量转换为2的n次方。

        /**
         * Returns a power of two size for the given target capacity.
         */
        static final int tableSizeFor(int cap) {
            int n = cap - 1;
            n |= n >>> 1;
            n |= n >>> 2;
            n |= n >>> 4;
            n |= n >>> 8;
            n |= n >>> 16;
            return (n < 0) ? 1 : (n >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : n + 1;
        }

    具体请看这里

    7.链表转红黑树

    从 JDK 1.8 开始,一个桶存储的链表长度大于 8 时会将链表转换为红黑树。

    8.HashMap与HashTable比较

    • HashTable使用synchronized来进行同步。
    • HashMap可以插入键为null的Entry。
    • HashMap的迭代器是Fail-fast迭代器。
    • HashMap不能保证随着时间的推移Map中的元素次序是不变的。

    六、ConcurrentHashMap

    public class ConcurrentHashMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V>
        implements ConcurrentMap<K,V>, Serializable

    支持检索的全并发和更新的高预期并发的hash table。ConcurrentHashMap遵循与Hashtable相同的功能,包括Hashtable的每个方法的版本。然而,即使所有的操作是线程安全的,检索操作也不意味着上锁,ConcurrentHashMap对于对整个表上锁来保护所有的访问没有任何的支持。在依赖线程安全但不依赖于它的同步细节的程序中,ConcurrentHashMap完全与Hashtable互操作。

    检索操作(包括get)通常不加锁,所以可能会和更新操作(包括put、remove)重叠。检索反应大多数近期完成的更新操作的结果(更加正式的说,检索更新的值只与在这之前发生的更新操作有关)。对于聚合操作(putAll、clear),并发检索可能只反映一部分插入和移除。相似的,迭代器、分割器、枚举只反映它们创建时hashtable的状态。它们不会抛出ConcurrentModificationException。然而迭代器被设计只用来一个时间只在一个线程中使用。记住聚合状态方法(size、isEmpty、containsValue)的结果只有当map不会在其他线程中并发更新才有用。否则这些方法的结果反应的短暂状态只适用于监视或者估计,而不适用于程序控制。

    当有许多冲突时,ConcurrentHashMap会自动扩张(有不同hashcode的key却掉进相同的插槽)。

    1.put操作

        /**
         * Maps the specified key to the specified value in this table.
         * Neither the key nor the value can be null.
         *
         * <p>The value can be retrieved by calling the {@code get} method
         * with a key that is equal to the original key.
         *
         * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
         * @param value value to be associated with the specified key
         * @return the previous value associated with {@code key}, or
         *         {@code null} if there was no mapping for {@code key}
         * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null
         */
        public V put(K key, V value) {
            return putVal(key, value, false);
        }
    
        /** Implementation for put and putIfAbsent */
        final V putVal(K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
            if (key == null || value == null) throw new NullPointerException();
            //获取key的hash
            int hash = spread(key.hashCode());
            //记录链表长度
            int binCount = 0;
            for (ConcurrentHashMap.Node<K,V>[] tab = table;;) {
                ConcurrentHashMap.Node<K,V> f; int n, i, fh;
                //如果还未初始化table
                if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
                    tab = initTable();
                //如果对应的桶为空
                else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (n - 1) & hash)) == null) {
                    //用CAS操作插入节点,如果失败则重试
                    if (casTabAt(tab, i, null,
                            new ConcurrentHashMap.Node<K,V>(hash, key, value, null)))
                        break;                   // no lock when adding to empty bin
                }
                //如果在扩容
                else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
                    //帮助数据迁移
                    tab = helpTransfer(tab, f);
                //如果table已经初始化完毕,且当前桶已经有数据了,且不在扩容。f为桶中的头节点
                else {
                    V oldVal = null;
                    //对头节点加锁
                    synchronized (f) {
                        if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
                            //头节点hash值大于等于0,说明是链表
                            if (fh >= 0) {
                                binCount = 1;
                                for (ConcurrentHashMap.Node<K,V> e = f;; ++binCount) {
                                    K ek;
                                    //如果发现了相等的key则覆盖
                                    if (e.hash == hash &&
                                            ((ek = e.key) == key ||
                                                    (ek != null && key.equals(ek)))) {
                                        oldVal = e.val;
                                        if (!onlyIfAbsent)
                                            e.val = value;
                                        break;
                                    }
                                    ConcurrentHashMap.Node<K,V> pred = e;
                                    //如果遍历到结尾,则将新值插入到链表尾
                                    if ((e = e.next) == null) {
                                        pred.next = new ConcurrentHashMap.Node<K,V>(hash, key,
                                                value, null);
                                        break;
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                            //红黑树
                            else if (f instanceof ConcurrentHashMap.TreeBin) {
                                ConcurrentHashMap.Node<K,V> p;
                                binCount = 2;
                                if ((p = ((ConcurrentHashMap.TreeBin<K,V>)f).putTreeVal(hash, key,
                                        value)) != null) {
                                    oldVal = p.val;
                                    if (!onlyIfAbsent)
                                        p.val = value;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
             
