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  • 2.x与3.x差异、条件语句、数据类型、其他

    一、输入（raw_input）=====》python2.x版本

    1 #!/usr/bin/env python
2 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
3   
4 # 将用户输入的内容赋值给 name 变量
5 name = raw_input("请输入用户名：")
6   
7 # 打印输入的内容
8 print name

    输入密码时，如果想要不可见，需要利用getpass 模块中的 getpass方法，即：

     1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 3   
 4 import getpass
 5   
 6 # 将用户输入的内容赋值给 name 变量
 7 pwd = getpass.getpass("请输入密码：")
 8   
 9 # 打印输入的内容
10 print pwd

    二、 流程控制和缩进（if语句    while循环）

    Python语言中严格区分缩进的大小，缩进不正确会报错。

     1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 # -*- coding: encoding -*-
 3   
 4 # 提示输入用户名和密码
 5   
 6 # 验证用户名和密码
 7 #     如果错误，则输出用户名或密码错误
 8 #     如果成功，则输出 欢迎，XXX!
 9  
10  
11 import getpass
12   
13   
14 name = raw_input('请输入用户名：')
15 pwd = getpass.getpass('请输入密码：')
16   
17 if name == "zhao" and pwd == "cmd":
18     print "欢迎，zhao！"
19 else:
20     print "用户名和密码错误"

    1.单个if判断语句

    if  条件：

　　代码块

else：

　　代码块

    2.多个if判断语句

     1 if  条件：
 2 
 3  　　代码块
 4 
 5 elif 条件：
 6 
 7 　　代码块
 8 
 9 elif 条件：
10 
11 　　代码块
12 
13 else：
14 
15 　　代码块

    while循环

    1、基本循环

    1 while 条件:
2      
3     # 循环体
4  
5     # 如果条件为真，那么循环体则执行
6     # 如果条件为假，那么循环体不执行

    2、break

    break用于退出所有循环

    1 while True:
2     print "123"
3     break
4     print "456"

    3、continue

    continue用于退出当前循环，继续下一次循环

    1 while True:
2     print "123"
3     continue
4     print "456"
     #例如,当为真，则打印yes，是个无限循环语句
 while True:
     print('yes')

#也可以通过break,或continue关键字去控制语句的输出，如下
count = 0
while True:
    if count >2:
        break    #当条件满足时，则使用break中断语句的执行
    count +=1    #每一次循环，都在count基础上加1

    for循环

    #for循环与while循环，for循环是可以预知循环次数的，不需要人为大中断，也能自己结束，而while是需要一个结束条件的。例如
#语法
for iterating_var in sequence:
    statements(s)


#实例
for number in range(10):
    print(number)

#将会打印输出0-9

    and ... or ... not

    #and or not 一般用于多重条件判断时使用，例如

a = 1
b = 2
if a > 0 and b > a:
    print(a+b)

#打印结果将输出3，只要其中一个条件不满，则不会执行语句块的代码

if a < 0 or b>a:
    print(a+b)

#打印结果将输出3，只要有其中任一个条件满足，则执行语句代码块


if not a:
    print(a+b)


#这里不会输出任何东西，因为a是大于0，为真，只有条件为假，才会执行代码快语句

    三、python运算符

    1、python赋值运算

    运算符描述示例
    = 简单的赋值运算符，赋值从右侧操作数左侧操作数 c = a + b将指定的值 a + b 到  c
    += 加法AND赋值操作符，它增加了右操作数左操作数和结果赋给左操作数 c += a 相当于 c = c + a
    -= 减AND赋值操作符，它减去右边的操作数从左边操作数，并将结果赋给左操作数 c -= a 相当于 c = c - a
    *= 乘法AND赋值操作符，它乘以右边的操作数与左操作数，并将结果赋给左操作数 c *= a 相当于 c = c * a
    /= 除法AND赋值操作符，它把左操作数与正确的操作数，并将结果赋给左操作数 c /= a 相当于= c / a
    %= 模量AND赋值操作符，它需要使用两个操作数的模量和分配结果左操作数 c %= a is equivalent to c = c % a
    **= 指数AND赋值运算符，执行指数（功率）计算操作符和赋值给左操作数 c **= a 相当于 c = c ** a
    //= 地板除，并分配一个值，执行地板除对操作和赋值给左操作数 c //= a 相当于 c = c // a

    1.2、Python位运算符：　

    操作符描述示例
    & 二进制和复制操作了一下，结果，如果它存在于两个操作数。 (a & b) = 12 即 0000 1100
    | 二进制或复制操作了一个比特，如果它存在一个操作数中。 (a | b) = 61 即 0011 1101
    ^ 二进制异或运算符的副本，如果它被设置在一个操作数而不是两个比特。 (a ^ b) =  49 即  0011 0001
    ~ 二进制的补运算符是一元的，并有“翻转”位的效果。 (~a ) =  -61 即 1100 0011以2的补码形式由于带符号二进制数。
    << 二进位向左移位运算符。左操作数的值左移由右操作数指定的位数。 a << 2 = 240 即 1111 0000
    >> 二进位向右移位运算符。左操作数的值是由右操作数指定的位数向右移动。 a >> 2 = 15 即 0000 1111

     2、比较运算：

    3、赋值运算

    四、赋值运算

    五、Python逻辑运算符

    运算符描述示例
    and 所谓逻辑与运算符。如果两个操作数都是真的，那么则条件成立。 (a and b) 为 true.
    or 所谓逻辑OR运算符。如果有两个操作数都是非零然后再条件变为真。 (a or b) 为 true.
    not 所谓逻辑非运算符。用于反转操作数的逻辑状态。如果一个条件为真，则逻辑非运算符将返回false。

    not(a and b) 为 false.

     五、python基本数据类型

    　　查看类的所有方法：dir(类名)如下，就打印出了所有的类方法。

    　　如下：

    # python3.x
dir(int)
# ['__abs__', '__add__', '__and__', '__bool__', '__ceil__', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__divmod__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__float__', '__floor__', '__floordiv__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getnewargs__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__index__', '__init__', '__int__', '__invert__', '__le__', '__lshift__', '__lt__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__neg__', '__new__', '__or__', '__pos__', '__pow__', '__radd__', '__rand__', '__rdivmod__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rfloordiv__', '__rlshift__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__ror__', '__round__', '__rpow__', '__rrshift__', '__rshift__', '__rsub__', '__rtruediv__', '__rxor__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__sub__', '__subclasshook__', '__truediv__', '__trunc__', '__xor__', 'bit_length', 'conjugate', 'denominator', 'from_bytes', 'imag', 'numerator', 'real', 'to_bytes']


# python 2.x
dir(int)
# ['__abs__', '__add__', '__and__', '__class__', '__cmp__', '__coerce__', '__delattr__', '__div__', '__divmod__', '__doc__', '__float__', '__floordiv__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__getnewargs__', '__hash__', '__hex__', '__index__', '__init__', '__int__', '__invert__', '__long__', '__lshift__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__neg__', '__new__', '__nonzero__', '__oct__', '__or__', '__pos__', '__pow__', '__radd__', '__rand__', '__rdiv__', '__rdivmod__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rfloordiv__', '__rlshift__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__ror__', '__rpow__', '__rrshift__', '__rshift__', '__rsub__', '__rtruediv__', '__rxor__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__sub__', '__subclasshook__', '__truediv__', '__trunc__', '__xor__', 'bit_length', 'conjugate', 'denominator', 'imag', 'numerator', 'real']

