Linux操作系统 进程之间的通信

 进程之间的通信

预备知识：

1、用户态和内核态，当一个进程在执行用户自己的代码时处于用户运行态（用户态）；当一个进程因为系统调用陷入内核代码中执行时处于内核运行态（内核态）。

2、进程之间的通信（Inter Processs Communication-IPC）实现机制有：管道、消息队列、信号值、信号、共享内存、共享映射文件、套接字等。

3、及时通信：信号（类似中断）；非及时通信：共享内存、邮箱、管道、套接字、

4、常见的信号：终止信号、定时器信号、用户自定义信号等

5、信号：用户、系统或者进程发送给目标进程的信息，以通知目标进程某个状态的改变或系统异常。

6、PCB（progress control block-进程控制块），系统通过PCB，描述进程和控制进程。在Linux系统下，PCB是 task_struct结构体（进程描述符）。
　　1、进程状态：记录进程是处于运行状态还是等待状态
　　2、调度信息：进程由哪个函数调度，具体怎样调度等
　　3、进程之间的通讯状况
　　4、进程之间的亲属关系：在父进程和子进程之间有task_struct类型的指针，将父进程和子进程联系起来
　　5、时间数据信息：每个进程执行所占用CPU的时间
　　6、进程的标志
　　7、进程的标识符：该进程唯一的标识符用来区别其他进程
　　8、信号处理信息
　　9、文件信息：可以进行读写操作的一些文件的信息
　　10、页面管理信息
　　11、优先级：相对于其他进程的优先级
　　12、ptrace系统调用
　　13、虚拟内存处理

struct task_struct {
    volatile long state;    /* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
    void *stack;
    atomic_t usage;
    unsigned int flags; /* per process flags, defined below */
    unsigned int ptrace;

    int lock_depth;     /* BKL lock depth */

#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
#ifdef __ARCH_WANT_UNLOCKED_CTXSW
    int oncpu;
#endif
#endif

    int prio, static_prio, normal_prio;
    unsigned int rt_priority;
    const struct sched_class *sched_class;
    struct sched_entity se;
    struct sched_rt_entity rt;

#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_NOTIFIERS
    /* list of struct preempt_notifier: */
    struct hlist_head preempt_notifiers;
#endif

    /*
     * fpu_counter contains the number of consecutive context switches
     * that the FPU is used. If this is over a threshold, the lazy fpu
     * saving becomes unlazy to save the trap. This is an unsigned char
     * so that after 256 times the counter wraps and the behavior turns
     * lazy again; this to deal with bursty apps that only use FPU for
     * a short time
     */
    unsigned char fpu_counter;
#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IO_TRACE
    unsigned int btrace_seq;
#endif

    unsigned int policy;
    cpumask_t cpus_allowed;

#ifdef CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU
    int rcu_read_lock_nesting;
    char rcu_read_unlock_special;
    struct rcu_node *rcu_blocked_node;
    struct list_head rcu_node_entry;
#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU */

#if defined(CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS) || defined(CONFIG_TASK_DELAY_ACCT)
    struct sched_info sched_info;
#endif

    struct list_head tasks;
    struct plist_node pushable_tasks;

    struct mm_struct *mm, *active_mm;

/* task state */
    int exit_state;
    int exit_code, exit_signal;
    int pdeath_signal;  /*  The signal sent when the parent dies  */
    unsigned int personality;
    unsigned did_exec:1;
    unsigned in_execve:1;   /* Tell the LSMs that the process is doing an
                 * execve */
    unsigned in_iowait:1;


    /* Revert to default priority/policy when forking */
    unsigned sched_reset_on_fork:1;

    pid_t pid;
    pid_t tgid;

#ifdef CONFIG_CC_STACKPROTECTOR
    /* Canary value for the -fstack-protector gcc feature */
    unsigned long stack_canary;
#endif

    /* 
     * pointers to (original) parent process, youngest child, younger sibling,
     * older sibling, respectively.  (p->father can be replaced with 
     * p->real_parent->pid)
     */
    struct task_struct *real_parent; /* real parent process */
    struct task_struct *parent; /* recipient of SIGCHLD, wait4() reports */
    /*
     * children/sibling forms the list of my natural children
     */
    struct list_head children;  /* list of my children */
    struct list_head sibling;   /* linkage in my parent's children list */
    struct task_struct *group_leader;   /* threadgroup leader */

    /*
     * ptraced is the list of tasks this task is using ptrace on.
     * This includes both natural children and PTRACE_ATTACH targets.
     * p->ptrace_entry is p's link on the p->parent->ptraced list.
     */
    struct list_head ptraced;
    struct list_head ptrace_entry;

    /*
     * This is the tracer handle for the ptrace BTS extension.
     * This field actually belongs to the ptracer task.
     */
    struct bts_context *bts;