    if (binCount != 0) { //如果binCount大于阈值 if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD) //这个方法和HashMap有点不同,它不是一定会进行红黑树转化 //如果当前数组的长度小于64,则会选择进行扩容 treeifyBin(tab, i); if (oldVal != null) return oldVal; break; } } } addCount(1L, binCount); return null; }

     2.initTable

        /**
         * Initializes table, using the size recorded in sizeCtl.
         */
        private final Node<K,V>[] initTable() {
            Node<K,V>[] tab; int sc;
            while ((tab = table) == null || tab.length == 0) {
                //已有其他的线程在初始化或扩容
                if ((sc = sizeCtl) < 0)
                    Thread.yield(); // lost initialization race; just spin
                    //CAS一下,将sizeCtl设置为-1,代表抢到了锁
                else if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc, -1)) {
                    try {
                        if ((tab = table) == null || tab.length == 0) {
                            //初始化数组,长度为16或为构造函数传入的长度
                            int n = (sc > 0) ? sc : DEFAULT_CAPACITY;
                            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                            Node<K,V>[] nt = (Node<K,V>[])new Node<?,?>[n];
                            //初始化table
                            table = tab = nt;
                            //0.75 * n
                            sc = n - (n >>> 2);
                        }
                    } finally {
                        //设置sizeCtl为sc,默认情况下是12
                        sizeCtl = sc;
                    }
                    break;
                }
            }
            return tab;
        }

    3.treeifyBin

    当链表长度大于给定值时,将链表转化为红黑树,但如果table的长度未达到MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY时,尝试扩容而不是树化。

        /**
         * Replaces all linked nodes in bin at given index unless table is
         * too small, in which case resizes instead.
         */
        private final void treeifyBin(Node<K,V>[] tab, int index) {
            Node<K,V> b; int n, sc;
            if (tab != null) {
                //当table长度小于MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY时,尝试扩容
                if ((n = tab.length) < MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY)
                    tryPresize(n << 1);
                //否则对链表进行红黑树转化
                else if ((b = tabAt(tab, index)) != null && b.hash >= 0) {
                    synchronized (b) {
                        if (tabAt(tab, index) == b) {
                            TreeNode<K,V> hd = null, tl = null;
                            for (Node<K,V> e = b; e != null; e = e.next) {
                                TreeNode<K,V> p =
                                        new TreeNode<K,V>(e.hash, e.key, e.val,
                                                null, null);
                                if ((p.prev = tl) == null)
                                    hd = p;
                                else
                                    tl.next = p;
                                tl = p;
                            }
                            setTabAt(tab, index, new TreeBin<K,V>(hd));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

    4.tryPresize

    尝试扩容table来容纳给定的元素数量

        /**
         * Tries to presize table to accommodate the given number of elements.
         *
         * @param size number of elements (doesn't need to be perfectly accurate)
         */
        private final void tryPresize(int size) {
            int c = (size >= (MAXIMUM_CAPACITY >>> 1)) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY :
                    tableSizeFor(size + (size >>> 1) + 1);
            int sc;
            //当sizeCtl大于0,代表下次扩容的大小
            while ((sc = sizeCtl) >= 0) {
                Node<K,V>[] tab = table; int n;
                //初始化代码?
                if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0) {
                    n = (sc > c) ? sc : c;
                    if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc, -1)) {
                        try {
                            if (table == tab) {
                                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                                Node<K,V>[] nt = (Node<K,V>[])new Node<?,?>[n];
                                table = nt;
                                sc = n - (n >>> 2);
                            }
                        } finally {
                            sizeCtl = sc;
                        }
                    }
                }
                //若扩容的大小还没有达到下次扩容的阈值或者已经大于MAXIMUM_CAPACITY
                else if (c <= sc || n >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
                    break;
                //进行扩容和数据迁移
                else if (tab == table) {
                    int rs = resizeStamp(n);
                    if (sc < 0) {
                        Node<K,V>[] nt;
                        if ((sc >>> RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT) != rs || sc == rs + 1 ||
                                sc == rs + MAX_RESIZERS || (nt = nextTable) == null ||
                                transferIndex <= 0)
                            break;
                        if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc, sc + 1))
                            transfer(tab, nt);
                    }
                    else if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc,
                            (rs << RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT) + 2))
                        //传入空值,在transfer中进行初始化,将table扩容为两倍大
                        transfer(tab, null);
                }
            }
        }

