Spring（十五）：通过注解配置 Bean

在ClassPath中扫描组件

1）组件扫描（component scanning）：Spring能够从classpath下自动扫描，侦测和实例化具有特定注解的组件；

2）特定组件包含：

--- @Component：基本注解，标识了一个受Spring管理的组件；

--- @Respository：标识持久层组件；

--- @Service：标识服务层（业务层）组件；

--- @Controller：标识表现层组件

3）对于扫描到的组件，Spring有默认的命名策略：使用非限定类名，第一个字母小写。也可以在注解中通过value属性值标识组件的别名。

4）当在组件上使用了特定的注解之后，还需要在Spring的配置文件中声明<context:component-scan>：

--- base-package属性指定一个需要扫描的基类包，Spring容器将会扫描这个基类包里及其子包中的所有类。

--- 当需要扫描多个包时，可以使用逗号分隔。

--- 如果仅希望扫描特定的类而非基包下的所有类，可使用resource-pattern属性过滤特定的类，示例：

    <context:component-scan base-package="com.dx.spring.bean.componentscan"
        resource-pattern="autowire/*.class"></context:component-scan>

--- <content:include-filter>子节点表示要包含的目标类

--- <content:exclude-filter>子节点表示要排除在外的目标类

--- <content:component-scal>下可以拥有若干个<content:include-filter>、<content:exclude-filter>子节点。

Filter Type	Examples Expression	Description
annotation	org.example.SomeAnnotation	符合SomeAnnoation的target class
assignable	org.example.SomeClass	指定class或interface的全名
aspectj	org.example..*Service+	AspectJ語法
regex	org.example.Default.*	Regelar Expression
custom	org.example.MyTypeFilter	Spring3新增自訂Type，實作org.springframework.core.type.TypeFilter

5）注意使用bean注解方式时，需要依赖spring-aop-xxx.jar包，否则会抛出：Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.springframework.aop.TargetSource

注解配置Bean示例：

第一步：新建java project，导入spring依赖包：

第二步：新建Componet，Repository，Service，Controller组件类：

User.java ---Component

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.component;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

@Component
public class User {

}

IUserRepository.java，UserRepositoryImpl.java --- Repository

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.repository;

public interface IUserRepository {

}

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.repository;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

@Repository(value="userRepository")
public class UserRepositoryImpl implements IUserRepository {

}

IUserService.java，UserServiceImpl.java --- Service

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.service;

public interface IUserService {

}

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.service;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

@Service(value="userService")
public class UserServiceImpl implements IUserService {

}

UserController.java ---Controller

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.controller;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;

@Controller
public class UserController {

}

第三步：新建测试类和Spring Bean配置文件：

Client.java测试类：

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

import com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.component.User;
import com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.controller.UserController;
import com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.repository.UserRepositoryImpl;
import com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.service.UserServiceImpl;

public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("bean-component-scan.xml");
        User user = (User) ctx.getBean("user");
        System.out.println(user);

        UserRepositoryImpl userRepository = (UserRepositoryImpl) ctx.getBean("userRepository");
        System.out.println(userRepository);

        UserServiceImpl userService = (UserServiceImpl) ctx.getBean("userService");
        System.out.println(userService);

        UserController userController = (UserController) ctx.getBean("userController");
        System.out.println(userController);
    }
}

新建spring bean配置文件bean-component-scan.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.3.xsd">
    
    <context:component-scan base-package="com.dx.spring.beans.annotation"></context:component-scan>

</beans>

测试类执行打印信息如下：

测试resource-pattern

第一步：修改spring bean配置文件：

给spring bean配置文件中<context:component-scan>节点添加属性resource-pattern="repository/*.class"，使得其只监控到包名包含repository的组件

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.3.xsd">

    <context:component-scan base-package="com.dx.spring.beans.annotation"
        resource-pattern="repository/*.class"></context:component-scan>