    /* PID/PID hash table linkage. */
    struct pid_link pids[PIDTYPE_MAX];
    struct list_head thread_group;

    struct completion *vfork_done;      /* for vfork() */
    int __user *set_child_tid;      /* CLONE_CHILD_SETTID */
    int __user *clear_child_tid;        /* CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID */

    cputime_t utime, stime, utimescaled, stimescaled;
    cputime_t gtime;
    cputime_t prev_utime, prev_stime;
    unsigned long nvcsw, nivcsw; /* context switch counts */
    struct timespec start_time;         /* monotonic time */
    struct timespec real_start_time;    /* boot based time */
/* mm fault and swap info: this can arguably be seen as either mm-specific or thread-specific */
    unsigned long min_flt, maj_flt;

    struct task_cputime cputime_expires;
    struct list_head cpu_timers[3];

/* process credentials */
    const struct cred *real_cred;   /* objective and real subjective task
                     * credentials (COW) */
    const struct cred *cred;    /* effective (overridable) subjective task
                     * credentials (COW) */
    struct mutex cred_guard_mutex;  /* guard against foreign influences on
                     * credential calculations
                     * (notably. ptrace) */
    struct cred *replacement_session_keyring; /* for KEYCTL_SESSION_TO_PARENT */

    char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN]; /* executable name excluding path
                     - access with [gs]et_task_comm (which lock
                       it with task_lock())
                     - initialized normally by flush_old_exec */
/* file system info */
    int link_count, total_link_count;
#ifdef CONFIG_SYSVIPC
/* ipc stuff */
    struct sysv_sem sysvsem;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK
/* hung task detection */
    unsigned long last_switch_count;
#endif
/* CPU-specific state of this task */
    struct thread_struct thread;
/* filesystem information */
    struct fs_struct *fs;
/* open file information */
    struct files_struct *files;
/* namespaces */
    struct nsproxy *nsproxy;
/* signal handlers */
    struct signal_struct *signal;
    struct sighand_struct *sighand;

    sigset_t blocked, real_blocked;
    sigset_t saved_sigmask; /* restored if set_restore_sigmask() was used */
    struct sigpending pending;

    unsigned long sas_ss_sp;
    size_t sas_ss_size;
    int (*notifier)(void *priv);
    void *notifier_data;
    sigset_t *notifier_mask;
    struct audit_context *audit_context;
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDITSYSCALL
    uid_t loginuid;
    unsigned int sessionid;
#endif
    seccomp_t seccomp;

/* Thread group tracking */
    u32 parent_exec_id;
    u32 self_exec_id;
/* Protection of (de-)allocation: mm, files, fs, tty, keyrings, mems_allowed,
 * mempolicy */
    spinlock_t alloc_lock;

#ifdef CONFIG_GENERIC_HARDIRQS
    /* IRQ handler threads */
    struct irqaction *irqaction;
#endif

    /* Protection of the PI data structures: */
    spinlock_t pi_lock;

#ifdef CONFIG_RT_MUTEXES
    /* PI waiters blocked on a rt_mutex held by this task */
    struct plist_head pi_waiters;
    /* Deadlock detection and priority inheritance handling */
    struct rt_mutex_waiter *pi_blocked_on;
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_MUTEXES
    /* mutex deadlock detection */
    struct mutex_waiter *blocked_on;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_TRACE_IRQFLAGS
    unsigned int irq_events;
    int hardirqs_enabled;
    unsigned long hardirq_enable_ip;
    unsigned int hardirq_enable_event;
    unsigned long hardirq_disable_ip;
    unsigned int hardirq_disable_event;
    int softirqs_enabled;
    unsigned long softirq_disable_ip;
    unsigned int softirq_disable_event;
    unsigned long softirq_enable_ip;
    unsigned int softirq_enable_event;
    int hardirq_context;
    int softirq_context;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_LOCKDEP
# define MAX_LOCK_DEPTH 48UL
    u64 curr_chain_key;
    int lockdep_depth;
    unsigned int lockdep_recursion;
    struct held_lock held_locks[MAX_LOCK_DEPTH];
    gfp_t lockdep_reclaim_gfp;
#endif

/* journalling filesystem info */
    void *journal_info;

/* stacked block device info */
    struct bio *bio_list, **bio_tail;