    5.transfer

        /**
         * Moves and/or copies the nodes in each bin to new table. See
         * above for explanation.
         */
        private final void transfer(Node<K,V>[] tab, Node<K,V>[] nextTab) {
            int n = tab.length, stride;
            if ((stride = (NCPU > 1) ? (n >>> 3) / NCPU : n) < MIN_TRANSFER_STRIDE)
                stride = MIN_TRANSFER_STRIDE; // subdivide range
            if (nextTab == null) {            // initiating
                try {
                    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                    Node<K,V>[] nt = (Node<K,V>[])new Node<?,?>[n << 1];
                    nextTab = nt;
                } catch (Throwable ex) {      // try to cope with OOME
                    sizeCtl = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
                    return;
                }
                nextTable = nextTab;
                transferIndex = n;
            }
            int nextn = nextTab.length;
            ForwardingNode<K,V> fwd = new ForwardingNode<K,V>(nextTab);
            boolean advance = true;
            boolean finishing = false; // to ensure sweep before committing nextTab
            for (int i = 0, bound = 0;;) {
                Node<K,V> f; int fh;
                while (advance) {
                    int nextIndex, nextBound;
                    if (--i >= bound || finishing)
                        advance = false;
                    else if ((nextIndex = transferIndex) <= 0) {
                        i = -1;
                        advance = false;
                    }
                    else if (U.compareAndSwapInt
                             (this, TRANSFERINDEX, nextIndex,
                              nextBound = (nextIndex > stride ?
                                           nextIndex - stride : 0))) {
                        bound = nextBound;
                        i = nextIndex - 1;
                        advance = false;
                    }
                }
                if (i < 0 || i >= n || i + n >= nextn) {
                    int sc;
                    if (finishing) {
                        nextTable = null;
                        table = nextTab;
                        sizeCtl = (n << 1) - (n >>> 1);
                        return;
                    }
                    if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc = sizeCtl, sc - 1)) {
                        if ((sc - 2) != resizeStamp(n) << RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT)
                            return;
                        finishing = advance = true;
                        i = n; // recheck before commit
                    }
                }
                else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i)) == null)
                    advance = casTabAt(tab, i, null, fwd);
                else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
                    advance = true; // already processed
                else {
                    synchronized (f) {
                        if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
                            Node<K,V> ln, hn;
                            if (fh >= 0) {
                                int runBit = fh & n;
                                Node<K,V> lastRun = f;
                                for (Node<K,V> p = f.next; p != null; p = p.next) {
                                    int b = p.hash & n;
                                    if (b != runBit) {
                                        runBit = b;
                                        lastRun = p;
                                    }
                                }
                                if (runBit == 0) {
                                    ln = lastRun;
                                    hn = null;
                                }
                                else {
                                    hn = lastRun;
                                    ln = null;
                                }
                                for (Node<K,V> p = f; p != lastRun; p = p.next) {
                                    int ph = p.hash; K pk = p.key; V pv = p.val;
                                    if ((ph & n) == 0)
                                        ln = new Node<K,V>(ph, pk, pv, ln);
                                    else
                                        hn = new Node<K,V>(ph, pk, pv, hn);
                                }
                                setTabAt(nextTab, i, ln);
                                setTabAt(nextTab, i + n, hn);
                                setTabAt(tab, i, fwd);
                                advance = true;
                            }
                            else if (f instanceof TreeBin) {
                                TreeBin<K,V> t = (TreeBin<K,V>)f;
                                TreeNode<K,V> lo = null, loTail = null;
                                TreeNode<K,V> hi = null, hiTail = null;
                                int lc = 0, hc = 0;
                                for (Node<K,V> e = t.first; e != null; e = e.next) {
                                    int h = e.hash;
                                    TreeNode<K,V> p = new TreeNode<K,V>
                                        (h, e.key, e.val, null, null);
                                    if ((h & n) == 0) {
                                        if ((p.prev = loTail) == null)
                                            lo = p;
                                        else
                                            loTail.next = p;
                                        loTail = p;
                                        ++lc;
                                    }
                                    else {
                                        if ((p.prev = hiTail) == null)
                                            hi = p;
                                        else
                                            hiTail.next = p;
                                        hiTail = p;
                                        ++hc;
                                    }
                                }
                                ln = (lc <= UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD) ? untreeify(lo) :
                                    (hc != 0) ? new TreeBin<K,V>(lo) : t;
                                hn = (hc <= UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD) ? untreeify(hi) :
                                    (lc != 0) ? new TreeBin<K,V>(hi) : t;
                                setTabAt(nextTab, i, ln);
                                setTabAt(nextTab, i + n, hn);
                                setTabAt(tab, i, fwd);
                                advance = true;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