</beans>

第二步执行Client.java测试：

发现UserRepositoryImpl userRepository = (UserRepositoryImpl) ctx.getBean("userRepository");可以获取到bean，其他组件都没有可以从ioc容器中获取到bean。

测试context:exclude-filter

第一步：修改spring bean配置文件：

    <context:component-scan base-package="com.dx.spring.beans.annotation">
        <context:exclude-filter type="annotation"
            expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Repository" />
    </context:component-scan>

备注：exclude-filter意思是不加载配置项，其他项都可以包含。

第二步：测试结果：

除了UserRepositoryImpl userRepository = (UserRepositoryImpl) ctx.getBean("userRepository");不可以获取到bean，其他组件都可以从ioc容器中获取到bean。

测试context:include-filter

第一步：修改spring bean配置文件：

    <context:component-scan base-package="com.dx.spring.beans.annotation"
        use-default-filters="false">
        <context:include-filter type="annotation"
            expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Repository" />
    </context:component-scan>

备注：1）include-filter意思是加载配置项，其他项要依赖于use-default-filters属性值，该属性值为true都可以加载；false时，才不加载配置项以外的组件。

           2）use-default-filters="false"，必须修改为false，默认值为true。

第二步：测试结果：

除了UserRepositoryImpl userRepository = (UserRepositoryImpl) ctx.getBean("userRepository");可以获取到bean，其他组件都不可以从ioc容器中获取到bean。

组件装配：

<context:component-scan>元素还会自动注册AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostPorcessor实例，该实例可以自动装备具有@AutoWired和@Resource、@Inject注解的属性。

@Autowire注解也可以应用在数组类型的属性上，此时Spring会把所有匹配的Bean进行自动装配；

@Autowire注解也可以应用在集合属性上，此时Spring读取该集合的类型信息，让后自动装配所有与之兼容的Bean。

@Autowire注解用在java.util.Map上时，若该Map的键值为String。那么，Spring将自动装配与之Map值类型兼容的Bean，此时Bean的名称作为键值。

Map依赖注入：

@Autowired  
private Map<String, BaseService> map;

这样会注入：key是bean名字；value就是所有实现了BaseService的Bean，假设使用上一篇的例子，则会得到：

{organizationService=com.sishuok.spring4.service.OrganizationService@617029,userService=com.sishuok.spring4.service.UserService@10ac73b}

List/数组注入：

@Autowired  
private List<BaseService> list; 

这样会注入所有实现了BaseService的Bean；但是顺序是不确定的，如果我们想要按照某个顺序获取；在Spring4中可以使用@Order或实现Ordered接口来实现，如：

@Order(value = 1)  
@Service  
public class UserService extends BaseService<User> {  
}  

@Lazy可以延迟依赖注入：

@Lazy  
@Service  
public class UserService extends BaseService<User> {  
} 
@Lazy  
@Autowired  
private UserService userService; 

可以把@Lazy放在@Autowired之上，即依赖注入也是延迟的；当我们调用userService时才会注入。即延迟依赖注入到使用时。同样适用于@Bean。

@Conditional

@Conditional类似于@Profile（一般用于如我们有开发环境、测试环境、正式机环境，为了方便切换不同的环境可以使用@Profile指定各个环境的配置，然后通过某个配置来开启某一个环境，方便切换），但是@Conditional的优点是允许自己定义规则。可以指定在如@Component、@Bean、@Configuration等注解的类上，以绝对Bean是否创建等。首先来看看使用@Profile的用例，假设我们有个用户模块：

1、在测试/开发期间调用本机的模拟接口方便开发；

2、在部署到正式机时换成调用远程接口；

public abstract class UserService extends BaseService<User> {  
}  
  
@Profile("local")  
@Service  
public class LocalUserService extends UserService {  
}  
  
@Profile("remote")  
@Service  
public class RemoteUserService extends UserService {  
}  

