俗称钩子,用于某个特定的功能
MIDDLEWARE = [ 'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware', 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware', 'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware', ]
中间件方法:
1. request预处理函数process_request(self,request)
这个方法的调用时机在Django接收到request之后,但仍未解析URL以确定应当运行的view之前。
2. view预处理函数process_view(self,request,view,*args,**kwarg)
这个方法的调用时机在Django执行完request预处理函数并确定待执行的view之后,但在view函数实际执行之前。
3. response后处理函数process_response(self,request,response)
这个方法的调用时机在Django执行view函数并生成response之后
4. Exception后处理函数process_exception(self,request,exception)
这个方法只有在request处理过程中出了问题并且view函数抛出了一个未捕获的异常时才会被调用。 这个钩子可以用来发送错误通知,将现场相关信息输出到日志文件, 或者甚至尝试从错误中自动恢复。
自己实现中间件需继承MiddlewareMixin或者自己实现__init__和__call__方法,官方文档如下
class SimpleMiddleware: def __init__(self, get_response): self.get_response = get_response # One-time configuration and initialization. def __call__(self, request): # Code to be executed for each request before # the view (and later middleware) are called. response = self.get_response(request) # Code to be executed for each request/response after # the view is called. return response
举个常见的小栗子,记录访问者的IP地址(nginx access_log),中间件就可以完成。
【app.middleware.py】
from datetime import datetime from django.http import HttpResponse from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin class IpLogMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin): """ip记录""" def process_request(self,request): with open("IpLog.txt","a")as f: # print(request.META["REMOTE_ADDR"]) if request.META.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR',None): ip = request.META['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'] else: ip = request.META['REMOTE_ADDR'] t = datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") remote_addr = ip+"- -|"+t+" " f.write(remote_addr) return None