    七、LinkedHashMap

    public class LinkedHashMap<K,V>
        extends HashMap<K,V>
        implements Map<K,V>

    LinkedHashMap继承于HashMap,内部维护了一个双向链表,用来维护插入顺序或者LRU顺序。

        /**
         * The head (eldest) of the doubly linked list.
         */
        transient LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> head;
    
        /**
         * The tail (youngest) of the doubly linked list.
         */
        transient LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> tail;

    1.向链表中追加新节点

    当向LinkedHashMap中插入新节点时,linkNodeLast()实现了向双向链表中增加新节点,它在newNode()中被调用。

        // link at the end of list
        private void linkNodeLast(LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> p) {
            LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> last = tail;
            tail = p;
            if (last == null)
                head = p;
            else {
                p.before = last;
                last.after = p;
            }
        }
        Node<K,V> newNode(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> e) {
            LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> p =
                new LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V>(hash, key, value, e);
            linkNodeLast(p);
            return p;
        }

    2.从链表中删除节点

    当从LinkedListMap移除节点时,afterNodeRemoval()实现从双向链表中移除节点。

        void afterNodeRemoval(Node<K,V> e) { // unlink
            LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> p =
                (LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V>)e, b = p.before, a = p.after;
            p.before = p.after = null;
            if (b == null)
                head = a;
            else
                b.after = a;
            if (a == null)
                tail = b;
            else
                a.before = b;
        }

    3.accessOrder

    accessOrder决定了LinkedHashMap双向链表所维护的顺序,默认为false,此时维护的是插入顺序,当为true时,维护的是访问顺序(当访问了LinkedHashMap的某个节点,则节点被刷新为youngest)。

     

    4.访问顺序

    afterNodeAccess()

    当一个节点被访问时,如果 accessOrder 为 true,则会将该节点移到链表尾部。也就是说指定为 LRU 顺序之后,在每次访问一个节点时,会将这个节点移到链表尾部,保证链表尾部是最近访问的节点,那么链表首部就是最近最久未使用的节点。

    void afterNodeAccess(Node<K,V> e) { // move node to last
        LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> last;
        if (accessOrder && (last = tail) != e) {
            LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> p =
                (LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V>)e, b = p.before, a = p.after;
            p.after = null;
            if (b == null)
                head = a;
            else
                b.after = a;
            if (a != null)
                a.before = b;
            else
                last = b;
            if (last == null)
                head = p;
            else {
                p.before = last;
                last.after = p;
            }
            tail = p;
            ++modCount;
        }
    }

    afterNodeInsertion()

    在 put 等操作之后执行,当 removeEldestEntry() 方法返回 true 时会移除最晚的节点,也就是链表首部节点 first。

    evict 只有在构建 Map 的时候才为 false,在这里为 true。

    void afterNodeInsertion(boolean evict) { // possibly remove eldest
        LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> first;
        if (evict && (first = head) != null && removeEldestEntry(first)) {
            K key = first.key;
            removeNode(hash(key), key, null, false, true);
        }
    }

    removeEldestEntry() 默认为 false,如果需要让它为 true,需要继承 LinkedHashMap 并且覆盖这个方法的实现,这在实现 LRU 的缓存中特别有用,通过移除最近最久未使用的节点,从而保证缓存空间足够,并且缓存的数据都是热点数据。

    protected boolean removeEldestEntry(Map.Entry<K,V> eldest) {
        return false;
    }