    1、数字

    int（整型）

    　　在32位机器上，整数的位数为32位，取值范围为-2**31～2**31-1，即-2147483648～2147483647
    　　在64位系统上，整数的位数为64位，取值范围为-2**63～2**63-1，即-9223372036854775808～9223372036854775807
     
    #返回表示该数字的时占用的最少位数
        >>> (951).bit_length()
        10
 
#返回绝对值
        >>> (95).__abs__()
        95
        >>> (-95).__abs__()
        95
 
#用来区分数字和字符串的
        >>> (95).__add__(1)
        96
        >>> (95).__add__("1")
        NotImplemented
 
#判断一个整数对象是否为0，如果为0,则返回False，如果不为0，则返回True
        >>> (95).__bool__()
        True
        >>> (0).__bool__()
        False
 
#判断两个值是否相等
        >>> (95).__eq__(95)
        True
        >>> (95).__eq__(9)
        False
 
#判断是否不等于
        >>> (95).__ne__(9)
         True
        >>> (95).__ne__(95)
        False
 
#判断是否大于等于
        >>> (95).__ge__(9)
        True
        >>> (95).__ge__(99)
        False
 
#判断是否大于
        >>> (95).__gt__(9)
        True
        >>> (95).__gt__(99)
        False
 
#判断是否小于等于
        >>> (95).__le__(99)
        True
        >>> (95).__le__(9)
        False
 
#判断是否小于
        >>> (95).__lt__(9)
         False
        >>> (95).__lt__(99)
        True
 
#加法运算
        >>> (95).__add__(5)
        100
 
#减法运算
        >>> (95).__sub__(5)
        90
 
#乘法运算
        >>> (95).__mul__(10)
        950
 
#除法运算
        >>> (95).__truediv__(5)
        19.0
 
#取模运算
        >>> (95).__mod__(9)
        5
 
#幂运算
        >>> (2).__pow__(10)
        1024
 
#整除，保留结果的整数部分
        >>> (95).__floordiv__(9)
        >>>
 
#转换为整型
        >>> (9.5).__int__()
        9
 
#返回一个对象的整数部分
        >>> (9.5).__trunc__()
        9
 
#将正数变为负数，将负数变为正数
        >>> (95).__neg__()
        -95
        >>> (-95).__neg__()
        95
 
#将一个正数转为字符串
        >>> a = 95
        >>> a = a.__str__()
        >>> print(type(a))
         <class 'str'>
 
#将一个整数转换成浮点型
        >>> (95).__float__()
        95.0
 
#转换对象的类型
        >>> (95).__format__('f')
        '95.000000'
        >>> (95).__format__('b')
        '1011111'
 
#在内存中占多少个字节
        >>> a = 95
        >>> a.__sizeof__()
        28
    class int(object):
    """
    int(x=0) -> integer
    int(x, base=10) -> integer

    Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
    are given.  If x is a number, return x.__int__().  For floating point
    numbers, this truncates towards zero.

    If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
    bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
    given base.  The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
    by whitespace.  The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
    Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
    >>> int('0b100', base=0)
    """
    def bit_length(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        int.bit_length() -> int

        Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
        """
        """
        表示该数字返回时占用的最少位数

        >>> (951).bit_length()
        10
        """
        return 0

    def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int."""

        """
        返回该复数的共轭复数
 
        #返回复数的共轭复数
        >>> (95 + 11j).conjugate()
        (95-11j)
        #返回复数的实数部分
        >>> (95 + 11j).real
        95.0
        #返回复数的虚数部分
        >>> (95 + 11j).imag
        11.0
        """
        pass

    @classmethod # known case
    def from_bytes(cls, bytes, byteorder, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__
        """
        int.from_bytes(bytes, byteorder, *, signed=False) -> int

        Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.

        The bytes argument must be a bytes-like object (e.g. bytes or bytearray).

        The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the
        integer.  If byteorder is 'big', the most significant byte is at the
        beginning of the byte array.  If byteorder is 'little', the most
        significant byte is at the end of the byte array.  To request the native
        byte order of the host system, use `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.

        The signed keyword-only argument indicates whether two's complement is
        used to represent the integer.
        """
        """
        这个方法是在Python3.2的时候加入的,python官方给出了下面几个例子：
        >>> int.from_bytes(b'x00x10', byteorder='big')
        >>> int.from_bytes(b'x00x10', byteorder='little')
        >>> int.from_bytes(b'xfcx00', byteorder='big', signed=True)
        -1024
        >>> int.from_bytes(b'xfcx00', byteorder='big', signed=False)
        >>> int.from_bytes([255, 0, 0], byteorder='big')
        """
        pass

    def to_bytes(self, length, byteorder, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__
        """
        int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, *, signed=False) -> bytes

        Return an array of bytes representing an integer.

        The integer is represented using length bytes.  An OverflowError is
        raised if the integer is not representable with the given number of
        bytes.

        The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the
        integer.  If byteorder is 'big', the most significant byte is at the
        beginning of the byte array.  If byteorder is 'little', the most
        significant byte is at the end of the byte array.  To request the native
        byte order of the host system, use `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.

        The signed keyword-only argument determines whether two's complement is
        used to represent the integer.  If signed is False and a negative integer
        is given, an OverflowError is raised.
        """
        """
        python官方给出了下面几个例子：
        >>> (1024).to_bytes(2, byteorder='big')
        b'x04x00'
        >>> (1024).to_bytes(10, byteorder='big')
        b'x00x00x00x00x00x00x00x00x04x00'
        >>> (-1024).to_bytes(10, byteorder='big', signed=True)
        b'xffxffxffxffxffxffxffxffxfcx00'
        >>> x = 1000
        >>> x.to_bytes((x.bit_length() // 8) + 1, byteorder='little')
        b'xe8x03'
        """
        pass

    def __abs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ abs(self)"""

        """
        返回一个绝对值

        >>> (95).__abs__()
        -95
        >>> (-95).__abs__()
        95
        """
        pass


    def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self+value."""

        """
        加法，也可区分数字和字符串

        >>> (95).__add__(1)
        96
        >>> (95).__add__("1")
        NotImplemented
        >>>
        """
        pass

    def __and__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self&value."""
        pass

    def __bool__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ self != 0 """

        """
        判断一个整数对象是否为0，如果为0,则返回False，如果不为0，则返回True

        >>> (95).__bool__()
        True
        >>> (0).__bool__()
        False
        """
        pass

    def __ceil__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Ceiling of an Integral returns itself. """
        pass

    def __divmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return divmod(self, value). """
        """
        返回一个元组，第一个元素为商，第二个元素为余数

        >>> (9).__divmod__(5)
        (1, 4)
        """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self==value. """
        """
        判断两个值是否相等

        >>> (95).__eq__(95)
        True
        >>> (95).__eq__(9)
        False
        """
        pass

    def __float__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ float(self) """
        """
        将一个整数转换成浮点型

        >>> (95).__float__()
        95.0
        """
        pass

    def __floordiv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self//value. """
        """
        整除，保留结果的整数部分

        >>> (95).__floordiv__(9)
        10
        """
        pass

    def __floor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Flooring an Integral returns itself. """
        """
        返回本身

        >>> (95).__floor__()
        95
        """
        pass

    def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        转换对象的类型

        >>> (95).__format__('f')
        '95.000000'
        >>> (95).__format__('b')
        '1011111'
        """
        pass


    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return getattr(self, name). """
        """
        判断这个类中是否包含这个属性，如果包含则打印出值，如果不包含，就报错了

        >>> (95).__getattribute__('__abs__')
        <method-wrapper '__abs__' of int object at 0x9f93c0>
        >>> (95).__getattribute__('__aaa__')
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
        AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute '__aaa__'
        """
        pass

    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>=value. """
        """
        判断是否大于等于

        >>> (95).__ge__(9)
        True
        >>> (95).__ge__(99)
        False
        """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>value. """
        """
        判断是否大于

        >>> (95).__gt__(9)
        True
        >>> (95).__gt__(99)
        False
        """
        pass

    def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return hash(self). """
        """
        计算哈希值，整数返回本身

        >>> (95).__hash__()
        95
        >>> (95.95).__hash__()
        2190550858753015903
        """
        pass

    def __index__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list. """
        pass

    def __init__(self, x, base=10): # known special case of int.__init__
        """
         这个是一个类的初始化方法，当int类被实例化的时候，这个方法默认就会被执行
        """
        """
        int(x=0) -> integer
        int(x, base=10) -> integer

        Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
        are given.  If x is a number, return x.__int__().  For floating point
        numbers, this truncates towards zero.