我们在写测试用例时，可以指定我们使用哪个Profile：

@ActiveProfiles("remote")  
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)  
@ContextConfiguration(locations =  "classpath:spring-config.xml")  
public class ServiceTest {  
  
    @Autowired  
    private UserService userService;  
} 

这种方式非常简单。如果想自定义如@Profile之类的注解等，那么@Conditional就派上用场了；假设我们系统中有好多本地/远程接口，那么我们定义两个注解@Local和@Remote注解要比使用@Profile方便的多；如：

@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)  
@Target({ElementType.TYPE, ElementType.METHOD})  
@Conditional(CustomCondition.class)  
public @interface Local {  
}  
  
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)  
@Target({ElementType.TYPE, ElementType.METHOD})  
@Conditional(CustomCondition.class)  
public @interface Remote {  
}  

public class CustomCondition implements Condition {  
  
    @Override  
    public boolean matches(ConditionContext context, AnnotatedTypeMetadata metadata) {  
        boolean isLocalBean = metadata.isAnnotated("com.sishuok.spring4.annotation.Local");  
        boolean isRemoteBean = metadata.isAnnotated("com.sishuok.spring4.annotation.Remote");  
        //如果bean没有注解@Local或@Remote，返回true，表示创建Bean  
        if(!isLocalBean && !isRemoteBean) {  
            return true;  
        }  
  
        boolean isLocalProfile = context.getEnvironment().acceptsProfiles("local");  
  
        //如果profile=local 且 bean注解了@Local，则返回true 表示创建bean；  
        if(isLocalProfile) {  
            return isLocalBean;  
        }  
  
        //否则默认返回注解了@Remote或没有注解@Remote的Bean  
        return isRemoteBean;  
    }  
}  

然后我们使用这两个注解分别注解我们的Service：

@Local  
@Service  
public class LocalUserService extends UserService {  
}  

@Remote  
@Service  
public class RemoteUserService extends UserService {  
}  

首先在@Local和@Remote注解上使用@Conditional(CustomCondition.class)指定条件，然后使用@Local和@Remote注解我们的Service，这样当加载Service时，会先执行条件然后判断是否加载为Bean。@Profile就是这样实现的，其Condition是：org.springframework.context.annotation.ProfileCondition。可以去看下源码，很简单。

用法示例：

spring bean配置文件：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.3.xsd">

    <context:component-scan base-package="com.dx.spring.beans.annotation">
    </context:component-scan>

</beans>

在UserController.java中注入UserService

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.controller;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;

import com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.service.IUserService;

@Controller
public class UserController {
    @Autowired
    private IUserService userService;

    public void add() {
        System.out.println("UserController add ");
        userService.add();
    }
}

UserService中注入UserRepository

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.service;

public interface IUserService {
    void add();
}

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.service;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

import com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.repository.IUserRepository;

@Service(value = "userService")
public class UserServiceImpl implements IUserService {
    @Autowired
    private IUserRepository userRepository;

    @Override
    public void add() {
        System.out.println("UserService add...");
        userRepository.add();
    }
}

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.repository;

public interface IUserRepository {
    void add();
}

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.repository;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

@Repository(value = "userRepository")
public class UserRepositoryImpl implements IUserRepository {
    @Override
    public void add() {
        System.out.println("UserRepository add");
    }
}

Client.java调用测试：

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

import com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.controller.UserController;

public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("bean-component-scan.xml");
        
        UserController userController = (UserController) ctx.getBean("userController");
        System.out.println(userController);
        userController.add();
    }
}

测试1：实现同一个接口的多个Bean注入

添加UserOracleRepositoryImpl.java

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.repository;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

@Repository
public class UserOracleRepositoryImpl implements IUserRepository {
    @Override
    public void add() {
        System.out.println("UserOracleRepositoryImpl add");
    }
}

此时，从新测试执行Client.java，执行通过。UserServiceImpl.java并未抛出异常，一般情况来讲：

@Service(value = "userService")
public class UserServiceImpl implements IUserService {
    @Autowired
    private IUserRepository userRepository;
    。。。
}