    4.LRU 缓存

    以下是使用 LinkedHashMap 实现的一个 LRU 缓存:

    • 设定最大缓存空间 MAX_ENTRIES 为 3;
    • 使用 LinkedHashMap 的构造函数将 accessOrder 设置为 true,开启 LRU 顺序;
    • 覆盖 removeEldestEntry() 方法实现,在节点多于 MAX_ENTRIES 就会将最近最久未使用的数据移除。
    class LRUCache<K, V> extends LinkedHashMap<K, V> {
        private static final int MAX_ENTRIES = 3;
    
        protected boolean removeEldestEntry(Map.Entry eldest) {
            return size() > MAX_ENTRIES;
        }
    
        LRUCache() {
            super(MAX_ENTRIES, 0.75f, true);
        }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        LRUCache<Integer, String> cache = new LRUCache<>();
        cache.put(1, "a");
        cache.put(2, "b");
        cache.put(3, "c");
        cache.get(1);
        cache.put(4, "d");
        System.out.println(cache.keySet());
    }
    [3, 1, 4]

    八、Hashtable

    public class Hashtable<K,V>
        extends Dictionary<K,V>
        implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable

    Hashtable是线程安全的,使用synchronized进行控制。只能使用非空的key或者value。

    为了成功的存储和索引hashtable,作为key的对象必须实现hashcode()和equals()。

    底层使用Entry数组来存储

        /**
         * The hash table data.
         */
        private transient Entry<?,?>[] table;

    两个重要参数:threshold和loadFactor

    1.put操作

    从代码中看出hashtable的key的hash值使用的是key.hashCode(),如果key只存在则替换,若不存在则新增。

        /**
         * Maps the specified <code>key</code> to the specified
         * <code>value</code> in this hashtable. Neither the key nor the
         * value can be <code>null</code>. <p>
         *
         * The value can be retrieved by calling the <code>get</code> method
         * with a key that is equal to the original key.
         *
         * @param      key     the hashtable key
         * @param      value   the value
         * @return     the previous value of the specified key in this hashtable,
         *             or <code>null</code> if it did not have one
         * @exception  NullPointerException  if the key or value is
         *               <code>null</code>
         * @see     Object#equals(Object)
         * @see     #get(Object)
         */
        public synchronized V put(K key, V value) {
            // Make sure the value is not null
            if (value == null) {
                throw new NullPointerException();
            }
    
            // Makes sure the key is not already in the hashtable.
            Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
            int hash = key.hashCode();
            int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            Entry<K,V> entry = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
            for(; entry != null ; entry = entry.next) {
                if ((entry.hash == hash) && entry.key.equals(key)) {
                    V old = entry.value;
                    entry.value = value;
                    return old;
                }
            }
    
            addEntry(hash, key, value, index);
            return null;
        }
        private void addEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int index) {
            modCount++;
    
            Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
            if (count >= threshold) {
                // Rehash the table if the threshold is exceeded
                rehash();
    
                tab = table;
                hash = key.hashCode();
                index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
            }
    
            // Creates the new entry.
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>) tab[index];
            tab[index] = new Entry<>(hash, key, value, e);
            count++;
        }

    容量扩大为原来的两倍+1

        protected void rehash() {
            int oldCapacity = table.length;
            Entry<?,?>[] oldMap = table;
    
            // overflow-conscious code
            int newCapacity = (oldCapacity << 1) + 1;
            if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0) {
                if (oldCapacity == MAX_ARRAY_SIZE)
                    // Keep running with MAX_ARRAY_SIZE buckets
                    return;
                newCapacity = MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
            }
            Entry<?,?>[] newMap = new Entry<?,?>[newCapacity];
    
            modCount++;
            threshold = (int)Math.min(newCapacity * loadFactor, MAX_ARRAY_SIZE + 1);
            table = newMap;
    
            for (int i = oldCapacity ; i-- > 0 ;) {
                for (Entry<K,V> old = (Entry<K,V>)oldMap[i] ; old != null ; ) {
                    Entry<K,V> e = old;
                    old = old.next;
    
                    int index = (e.hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % newCapacity;
                    e.next = (Entry<K,V>)newMap[index];
                    newMap[index] = e;
                }
            }
        }