        If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
        bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
        given base.  The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
        by whitespace.  The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
        Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
        >>> int('0b100', base=0)
        # (copied from class doc)
        """   
        pass

    def __int__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ int(self) """
        """
        转换为整型

        >>> (9.5).__int__()
        9
        """
        pass


    def __invert__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ ~self """

        pass

    def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<=value. """
        """
        判断是否小于等于
     
        >>> (95).__le__(99)
        True
        >>> (95).__le__(9)
        False
        """
        pass

    def __lshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<<value. """
        """
        用于二进制位移，这个是向左移动

        >>> bin(95)
        '0b1011111'
        >>> a = (95).__lshift__(2)
        >>> bin(a)
        '0b101111100'
         >>> 
        """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<value. """
        """
        判断是否小于

        >>> (95).__lt__(9)
        False
        >>> (95).__lt__(99)
        True
        """
        pass

    def __mod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self%value. """
        """
        取模 %

        >>> (95).__mod__(9)
        """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value. """
        """
        乘法 *

        >>> (95).__mul__(10)
        """
        pass

    def __neg__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ -self """
        """
        将正数变为负数，将负数变为正数

        >>> (95).__neg__()
        -95
        >>> (-95).__neg__()
        95
        """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self!=value. """
        """
        不等于

        >>> (95).__ne__(9)
        True
        >>> (95).__ne__(95)
        False
        """
        pass

    def __or__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self|value. """
        """
        二进制或的关系，只要有一个为真，就为真

        >>> a = 4
        >>> b = 0
        >>> a.__or__(b)     # a --> 00000100        b --> 00000000
        >>> b = 1           # b --> 00000001
        >>> a.__or__(b)
        """
        pass

    def __pos__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ +self """
        pass

    def __pow__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return pow(self, value, mod). """
        """
        幂

        >>> (2).__pow__(10)
        1024
        """    
        pass

    def __radd__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signatre unknown
        """ Return value+self. """
        """
        加法，将value放在前面

        >>> a.__radd__(b)       # 相当于 b+a 
        """
        pass

    def __rand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value&self. """
        """
        二进制与的关系，两个都为真，才为真，有一个为假，就为假
        """
        pass

    def __rdivmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return divmod(value, self). """
        pass

    def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return repr(self). """
        pass

    def __rfloordiv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value//self. """
        pass

    def __rlshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value<<self. """
        pass

    def __rmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value%self. """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value*self. """
        pass

    def __ror__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value|self. """
        pass

    def __round__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Rounding an Integral returns itself.
        Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
        """
        pass

    def __rpow__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return pow(value, self, mod). """
        pass

    def __rrshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value>>self. """
        pass

    def __rshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>>value. """
        pass

    def __rsub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value-self. """
        pass

    def __rtruediv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value/self. """
        pass

    def __rxor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value^self. """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Returns size in memory, in bytes """
        """
        在内存中占多少个字节

        >>> a = 95
        >>> a.__sizeof__()
        28
        """
        pass

    def __str__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return str(self). """
        """
        将一个正数转为字符串

        >>> a = 95 
        >>> a = a.__str__()
        >>> print(type(a))
        <class 'str'>
        """
        pass

    def __sub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self-value. """
        """
        减法运算

        >>> (95).__sub__(5)
        90
        """
        pass

    def __truediv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self/value. """
        """
        除法运算

        >>> (95).__truediv__(5)
        19.0
        """
        pass

    def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Truncating an Integral returns itself. """
        """
        返回一个对象的整数部分

        >>> (95.95).__trunc__()
        95
        """
        pass
    def __xor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self^value. """
        """
        将对象与值进行二进制的或运算，一个为真，就为真

        >>> a = 4
        >>> b = 1
        >>> a.__xor__(b)
        >>> c = 0
        >>> a.__xor__(c)
        """

        pass

    denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """ 分母 = 1 """
    """the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""

    imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """ 虚数 """
    """the imaginary part of a complex number"""

    numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """ 分子 = 数字大小 """
    """the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""

    real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """ 实属 """
    """the real part of a complex number"""

    2、布尔值

    　　真或假
    　　1 或 0

    3、字符串

    "Hello World!"

    s = "nick"
 
#索引
print(s[0])
print(s[1])
print(s[2])
print(s[3])
 
#长度
ret = len(s)
print(ret)
 
#切片
print(s[1:3])
print(s.rsplit("ic"))
 
#替换
name = "Nick is good, Today is nice day."
a = name.replace("good","man")
print(a)
 
#连接两个字符串
li = ["nick","serven"]
a = "".join(li)
b = "_".join(li)
print(a)
print(b)
 
#指定的分隔符将字符串进行分割
a = s.rpartition("i")
print(a)
 
#分割，前，中，后三部分
name = "Nick is good, Today is nice day."
a = name.partition("good")
print(a)
 
#for循环
for i in s:
    print(i)
for i in range(5):
    print(i)
 
# 反转
s = 'ssssssssss111'
print(s[::-1])  # 111ssssssssss
    class str(object):
    """
    str(object='') -> str
    str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str
    
    Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or
    errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer
    that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.
    Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)
    or repr(object).
    encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().
    errors defaults to 'strict'.
    """
    def capitalize(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        首字母变大写
        name = "nick is good, Today is nice day."
        a = name.capitalize()
                print(a)
        """
        S.capitalize() -> str
        
        Return a capitalized version of S, i.e. make the first character
        have upper case and the rest lower case.
        """
        return ""

    def casefold(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
                首字母变小写
        name = "Nick is good, Today is nice day.
        a =name.casefold()
                print(a)
        """
        S.casefold() -> str
        
        Return a version of S suitable for caseless comparisons.
        """
        return ""

    def center(self, width, fillchar=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        内容居中，width：总长度；fillchar：空白处填充内容，默认无。
        name = "Nick is good, Today is nice day.
                a = name.center(60,'$')
                print(a)
        """
        S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> str
        Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is
        done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
        """
        return ""

    def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        子序列个数，0到26中n出现了几次。
                name = "nck is good, Today is nice day.
                a = name.count("n",0,26)
                print(a)
        """
        S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
        
        Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
        string S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are
        interpreted as in slice notation.
        """
        return 0

    def encode(self, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
                编码，针对unicode.
                temp = "烧饼
                temp.encode("unicode")
        """
        S.encode(encoding='utf-8', errors='strict') -> bytes
        
        Encode S using the codec registered for encoding. Default encoding
        is 'utf-8'. errors may be given to set a different error
        handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
        a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
        'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
        codecs.register_error that can handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.
        """
        return b""

    def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
        是否以XX结束，0到4是否以k结尾
        name = "nck is good, Today is nice day.
        a = name.endswith("k",0,4)
        print(a)
        """
        S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
        
        Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
        With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
        With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
        suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
        """
        return False

    def expandtabs(self, tabsize=8): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
        将tab转换成空格，默认一个tab转换成8个空格 
        a = n.expandtabs()
        b = n.expandtabs(16)
        print(a)
        print(b)
        """
        S.expandtabs(tabsize=8) -> str
        
        Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
        If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
        """
        return ""

    def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
        寻找子序列位置，如果没找到，返回 -1。
        name = "nck is good, Today is nice day. "
        a = name.find("nickk")
        print(a)
        """
        S.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
        
        Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
        such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
        arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
        
        Return -1 on failure.
        """
        return 0

    def format(self, *args, **kwargs): # known special case of str.format
        """
    """ 
    字符串格式化，动态参数
    name = "nck is good, Today is nice day. "
    a = name.format()
    print(a)
    """
        S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> str
        
        Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
        The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
        """
        pass

    def format_map(self, mapping): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        """
        dict = {'Foo': 54.23345}
fmt = "Foo = {Foo:.3f}"
result = fmt.format_map(dict)
print(result)   #Foo = 54.233
"""
        S.format_map(mapping) -> str
        
        Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from mapping.
        The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
        """
        return ""

    def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    #子序列位置，如果没有找到就报错
    name = "nck is good, Today is nice day. "
    a = name.index("nick")
    print(a)
    """
        S.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
        
        Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
        """
        return 0

    def isalnum(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
    是否是字母和数字
    name = "nck is good, Today is nice day. "
    a = name.isalnum()
    print(a)
    """
        S.isalnum() -> bool
        
        Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isalpha(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
    是否是字母
    name = "nck is good, Today is nice day. "
    a = name.isalpha()
    print(a)
    """
        S.isalpha() -> bool
        
        Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isdecimal(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    检查字符串是否只包含十进制字符。这种方法只存在于unicode对象。
    """
        S.isdecimal() -> bool
        
        Return True if there are only decimal characters in S,
        False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isdigit(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
    是否是数字
    name = "nck is good, Today is nice day. "
    a = name.isdigit()
    print(a)
    """
        S.isdigit() -> bool
        
        Return True if all characters in S are digits
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isidentifier(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    判断字符串是否可为合法的标识符
        """
S.isidentifier() -> bool
        
        Return True if S is a valid identifier according
        to the language definition.
        
        Use keyword.iskeyword() to test for reserved identifiers
        such as "def" and "class".
        """
        return False

    def islower(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    是否小写 
    name = "nck is good, Today is nice day. "
    a = name.islower()
    print(a)
    """
        S.islower() -> bool
        
        Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is
        at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isnumeric(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    检查是否只有数字字符组成的字符串
    name = "111111111111111”
    a = name.isnumeric()
    print(a)
    """
        S.isnumeric() -> bool
        
        Return True if there are only numeric characters in S,
        False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isprintable(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    判断字符串中所有字符是否都属于可见字符
    name = "nck is good, Today is nice day. "
    a = name.isprintable()
    print(a)
        """
        S.isprintable() -> bool
        
        Return True if all characters in S are considered
        printable in repr() or S is empty, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isspace(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    字符串是否只由空格组成
    name = "  "
    a = name.isspace()
    print(a)
    """
        S.isspace() -> bool
        
        Return True if all characters in S are whitespace
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def istitle(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    检测字符串中所有的单词拼写首字母是否为大写，且其他字母为小写
    name = "Nick, Today."
    a = name.istitle()
    print(a)
    """
    """
        S.istitle() -> bool
        
        Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one
        character in S, i.e. upper- and titlecase characters may only
        follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.
        Return False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isupper(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    检测字符串中所有的字母是否都为大写
    name = "NICK"
    a = name.isupper()
    print(a)
    """
        S.isupper() -> bool
        
        Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is
        at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def join(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
    连接两个字符串
    li = ["nick","serven"]
    a = "".join(li)
    b = "_".join(li)
    print(a)
    print(b)
    """
        S.join(iterable) -> str
        
        Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
        iterable.  The separator between elements is S.
        """
        return ""

    def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
    向左对齐，右侧填充
    name = "nck is good, Today is nice day. "
    a = name.ljust(66)
    print(a)
    """
        S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> str
        
        Return S left-justified in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is
        done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
        """
        return ""

    def lower(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
    容左对齐，右侧填充
    name = "NiNi"
    a = name.lower()
    print(a)
    """
        S.lower() -> str
        
        Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.
        """
        return ""

    def lstrip(self, chars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 移除左侧空白 """
        S.lstrip([chars]) -> str
        
        Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.
        If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
        """
        return ""

    def maketrans(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
    """
    用于创建字符映射的转换表，对于接受两个参数的最简单的调用方式，第一个参数是字符串，表示需要转换的字符，第二个参数也是字符串表示转换的目标。
    from string import maketrans
    intab = "aeiou"
    outtab = "12345"
    trantab = maketrans(intab, outtab)
    str = "this is string example....wow!!!";
    print str.translate(trantab);
    """
        Return a translation table usable for str.translate().
        
        If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping Unicode
        ordinals (integers) or characters to Unicode ordinals, strings or None.
        Character keys will be then converted to ordinals.
        If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length, and
        in the resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped to the
        character at the same position in y. If there is a third argument, it
        must be a string, whose characters will be mapped to None in the result.
        """
        pass

    def partition(self, sep): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
    分割，前，中，后三部分 
    name = "Nick is good, Today is nice day."
    a = name.partition("good")
    print(a)
    """
        S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
        
        Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
        the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not
        found, return S and two empty strings.
        """
        pass

    def replace(self, old, new, count=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
    替换
    name = "Nick is good, Today is nice day."
    a = name.replace("good","man")
    print(a)
    """
        S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> str
        
        Return a copy of S with all occurrences of substring
        old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is
        given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
        """
        return ""

    def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    返回字符串最后一次出现的位置，如果没有匹配项则返回-1
    """
S.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
        
        Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
        such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
        arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
        
        Return -1 on failure.
        """
        return 0

    def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    返回子字符串 str 在字符串中最后出现的位置，如果没有匹配的字符串会报异常
        """
S.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
        
        Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
        """
        return 0

    def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    返回一个原字符串右对齐,并使用空格填充至长度 width 的新字符串。如果指定的长度小于字符串的长度则返回原字符串
        str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
print(str.rjust(50, '$'))
        """
        S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> str
        
        Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
        done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
        """
        return ""

    def rpartition(self, sep): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    根据指定的分隔符将字符串进行分割
    """
        S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
        
        Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return
        the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the
        separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.
        """
        pass

    def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    指定分隔符对字符串进行切片
    name = "Nick is good, Today is nice day."
    a = name.rsplit("is")
    print(a)
    """
        S.rsplit(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings
        
        Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the
        delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and
        working to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
        splits are done. If sep is not specified, any whitespace string
        is a separator.
        """
        return []

    def rstrip(self, chars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    删除 string 字符串末尾的指定字符（默认为空格）
    """
        S.rstrip([chars]) -> str
        
        Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
        If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
        """
        return ""

    def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    通过指定分隔符对字符串进行切片
    str = "Line1-abcdef 
Line2-abc 
Line4-abcd";
    print str.split( );
    print str.split(' ', 1 );
        """
        S.split(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings
        
        Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the
        delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
        splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any
        whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are
        removed from the result.
        """
        return []

    def splitlines(self, keepends=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    按照行分隔，返回一个包含各行作为元素的列表
    """
        S.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of strings
        
        Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.
        Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
        is given and true.
        """
        return []

    def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    检查字符串是否是以指定子字符串开头，如果是则返回 True，否则返回 False
        """
S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
        
        Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
        With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
        With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
        prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
        """
        return False

    def strip(self, chars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    用于移除字符串头尾指定的字符（默认为空格）.
    """
        S.strip([chars]) -> str
        
        Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing
        whitespace removed.
        If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
        """
        return ""

    def swapcase(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    用于对字符串的大小写字母进行转换
    """
        S.swapcase() -> str
        
        Return a copy of S with uppercase characters converted to lowercase
        and vice versa.
        """
        return ""

    def title(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.title() -> str
        
        Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with title case
        characters, all remaining cased characters have lower case.
        """
        return ""

    def translate(self, table): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.translate(table) -> str
        
        Return a copy of the string S in which each character has been mapped
        through the given translation table. The table must implement
        lookup/indexing via __getitem__, for instance a dictionary or list,
        mapping Unicode ordinals to Unicode ordinals, strings, or None. If
        this operation raises LookupError, the character is left untouched.
        Characters mapped to None are deleted.
        """
        return ""

    def upper(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    将字符串中的小写字母转为大写字母
    """
        S.upper() -> str
        
        Return a copy of S converted to uppercase.
        """
        return ""

    def zfill(self, width): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    返回指定长度的字符串，原字符串右对齐，前面填充0
    """
        S.zfill(width) -> str
        
        Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field
        of the specified width. The string S is never truncated.
        """
        return ""

    def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self+value. """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return key in self. """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self==value. """
        pass

    def __format__(self, format_spec): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.__format__(format_spec) -> str
        
        Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.
        """
        return ""

    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return getattr(self, name). """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self[key]. """
        pass

    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>=value. """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>value. """
        pass

    def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return hash(self). """
        pass

    def __init__(self, value='', encoding=None, errors='strict'): # known special case of str.__init__
        """
        str(object='') -> str
        str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str
        
        Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or
        errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer
        that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.
        Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)
        or repr(object).
        encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().
        errors defaults to 'strict'.
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement iter(self). """
        pass

    def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return len(self). """
        pass

    def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<=value. """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<value. """
        pass

    def __mod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self%value. """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value.n """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self!=value. """
        pass

    def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return repr(self). """
        pass

    def __rmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value%self. """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value. """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
        pass

    def __str__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return str(self). """
        pass
    　

    4、列表

     list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'taobao']

    #在列表末尾添加新的对象
list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T']
list.append('taobao')
print(list)
  
#将指定对象插入列表
list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T','baidu']
list.insert(1,"Nick")
print(list)
  
#在列表末尾追加另一个序列中的多个值
list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T','baidu']
list2 = ['nick','baidu']
list.extend(list2)
print(list)
  
  
#统计某个元素在列表中出现的次数
list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T','baidu']
a = list.count('baidu')
print(a)
  
#从列表中找出某个值第一个匹配项的索引位置
list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T','baidu']
a = list.index('baidu')
print(a)
  
  
#移除列表中的一个元素（默认最后一个元素）
list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T','baidu']
list.pop()
print(list)
  
#移除列表中某个值的第一个匹配项
list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T','baidu']
list.remove('baidu')
print(list)
  
#清空列表
list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T']
list.clear()
print(list)
 
#删除指定索引位置
list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T','baidu']
del list[2]
print(list)
 
list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T','baidu']
del list[1:3]    -->顾头不顾尾
print(list)
  
  
#复制列表
list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T']
list2 = list.copy()
print(list2)
  
#对原列表进行排序
list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T','baidu']
list.sort()
print(list)
  
#反向列表中元素
list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T','baidu']
list.reverse()
print(list)　
    class list(object):
    """
    list() -> new empty list
    list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
    """
def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        用于在列表末尾添加新的对象
        list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T']
        list.append('taobao')
        print(list)
        """
        """ L.append(object) -> None -- append object to end """
        pass

def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
        用于清空列表
        list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T']
        list.clear()
        print(list)
        """
        """ L.clear() -> None -- remove all items from L """
        pass

def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
        用于复制列表
        list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T']
        list2 = list.copy()
        print(list2)
    """
        """ L.copy() -> list -- a shallow copy of L """
        return []

def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
        统计某个元素在列表中出现的次数
        list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T','baidu']
        a = list.count('baidu')
        print(a)
        """
        """ L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
        return 0

def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
        在列表末尾一次性追加另一个序列中的多个值
        list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T','baidu']
        list2 = ['nick','baidu']
        list.extend(list2)
        print(list)
        """
        """ L.extend(iterable) -> None -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable """
        pass

    def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    用于从列表中找出某个值第一个匹配项的索引位置
    list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T','baidu']
        a = list.index('baidu')
        print(a)
        """
        L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        return 0

def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
    用于将指定对象插入列表
    list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T','baidu']
        list.insert(1,"Nick")
        print(list)
    """
        """ L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index """
        pass

    def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    移除列表中的一个元素（默认最后一个元素）。
    list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T','baidu']
        list.pop()
        print(list)
    """
    """
        L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).
        Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
        """
        pass

    def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    移除列表中某个值的第一个匹配项
    list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T','baidu']
        list.remove('baidu')
        print(list)
    """
    """
        L.remove(value) -> None -- remove first occurrence of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        pass

def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
    用于反向列表中元素
    list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T','baidu']
        list.reverse()
        print(list)
    """
        """ L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """
        pass

def sort(self, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
    用于对原列表进行排序
    list = ['Google', 'baidu', 'T','baidu']
        list.sort()
        print(list)
    """
        """ L.sort(key=None, reverse=False) -> None -- stable sort *IN PLACE* """
        pass

    def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self+value. """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return key in self. """
        pass

    def __delitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Delete self[key]. """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self==value. """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return getattr(self, name). """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass

    def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>=value. """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>value. """
        pass

    def __iadd__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement self+=value. """
        pass

    def __imul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement self*=value. """
        pass

    def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of list.__init__
        """
        list() -> new empty list
        list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement iter(self). """
        pass

    def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return len(self). """
        pass

    def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<=value. """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<value. """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value.n """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self!=value. """
        pass

    def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return repr(self). """
        pass

    def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value. """
        pass

    def __setitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Set self[key] to value. """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes """
        pass

    __hash__ = None　

    5、元组（不可修改）

    name = ('zhao','jenney')
    #索引
name = ('nick','jenney')
a = name[0]
print(a)
 
#获取指定元素的索引位置
name = ('nick','jenney')
a = name.index('nick')
print(a)
 
#切片
name = ('nick','jenney')
a = name[0:1]
print(a)
 
#计算元素出现的个数
name = ('nick','jenney')
a = name.count('nick')
print(a)
 
#长度
name = ('nick','jenney')
a = len(name)
print(a)
 
#for循环
name = ('nick','jenney')
for i in name:
    print(i)
    class tuple(object):
    """
    tuple() -> empty tuple
    tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
    
    If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
    """
def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        计算元素出现的个数
        name = ('nick','jenney')
        a = name.count('nick')
       print(a)
        """
        """ T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
        return 0

    def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    获取指定元素的索引位置
    name = ('nick','jenney')
        a = name.index('nick')
        print(a)
    """
    """
        T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        return 0

    def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self+value. """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return key in self. """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self==value. """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return getattr(self, name). """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self[key]. """
        pass

    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>=value. """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>value. """
        pass

    def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return hash(self). """
        pass

    def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of tuple.__init__
        """
        tuple() -> empty tuple
        tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
        
        If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement iter(self). """
        pass

    def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return len(self). """
        pass

    def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<=value. """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<value. """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value.n """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self!=value. """
        pass

    def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return repr(self). """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value. """
        pass　

