生物信息学
Cell theory:7个要点
All known living things are made up of one or more cells.
All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division.
The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.
The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells.
Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.
Cells contain DNA which is found specifically in the chromosome and RNA found in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm.
All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species.
Genotype-Transcription-gene function phenotype
Bulk RNA-seqhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgslMZ74ums
Cellar heterogeneity细胞异质性的原因是morphology&genome&transcription&proteome，Cellar heterogeneity细胞异质性导致tumor。对于tumor使用PD1/PDL1无效，现在依据个性化需要使用single cell analysis，人群队列。
single cell analysis的挑战有量小所以需要分离技术、需要的技术可重复。
中国汤富酬教授
Single cell isolation分离技术及各自特点
Limiting dilution将第一个孔内的细胞加入后一行细胞孔中，达到稀释目的。
Micromanipulation用移液枪选出感兴趣细胞
LCM荧光做selection。
FACS是流式细胞技术，现在主流技术，高通量分选。比如，10X genomics|Droplet
MACS是筛选加入磁珠的细胞。
10X genomics磁珠包裹在油滴里面，特点是磁珠上的探针组成：R1+barcode（name）+UMI（identify different RNA sequence）+poly。
Droplet特点是液滴中包裹细胞。
Single cell cDNA amplification即cDNA扩增三种方式：
1.PCR扩增2.体外转录扩增3.phi29聚合酶扩增PMA
Milestone timeline
Analysis workflow：
Imputation：使用其他细胞中的RNA弥补缺失值
降维方法：
PCA|tSNE|DM：
Analysis software：
Differential expression analysis
Cell subpopulation identification
细胞状态轨迹和谱系cell trajectory/linage and pseudotime reconstruction/inference software:
Application比如胚胎发育
Human cell atlas 人类细胞图谱计划：
Taxonomy:cell types细胞类型
Histology：cell neighborhood and position
Development ：transitions to differentiated cell types
Physiology and homeosrasis同源性：cycles，transient responses and plastic state
Disease：cells and cellular ecosystem
Molecular mechanism：intracellular细胞内的 and inter-cellular circuit
Spatially resolved transcriptomes 空间转录：Spatially空间的
网址：https://www.spatialomics.org/SpatialDB/
ST是将组织放在平铺着的芯片上，看芯片对应孔的表达量，每一个点代表取gene位置不同，可对应测同一个gene在不同位置上的表达量。
Slide-seq是将组织放在平铺着的芯片上，看芯片对应孔的表达量，可以做到单细胞水平。
LCM-seq
SeqFISH&MERFISH中每一个点是一个细胞
Paired-cell sequencing针对肝脏细胞
Geo-seq|tomo-seq线性表达谱eg：将胚胎切成一段段，每一段的表达量
Spatial DB集合
空间转录组：每一个细胞的空间信息和与环境的交互作用
LAMP webserver---Elementary knowledge网络框架知识：
Mooc：w3cschool网址：https://www.w3cschool.cn/
HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
Bootstrap
JavaScript
jQuery
JSON
AJAX
Highcharts
PHP
MySQL