    2.remove操作

        public synchronized V remove(Object key) {
            Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
            int hash = key.hashCode();
            int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
            for(Entry<K,V> prev = null ; e != null ; prev = e, e = e.next) {
                if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
                    modCount++;
                    if (prev != null) {
                        prev.next = e.next;
                    } else {
                        tab[index] = e.next;
                    }
                    count--;
                    V oldValue = e.value;
                    e.value = null;
                    return oldValue;
                }
            }
            return null;
        }

    3.get操作

        public synchronized V get(Object key) {
            Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
            int hash = key.hashCode();
            int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
            for (Entry<?,?> e = tab[index] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
                if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
                    return (V)e.value;
                }
            }
            return null;
        }

     九、TreeMap

    public class TreeMap<K,V>
        extends AbstractMap<K,V>
        implements NavigableMap<K,V>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable

    基于红黑树的NavigableMap的实现,map根据key的Comparale自然顺序排序,或者根据创建时候提供的Comparator,这取决于用什么构造函数创建。

    注意TreeMap使用一个树映射来维持排序,类似于其他的排序映射,不管是否有一个显式comparator被提供,只要是要正确的实现Map接口,必须与equals()返回结果一致。

    1.put操作

    与root值进行比较,大于root则将值插在右子树,小于则插在左子树

        public V put(K key, V value) {
            Entry<K,V> t = root;
            if (t == null) {
                compare(key, key); // type (and possibly null) check
    
                root = new Entry<>(key, value, null);
                size = 1;
                modCount++;
                return null;
            }
            int cmp;
            Entry<K,V> parent;
            // split comparator and comparable paths
            Comparator<? super K> cpr = comparator;
            if (cpr != null) {
                do {
                    parent = t;
                    cmp = cpr.compare(key, t.key);
                    if (cmp < 0)
                        t = t.left;
                    else if (cmp > 0)
                        t = t.right;
                    else
                        return t.setValue(value);
                } while (t != null);
            }
            else {
                if (key == null)
                    throw new NullPointerException();
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                    Comparable<? super K> k = (Comparable<? super K>) key;
                do {
                    parent = t;
                    cmp = k.compareTo(t.key);
                    if (cmp < 0)
                        t = t.left;
                    else if (cmp > 0)
                        t = t.right;
                    else
                        return t.setValue(value);
                } while (t != null);
            }
            Entry<K,V> e = new Entry<>(key, value, parent);
            if (cmp < 0)
                parent.left = e;
            else
                parent.right = e;
            fixAfterInsertion(e);
            size++;
            modCount++;
            return null;
        }

    2.get操作

    和put是同样的原理

        final Entry<K,V> getEntry(Object key) {
            // Offload comparator-based version for sake of performance
            if (comparator != null)
                return getEntryUsingComparator(key);
            if (key == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                Comparable<? super K> k = (Comparable<? super K>) key;
            Entry<K,V> p = root;
            while (p != null) {
                int cmp = k.compareTo(p.key);
                if (cmp < 0)
                    p = p.left;
                else if (cmp > 0)
                    p = p.right;
                else
                    return p;
            }
            return null;
        }

    3.getFloorEntry

    返回小于key的最大节点

    final Entry<K,V> getFloorEntry(K key) {
            Entry<K,V> p = root;
            while (p != null) {
                int cmp = compare(key, p.key);
                if (cmp > 0) {
                    if (p.right != null)
                        p = p.right;
                    else
                        return p;
                } else if (cmp < 0) {
                    if (p.left != null) {
                        p = p.left;
                    } else {
                        Entry<K,V> parent = p.parent;
                        Entry<K,V> ch = p;
                        while (parent != null && ch == parent.left) {
                            ch = parent;
                            parent = parent.parent;
                        }
                        return parent;
                    }
                } else
                    return p;
    
            }
            return null;
        }

     Collections.synchronizedList()

    实现原理:不是线程安全的集合,通过Collections.synchronizedList()函数封装一层,内部通过synchronized对一个Object对象进行同步,来实现线程安全。

    参考文献:

    1.GitHub-CyC2018/CS-Notes

     

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/yfzhou/p/10097158.html
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