这里的userRepository应该包含两个实现类，那么这里是如何成功找到它对应的Bean的呢？

按照userRepository的名称获取而来，因为UserRepositoryImpl.java的注册@Repository(value="userRepository")，按照这个名字而来。

测试2：使用set方法注入Bean

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.service;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

import com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.repository.IUserRepository;

@Service(value = "userService")
public class UserServiceImpl implements IUserService {
    
    private IUserRepository userRepository;
    @Autowired
    public void setUserRepository(IUserRepository userRepository) {
        this.userRepository = userRepository;
    }
    @Override
    public void add() {
        System.out.println("UserService add...");
        userRepository.add();
    }
}

测试3：注入Bean@Autowire上设置属性required=false

修改User为非组件类：

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.component;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

//@Component
public class User {

}

修改UserRepositoryImpl.java注入User：

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.repository;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

import com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.component.User;

@Repository(value = "userRepository")
public class UserRepositoryImpl implements IUserRepository {
    @Autowired(required = false)
    private User user;

    @Override
    public void add() {
        System.out.println("UserRepository add " + user);
    }
}

测试通过，打印信息为：

com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.controller.UserController@166fa74d
UserController add
UserService add...
UserRepository add null

测试4：注入Bean@Qualifier解决一个接口多个实现Bean的问题

修改UserRepositoryImpl.java

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.repository;

public interface IUserRepository {
    void add();
}

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.repository;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

import com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.component.User;

@Repository
public class UserRepositoryImpl implements IUserRepository {
    @Override
    public void add() {
        System.out.println("UserRepository add " + user);
    }
}

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.repository;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

@Repository
public class UserOracleRepositoryImpl implements IUserRepository {
    @Override
    public void add() {
        System.out.println("UserOracleRepositoryImpl add");
    }
}

在UserServiceImpl.java中注入UserRepository：

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.service;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

import com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.repository.IUserRepository;

@Service(value = "userService")
public class UserServiceImpl implements IUserService {
    
    private IUserRepository userRepository;
    @Autowired
    public void setUserRepository(IUserRepository userRepository) {
        this.userRepository = userRepository;
    }
    @Override
    public void add() {
        System.out.println("UserService add...");
        userRepository.add();
    }
}

此时执行就会抛出异常：

Exception encountered during context initialization - cancelling refresh attempt: org.springframework.beans.factory.UnsatisfiedDependencyException: 
Error creating bean with name 'userController': Unsatisfied dependency expressed through field 'userService'; 
nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.UnsatisfiedDependencyException: Error creating bean with name 'userService': 
Unsatisfied dependency expressed through method 'setUserRepository' parameter 0; 
nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: 
No qualifying bean of type 'com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.repository.IUserRepository' available: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate. 
Dependency annotations: {}

解决方案：使用@Qualifier(value="userRepositoryImpl")，指定具体注入的Bean

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.service;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

import com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.repository.IUserRepository;

@Service(value = "userService")
public class UserServiceImpl implements IUserService {
    
    private IUserRepository userRepository;
    @Autowired
    @Qualifier(value="userRepositoryImpl")
    public void setUserRepository(IUserRepository userRepository) {
        this.userRepository = userRepository;
    }
    @Override
    public void add() {
        System.out.println("UserService add...");
        userRepository.add();
    }
}

此时，@Qualifier(value="userRepositoryImpl")也可以注入在set函数入参上：

package com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.service;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

import com.dx.spring.beans.annotation.repository.IUserRepository;

@Service(value = "userService")
public class UserServiceImpl implements IUserService {
    
    private IUserRepository userRepository;
    @Autowired
    public void setUserRepository(@Qualifier(value="userRepositoryImpl") IUserRepository userRepository) {
        this.userRepository = userRepository;
    }
    @Override
    public void add() {
        System.out.println("UserService add...");
        userRepository.add();
    }
}