    6、字典（无序）

    user_info = {
        "name":"zhao",
        "age":18,
        "job":"pythoner"
    }
     1 user_info = {
 2     "name":"nick",
 3     "age":18,
 4     "job":"pythoner"
 5 }
 6  
 7 #根据key获取值
 8 a = user_info.get("age")
 9 print(a)
10 a = user_info.get("Age",19")
11 print(a)
12  
13 #所有的key 列表
14 a = user_info.keys()
15 print(a)
16  
17 #所有的值，values
18 a = user_info.values()
19 print(a)
20  
21 #所有项的列表形式
22 a = user_info.items()
23 print(a)
24  
25  
26 #获取并在字典中移除
27 user_info.pop('age')
28 print(user_info)
29  
30 #随机并在字典中移除
31 user_info.popitem()
32 user_info.popitem()
33 print(user_info)
34  
35 #清除内容
36 a = user_info.clear()
37 print(a)
38  
39  
40 #浅拷贝
41 a = user_info.copy()
42 print(a)
43  
44 #如果key不存在，则创建，如果存在，则返回已存在的值且不修改
45 a = user_info.setdefault("age")
46 print(a)
47 user_info.setdefault("cool")
48 print(user_info)
49  
50 #从序列键和值设置为value来创建一个新的字典
51 a = dict.fromkeys(user_info)
52 print(("new dict: %s") % str(a))
53  
54  
55 #更新（两个字典）
56 user_info = {
57     "name":"nick",
58     "age":18,
59     "job":"pythoner"
60 }
61 user_info2 = {
62     "wage":800000000,
63     "drem":"The knife girl"
64 }
65 user_info.update(user_info2)
66 print(user_info)
    View Code
      1 class dict(object):
  2     """
  3     dict() -> new empty dictionary
  4     dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
  5         (key, value) pairs
  6     dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
  7         d = {}
  8         for k, v in iterable:
  9             d[k] = v
 10     dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
 11         in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
 12     """
 13 def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 14 """ 
 15 清除内容
 16 user_info = {
 17 "name":"nick",
 18 "age":18,
 19 "job":"pythoner"
 20 a = user_info.clear()
 21 print(a)
 22 """
 23         """ D.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from D. """
 24         pass
 25 
 26 def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 27 """
 28 浅拷贝
 29 user_info = {
 30     "name":"nick",
 31     "age":18,
 32     "job":"pythoner"
 33 }
 34 a = user_info.copy()
 35 print(a)
 36 """
 37         """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """
 38         pass
 39 
 40     @staticmethod # known case
 41 def fromkeys(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 42 """
 43 从序列键和值设置为value来创建一个新的字典
 44 user_info = {
 45     "name":"nick",
 46     "age":18,
 47     "job":"pythoner"
 48 }
 49 a = dict.fromkeys(user_info)
 50 print(("new dict: %s") % str(a))
 51 """
 52         """ Returns a new dict with keys from iterable and values equal to value. """
 53         pass
 54 
 55 def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 56 """ 
 57 根据key获取值，d是默认值 
 58 user_info = {
 59     "name":"nick",
 60     "age":18,
 61     "job":"pythoner"
 62 }
 63 a = user_info.get("age")
 64 print(a)
 65 """
 66         """ D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d.  d defaults to None. """
 67         pass
 68 
 69 def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 70 """ 
 71 所有项的列表形式 
 72 user_info = {
 73     "name":"nick",
 74     "age":18,
 75     "job":"pythoner"
 76 }
 77 a = user_info.items()
 78 print(a)
 79 """
 80         """ D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """
 81         pass
 82 
 83 def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 84 """
 85 所有的key 列表
 86 user_info = {
 87     "name":"nick",
 88     "age":18,
 89     "job":"pythoner"
 90 }
 91 a = user_info.keys()
 92 print(a)
 93 """
 94         """ D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """
 95         pass
 96 
 97 def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 98 """
 99 获取并在字典中移除
100 user_info = {
101     "name":"nick",
102     "age":18,
103     "job":"pythoner"
104 }
105 user_info.pop('age')
106 print(user_info)
107 """
108         """
109         D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
110         If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
111         """
112         pass
113 
114 def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
115 """ 
116 随机并在字典中移除
117 user_info = {
118     "name":"nick",
119     "age":18,
120     "job":"pythoner"
121 }
122 user_info.popitem()
123 user_info.popitem()
124 print(user_info)
125 """
126         """
127         D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
128         2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
129         """
130         pass
131 
132 def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
133 """ 
134 如果key不存在，则创建，如果存在，则返回已存在的值且不修改 
135 user_info = {
136     "name":"nick",
137     "age":18,
138     "job":"pythoner"
139 }
140 a = user_info.setdefault("age")
141 print(a)
142 user_info.setdefault("cool")
143 print(user_info)
144 """
145         """ D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """
146         pass
147 
148 def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update
149 """ 
150 更新（两个字典）
151 user_info = {
152     "name":"nick",
153     "age":18,
154     "job":"pythoner"
155 }
156 user_info2 = {
157     "wage":800000000,
158     "drem":"The knife girl"
159 }
160 user_info.update(user_info2)
161 print(user_info)
162 """
163         """
164         D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
165         If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does:  for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
166         If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does:  for k, v in E: D[k] = v
167         In either case, this is followed by: for k in F:  D[k] = F[k]
168         """
169         pass
170 
171 def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
172 """
173 所有的值，values
174 user_info = {
175     "name":"nick",
176     "age":18,
177     "job":"pythoner"
178 }
179 a = user_info.values()
180 print(a)
181 """
182         """ D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values """
183         pass
184 
185     def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
186         """ True if D has a key k, else False. """
187         pass
188 
189     def __delitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
190         """ Delete self[key]. """
191         pass
192 
193     def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
194         """ Return self==value. """
195         pass
196 
197     def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
198         """ Return getattr(self, name). """
199         pass
200 
201     def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
202         """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
203         pass
204 
205     def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
206         """ Return self>=value. """
207         pass
208 
209     def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
210         """ Return self>value. """
211         pass
212 
213     def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__
214         """
215         dict() -> new empty dictionary
216         dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
217             (key, value) pairs
218         dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
219             d = {}
220             for k, v in iterable:
221                 d[k] = v
222         dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
223             in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
224         # (copied from class doc)
225         """
226         pass
227 
228     def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
229         """ Implement iter(self). """
230         pass
231 
232     def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
233         """ Return len(self). """
234         pass
235 
236     def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
237         """ Return self<=value. """
238         pass
239 
240     def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
241         """ Return self<value. """
242         pass
243 
244     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
245     def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
246         """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
247         pass
248 
249     def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
250         """ Return self!=value. """
251         pass
252 
253     def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
254         """ Return repr(self). """
255         pass
256 
257     def __setitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
258         """ Set self[key] to value. """
259         pass
260 
261     def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
262         """ D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """
263         pass
264 
265     __hash__ = None
    View Code　