/* VM state */
    struct reclaim_state *reclaim_state;

    struct backing_dev_info *backing_dev_info;

    struct io_context *io_context;

    unsigned long ptrace_message;
    siginfo_t *last_siginfo; /* For ptrace use.  */
    struct task_io_accounting ioac;
#if defined(CONFIG_TASK_XACCT)
    u64 acct_rss_mem1;  /* accumulated rss usage */
    u64 acct_vm_mem1;   /* accumulated virtual memory usage */
    cputime_t acct_timexpd; /* stime + utime since last update */
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CPUSETS
    nodemask_t mems_allowed;    /* Protected by alloc_lock */
    int cpuset_mem_spread_rotor;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUPS
    /* Control Group info protected by css_set_lock */
    struct css_set *cgroups;
    /* cg_list protected by css_set_lock and tsk->alloc_lock */
    struct list_head cg_list;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FUTEX
    struct robust_list_head __user *robust_list;
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
    struct compat_robust_list_head __user *compat_robust_list;
#endif
    struct list_head pi_state_list;
    struct futex_pi_state *pi_state_cache;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_PERF_EVENTS
    struct perf_event_context *perf_event_ctxp;
    struct mutex perf_event_mutex;
    struct list_head perf_event_list;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
    struct mempolicy *mempolicy;    /* Protected by alloc_lock */
    short il_next;
#endif
    atomic_t fs_excl;   /* holding fs exclusive resources */
    struct rcu_head rcu;

    /*
     * cache last used pipe for splice
     */
    struct pipe_inode_info *splice_pipe;
#ifdef  CONFIG_TASK_DELAY_ACCT
    struct task_delay_info *delays;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FAULT_INJECTION
    int make_it_fail;
#endif
    struct prop_local_single dirties;
#ifdef CONFIG_LATENCYTOP
    int latency_record_count;
    struct latency_record latency_record[LT_SAVECOUNT];
#endif
    /*
     * time slack values; these are used to round up poll() and
     * select() etc timeout values. These are in nanoseconds.
     */
    unsigned long timer_slack_ns;
    unsigned long default_timer_slack_ns;

    struct list_head    *scm_work_list;
#ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
    /* Index of current stored adress in ret_stack */
    int curr_ret_stack;
    /* Stack of return addresses for return function tracing */
    struct ftrace_ret_stack *ret_stack;
    /* time stamp for last schedule */
    unsigned long long ftrace_timestamp;
    /*
     * Number of functions that haven't been traced
     * because of depth overrun.
     */
    atomic_t trace_overrun;
    /* Pause for the tracing */
    atomic_t tracing_graph_pause;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_TRACING
    /* state flags for use by tracers */
    unsigned long trace;
    /* bitmask of trace recursion */
    unsigned long trace_recursion;
#endif /* CONFIG_TRACING */
    unsigned long stack_start;
};

进程通信机制的原理：

1、信号操作相关的数据结构：

一、sigaction

struct sigction{

　　void（*sa_handler）（int）； # sa_handler是信号的处理函数对应的指针

　　sigset_t sa_mask; # sa_mask是信号掩码，表示该处理哪些信号，哪些信号暂时不用处理

　　int sa_flags;

　　void(*sa_restorer)(void);

};

二、时间相关的数据结构：timeval；itimeval（记录定时器的数据）

2、信号操作相关的函数

　　1、不同的信号（sig）有编号（signum），在头文件里面每个信号有默认的处理方式（action）。信号操作的函数主要是向进程发送信号，进程接收到信号之后，可以执行头文件中规定的宏中设定的处理的方式，也可以指定该信号执行新设定的处理的方式。

　　2、进程会受到多个信号，信号处理的优先顺序，暂时没处理的信号如何保存（使用哪个数据结构保存----信号集），后面如何调用信号处理函数响应进程中多个信号。每个信号集都有通过指针（*set）定位。

1、sigaction、查询或设置指定信号处理方式，return原来信号的处理方式

2、signal、设置指定信号的处理方式，通过handle（函数指针），调用函数作为信号的处理方式

3、kill、给进程（pid）发送信号（sig）

4、raise、给自身发送信号（sig）

5、sigemptyset、信号集初始化（清空信号集）；sigfillset、初始化并加入所有的信号；sigaddset、将制定的信号加入信号集中；sigismenber、通过*set定位，查询signum是否在指定的信号集。

3、 定时器操作相关函数，涉及设置定时器如选择定时器类型（定时器计时消耗的时间以哪一个为准：真实时间，用户态，用户态和内核态选择不同计时器）和定时器的功能函数

1、sleep、将进程暂停运行指定时间（seconds），可以被其他优先级更高的信号或中断打断

2、alarm、在指定间隔时间之后周期性给进程发送信号SIGALRM。

3、setitimer、设置定时器

4、getitimer、获取指定类型的定时器，通过*value指针调用指定类型定时器

注：定时器定时需要重复对timeval；itimeval两个结构体进行操作。

1、UNIX时间戳（Epoch Time）：Unix时间戳（英文为Unix time, POSIX time 或 Unix timestamp）是从Epoch（1970年1月1日00:00:00 UTC）开始所经过的秒数，不考虑闰秒。timeval记录就是Epoch Time至今的时间间隔，进度到毫秒。

2、itimeval结构体记录的是定时器剩余时间