    7、set集合（无序、不重复）

    s = set()
    a = {'nick','jenny','zhao'}

     1 #添加元素
 2 a = {'nick','jenny','zhao'}
 3 a.add('The knife girl')
 4 print(a)
 5  
 6 #更新
 7 a = {'nick','jenny','zhao'}
 8 b = {'nick','jenny','The knife girl'}
 9 a.update(b)
10 print(a)
11  
12  
13 #a中存在。b中不存在，赋给新值
14 a = {'nick','jenny','zhao'}
15 b = {'nick','jenny','The knife girl'}
16 set = a.difference(b)
17 print(set)
18  
19 #a中存在。b中不存在,并更新a
20 a = {'nick','jenny','zhao'}
21 b = {'nick','jenny','The knife girl'}
22 a.difference_update(b)
23 print(a)
24  
25 #交集,赋给新值
26 a = {'nick','jenny','zhao'}
27 b = {'nick','jenny','The knife girl'}
28 set = a.intersection(b)
29 print(set)
30  
31 #交集，更新a
32 a = {'nick','jenny','zhao'}
33 b = {'nick','jenny','The knife girl'}
34 a.intersection_update(b)
35 print(a)
36  
37 #对称交集
38 a = {'nick','jenny','zhao'}
39 b = {'nick','jenny','The knife girl'}
40 set = a.symmetric_difference(b)
41 print(set)
42  
43 #对称交集，更新a
44 a = {'nick','jenny','zhao'}
45 b = {'nick','jenny','The knife girl'}
46 a.symmetric_difference_update(b)
47 print(a)
48  
49 #并集，赋给新值
50 a = {'nick','jenny','zhao'}
51 b = {'nick','jenny','The knife girl'}
52 set = a.union(b)
53 print(set)
54  
55 #如果没有交集，返回True，否则返回False
56 a = {'nick','jenny','zhao'}
57 b = {'nick','jenny','The knife girl'}
58 set = a.isdisjoint(b)
59 print(set)
60  
61 #是否是子序列
62 a = {'nick','jenny','zhao'}
63 b = {'nick','jenny'}
64 set = a.issubset(b)
65 print(set)
66  
67 #是否是父序列
68 a = {'nick','jenny','zhao'}
69 b = {'nick','jenny'}
70 set = a.issuperset(b)
71 print(set)
72  
73  
74 #移除指定元素，不存在不报错
75 a = {'nick','jenny','zhao'}
76 a.discard('suo')
77 print(a)
78  
79 #移除指定元素，不存在则报错
80 a = {'nick','jenny','zhao'}
81 a.remove('suo')
82 print(a)
83 a.remove('suo')
84 print(a)
85  
86 #移除随机元素，并赋给新值
87 a = {'nick','jenny','zhao'}
88 set = a.pop()
89 print(set)
90  
91 #清空
92 a = {'nick','jenny','zhao'}
93 a.clear()
94 print(a)
    View Code
      1 class set(object):
  2     """
  3     set() -> new empty set object
  4     set(iterable) -> new set object
  5     
  6     Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
  7     """
  8 def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  9 """添加元素
 10 >>> a = {'nick','jenny','suo'}
 11 >>> a.add('nick')
 12 >>> a
 13 {'suo', 'jenny', 'nick'}
 14 >>> a.add('love')
 15 >>> a
 16 {'suo', 'love', 'jenny', 'nick'}
 17 """
 18         """
 19         Add an element to a set.
 20         
 21         This has no effect if the element is already present.
 22         """
 23         pass
 24 
 25 def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 26 """清除内容
 27 >>> a = {'nick','jenny','suo'}
 28 >>> a.clear()
 29 >>> a
 30 set()
 31 """
 32         """ Remove all elements from this set. """
 33         pass
 34 
 35 def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 36 """浅拷贝
 37 >>> a = {'nick','jenny','suo'}
 38 >>> b = a.copy()
 39 >>> b
 40 {'suo', 'jenny', 'nick'}
 41 """
 42         """ Return a shallow copy of a set. """
 43         pass
 44 
 45 def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 46 """A中存在，B中不存在
 47 >>> a = {'nick','jenny','suo'}
 48 >>> b = {'nick','jenny','The knife girl'}
 49 >>> a.difference(b)
 50 {'suo'}
 51 """
 52         """
 53         Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.
 54         
 55         (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
 56         """
 57         pass
 58 
 59 def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 60 """从当前集合中删除和B中相同的元素
 61 >>> a = {'nick','jenny','suo'}
 62 >>> b = {'nick','jenny','The knife girl'}
 63 >>> a.difference_update(b)
 64 >>> a
 65 {'suo'}
 66 """
 67         """ Remove all elements of another set from this set. """
 68         pass
 69 
 70 def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 71 """移除指定元素，不存在不报错
 72 >>> a = {'nick','jenny','suo'}
 73 >>> a.discard('suo')
 74 >>> a
 75 {'jenny', 'nick'}
 76 >>> a.discard('The knife girl')
 77 >>> a
 78 {'jenny', 'nick'}
 79 """
 80         """
 81         Remove an element from a set if it is a member.
 82         
 83         If the element is not a member, do nothing.
 84         """
 85         pass
 86 
 87 def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 88 """a与b的交集
 89 >>> a = {'nick','jenny','suo'}
 90 >>> b = {'nick','jenny','The knife girl'}
 91 >>> a.intersection(b)
 92 {'jenny', 'nick'}
 93 """
 94         """
 95         Return the intersection of two sets as a new set.
 96         
 97         (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)
 98         """
 99         pass
100 
101 def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
102 """取交集并更更新到A中
103 >>> a = {'nick','jenny','suo'}
104 >>> b = {'nick','jenny','The knife girl'}
105 >>> a.intersection_update(b)
106 >>> a
107 {'jenny', 'nick'}
108 """
109         """ Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. """
110         pass
111 
112 def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
113 """如果没有交集，返回True，否则返回False
114 >>> a = {'nick','jenny','suo'}
115 >>> b = {'nick','jenny','The knife girl'}
116 >>> a.isdisjoint(b)
117 False
118 """
119         """ Return True if two sets have a null intersection. """
120         pass
121 
122 def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
123 """是否是子序列
124 >>> a = {'nick','jenny','suo'}
125 >>> b = {'nick','jenny'}
126 >>> b.issubset(a)
127 True
128 >>> a.issubset(b)
129 False
130 """
131         """ Report whether another set contains this set. """
132         pass
133 
134 def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
135 """是否是父序列
136 >>> a = {'nick','jenny','suo'}
137 >>> b = {'nick','jenny'}
138 >>> a.issuperset(b)
139 True
140 >>> b.issuperset(a)
141 False
142 """
143         """ Report whether this set contains another set. """
144         pass
145 
146 def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
147 """移除元素
148 >>> a = {'nick','jenny','suo'}
149 >>> a.pop()
150 'suo'
151 >>> a
152 {'jenny', 'nick'}
153 """
154         """
155         Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
156         Raises KeyError if the set is empty.
157         """
158         pass
159 
160 def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
161 """移除指定元素，不存在报错
162 >>> a = {'nick','jenny','suo'}
163 >>> a.remove('nick')
164 >>> a
165 {'suo', 'jenny'}
166 >>> a.remove('The knife girl')
167 Traceback (most recent call last):
168   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
169 KeyError: 'The knife girl'
170 >>> 
171 """
172         """
173         Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.
174         
175         If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError.
176         """
177         pass
178 
179 def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
180 """对称交集
181 >>> a = {'nick','jenny','suo'}
182 >>> b = {'nick','jenny','The knife girl'}
183 >>> a.symmetric_difference(b)
184 {'suo', 'The knife girl'}
185 """
186         """
187         Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.
188         
189         (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
190         """
191         pass
192 
193 def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
194 """对称交集，并更新到a中
195 >>> a = {'nick','jenny','suo'}
196 >>> b = {'nick','jenny','The knife girl'}
197 >>> a.symmetric_difference_update(b)
198 >>> a
199 {'suo', 'The knife girl'}
200 """
201         """ Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. """
202         pass
203 
204 def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
205 """并集
206 >>> a = {'nick','jenny','suo'}
207 >>> b = {'nick','jenny','The knife girl'}
208 >>> a.union(b)
209 {'suo', 'jenny', 'nick', 'The knife girl'}
210 """
211         """
212         Return the union of sets as a new set.
213         
214         (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
215         """
216         pass
217 
218 def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
219 """更新
220 >>> a = {'nick','jenny','suo'}
221 >>> b = {'nick','jenny','The knife girl'}
222 >>> a.update(b)
223 >>> a
224 {'suo', 'jenny', 'nick', 'The knife girl'}
225 >>> b
226 {'jenny', 'nick', 'The knife girl'}
227 """
228         """ Update a set with the union of itself and others. """
229         pass
230 
231     def __and__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
232         """ Return self&value. """
233         pass
234 
235     def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
236         """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. """
237         pass
238 
239     def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
240         """ Return self==value. """
241         pass
242 
243     def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
244         """ Return getattr(self, name). """
245         pass
246 
247     def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
248         """ Return self>=value. """
249         pass
250 
251     def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
252         """ Return self>value. """
253         pass
254 
255     def __iand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
256         """ Return self&=value. """
257         pass
258 
259     def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of set.__init__
260         """
261         set() -> new empty set object
262         set(iterable) -> new set object
263         
264         Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
265         # (copied from class doc)
266         """
267         pass
268 
269     def __ior__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
270         """ Return self|=value. """
271         pass
272 
273     def __isub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
274         """ Return self-=value. """
275         pass
276 
277     def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
278         """ Implement iter(self). """
279         pass
280 
281     def __ixor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
282         """ Return self^=value. """
283         pass
284 
285     def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
286         """ Return len(self). """
287         pass
288 
289     def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
290         """ Return self<=value. """
291         pass
292 
293     def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
294         """ Return self<value. """
295         pass
296 
297     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
298     def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
299         """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
300         pass
301 
302     def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
303         """ Return self!=value. """
304         pass
305 
306     def __or__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
307         """ Return self|value. """
308         pass
309 
310     def __rand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
311         """ Return value&self. """
312         pass
313 
314     def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
315         """ Return state information for pickling. """
316         pass
317 
318     def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
319         """ Return repr(self). """
320         pass
321 
322     def __ror__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
323         """ Return value|self. """
324         pass
325 
326     def __rsub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
327         """ Return value-self. """
328         pass
329 
330     def __rxor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
331         """ Return value^self. """
332         pass
333 
334     def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
335         """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
336         pass
337 
338     def __sub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
339         """ Return self-value. """
340         pass
341 
342     def __xor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
343         """ Return self^value. """
344         pass
345 
346     __hash__ = None
    View Code

    六、其他

    1、for循环

    用户按照顺序循环可迭代对象中的内容

    name = ('nick','jenney')
for i in name:
    print(i)

    2、enumrate

    为可迭代的对象添加序号
    user_info = {
    "name":"nick",
    "age":18,
    "job":"pythoner"
}
for k,v in enumerate(user_info,1):
    print(k,v,user_info.get(v))

    　3、range和xrange

    指定范围，生成指定的数字
    #python 2.7 版本
print range(1, 10)
# 结果：[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
  
print range(1, 10, 2)
# 结果：[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
  
print range(30, 0, -2)
# 结果：[30, 28, 26, 24, 22, 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2]
 
 
#python 3.5 版本
a = range(10)
print(a)
#结果：range(0, 10)

    4、编码与进制转换

    • utf-8与gbk编码转换

    utf-8 —> unicode（通过解码方法转换：decode）
gbk —> unicode (通过解码方法转换：decode)
unicode —> utf-8 (通过编码方法转换：encode)
unicode —> gbk (通过编码方法转换：encode)
    • 进制的转换

    • 把字符串用进制表示出来
    name = "小鱼"
 
a = bytes(name,encoding='utf-8')
print(a)
for i in a:
    print(i,bin(i))
 
#输出结果（utf-8 三个字节表示一个汉字）
b'xe7xb4xa2xe5xaex81'
231 0b11100111
180 0b10110100
162 0b10100010
229 0b11100101
174 0b10101110
129 0b10000001
 
 
b = bytes(name,encoding='gbk')
print(b)
for i in b:
    print(i,bin(i))
 
#输出结果（gbk 两个字节表示一个汉字）
b'xcbxf7xc4xfe'
203 0b11001011
247 0b11110111
196 0b11000100
254 0b11111110　　
    练习题：
    1.练习题1-while循环输入 1 2 3 4 5 6  8 9 10
    #!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
i = 0
while i < 10:
    i += 1
    print(i)

    2.练习题2-求1-100的所有数的和

    1 #!/usr/bin/env python
2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
3 
4 i = 0
5 sun = 0
6 while i < 100:
7     i += 1
8     sun += i
9 print(sun)
    View Code

    3.练习题3-输出 1-100 内的所有奇数

     1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 3 
 4 i = 0
 5 while i < 100:
 6     i += 1
 7     # print(i)
 8     rem = i % 2
 9     if rem == 1:
10         print(i)
    View Code

    4.练习题4-输出 1-100 内的所有偶数

    1 #!/usr/bin/env python
2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
3 i = 0
4 while i < 100:
5     i += 1
6     rem = i % 2
7     if rem == 0:
8         print(i)
    View Code

    5.练习题5-求1-2+3-4+5 ... 99的所有数的和

     1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 3 i = 0
 4 sun = 0
 5 while i < 99:
 6     i += 1
 7     # print(i)
 8     rem = i % 2
 9     if rem == 1:
10         sun += i
11         sun1 = sun
12         # print(sun1)
13     else:
14         sun += i
15         sun2 = sun
16         # print(sun2)
17 print(sun1)
18 print(sun2)
19 sun = sun1 - sun2
20 print(sun)
    View Code

    6.练习题6-用户登陆（三次机会重试）

     1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 3 #http://www.cnblogs.com/zhaojingyu/p/7771955.html
 4 bw = 0
 5 cw = True
 6 li = [{'username': 'alex', 'password': '123'},
 7       {'username': 'wusir', 'password': '456'},
 8       {'username': 'taibai', 'password': '789'},
 9       ]
10 while bw < 3 and cw:                    #定义两个条件 3：可以循环3次， cw 等于True（正）   两个条件同时成立
11     bw += 1                             #每次自增1
12     name = input('请输入用户名：')
13     pwd = input('请输入密码：')
14     for i in li:                        #print(i)  打印出3个dict列表
15         if name == i['username'] and pwd == i['password']:    #判断输入条件
16             print('欢迎您登录')
17             cw = False                  #当上面条件成立是改变cw为False 这个循环停止（while条件不成立），
18     if str(cw) == 'True':               #因为True是关键字所以只能判断字符串是否相同，等于True则打印用户名或者密码错误
19         print('用户名或者密码错误')
20 if str(cw) == 'True':                   #这里的如果是True则表明上面while循环中输入（用户名或者密码错误）
21     print('输入超过三次错误，在给你一个选择' 'Y ：重新输入，其他 ：退出')
22     xz = input('请选择')
23     if xz == 'Y':
24         while bw < 6 and cw:            #6是3+3，表明在给3次机会   ，while循环跟上面同理
25             bw += 1
26             # print(bw)
27             name = input('请输入用户名：')
28             pwd = input('请输入密码：')
29             for i in li:
30                 if name == i['username'] and pwd == i['password']:
31                     print('欢迎您登录')
32                     cw = False
33             if str(cw) == 'True':
34                 print('用户名或者密码错误')
35         if xz != 'Y':
36             print('臭不要脸的可以走了')
37 if bw == 6:                            #表明一个输入错误6次
38     print('臭不要脸的可以走了')
    View Code

    　　




     
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  • 原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/zhaojingyu/p/7771955.html
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