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  • Python3学习之路~2.7 文件操作

    对文件操作流程

    1. 打开文件,得到文件句柄并赋值给一个变量
    2. 通过句柄对文件进行操作
    3. 关闭文件 

    现有文件如下 

    Somehow, it seems the love I knew was always the most destructive kind
    不知为何,我经历的爱情总是最具毁灭性的的那种
    Yesterday when I was young
    昨日当我年少轻狂
    The taste of life was sweet
    生命的滋味是甜的
    As rain upon my tongue
    就如舌尖上的雨露
    I teased at life as if it were a foolish game
    我戏弄生命 视其为愚蠢的游戏
    The way the evening breeze
    就如夜晚的微风
    May tease the candle flame
    逗弄蜡烛的火苗
    The thousand dreams I dreamed
    我曾千万次梦见
    The splendid things I planned
    那些我计划的绚丽蓝图
    I always built to last on weak and shifting sand
    但我总是将之建筑在易逝的流沙上
    I lived by night and shunned the naked light of day
    我夜夜笙歌 逃避白昼赤裸的阳光
    And only now I see how the time ran away
    事到如今我才看清岁月是如何匆匆流逝
    Yesterday when I was young
    昨日当我年少轻狂
    So many lovely songs were waiting to be sung
    有那么多甜美的曲儿等我歌唱
    So many wild pleasures lay in store for me
    有那么多肆意的快乐等我享受
    And so much pain my eyes refused to see
    还有那么多痛苦 我的双眼却视而不见
    I ran so fast that time and youth at last ran out
    我飞快地奔走 最终时光与青春消逝殆尽
    I never stopped to think what life was all about
    我从未停下脚步去思考生命的意义
    And every conversation that I can now recall
    如今回想起的所有对话
    Concerned itself with me and nothing else at all
    除了和我相关的 什么都记不得了
    The game of love I played with arrogance and pride
    我用自负和傲慢玩着爱情的游戏
    And every flame I lit too quickly, quickly died
    所有我点燃的火焰都熄灭得太快
    The friends I made all somehow seemed to slip away
    所有我交的朋友似乎都不知不觉地离开了
    And only now I'm left alone to end the play, yeah
    只剩我一个人在台上来结束这场闹剧
    Oh, yesterday when I was young
    噢 昨日当我年少轻狂
    So many, many songs were waiting to be sung
    有那么那么多甜美的曲儿等我歌唱
    So many wild pleasures lay in store for me
    有那么多肆意的快乐等我享受
    And so much pain my eyes refused to see
    还有那么多痛苦 我的双眼却视而不见
    There are so many songs in me that won't be sung
    我有太多歌曲永远不会被唱起
    I feel the bitter taste of tears upon my tongue
    我尝到了舌尖泪水的苦涩滋味
    The time has come for me to pay for yesterday
    终于到了付出代价的时间 为了昨日
    When I was young
    当我年少轻狂
    yesterday.txt

    基本操作 

    f=open("yesterday.txt",encoding='UTF-8') #打开文件句柄
    print(f.read()) #打印全部,读完之后,指针在文件最后,下次读时从文件最后开始读
    
    for i in range(5):
            print(f.readline()) #打印前5行,读完之后,指针在文件第5行后,下次读时从文件第5行开始读
    
    print(f.readlines()) #将文件作为一个列表读出来,每一行代表一个元素
    
    #循环打印所有行,low的写法
    # 吃内存,内存保存全部行,需要将全部行写入内存后再一行行地读,当文件较大时,我们等待时间变长,并且内存也吃不消了
    for line in f.readlines():
            print(line.strip()) 
    
    #循环打印除第10行之外的所有行,low的写法
    for index,line in enumerate(f.readlines()):
            if index==9:
                    print('-------我是分割线----------')
                    continue
            print(line.strip())
    
    #循环打印所有行,high的写法
    #效率高,文件变成一个迭代器,读一行内存中删一行,内存中只保存一行,牛B了
    for line in f:
            print(line.strip())
    
    #循环打印除第10行之外的所有行,high的写法
    count=0
    for line in f:
            if count == 9:
                    print('-------我是分割线----------')
                    count+=1
                    continue
            print(line.strip())
            count += 1
    
    print(f.tell()) #打印指针位置,开始位置0
    print(f.read(5)) #读文件的5个字符
    print(f.tell()) #此时指针位置是5
    print(f.seek(0)) #指针回到位置0
    print(f.readline()) #从头开始打印第一行
    
    print(f.seekable()) #判断是否可以移动文件的光标位置,如果可以(比如说二进制,字符串文件),返回True,否则返回False
                        #并不是所有的文件都是可以把光标移动的,因为Linux是一切皆文件,比如说tty文件就是不可以的
    print(f.encoding) #打印文件的编码格式
    print(f.fileno()) #返回文件句柄在内存中的编号,我们一般不会用到它
                      # 操作系统有一个专门的接口,负责调度所有文件。Python读文件不是自己读的,是调用操作系统的IO,
                      # 操作系统内部维护了一个类似于现在读了多少文件之类的列表,这就是在其中的编号。
    print(f.name) #打印文件名字
    print(f.isatty()) #判断文件是否是一个终端设备,比如说打印机、Linux上打开的terminal都属于终端设备,
                      # 这个是你做一些底层的,比如说和打印机交互等可能会用得到。
    print(f.readable()) #判断文件是否可读
    print(f.writable()) #判断文件是否可写
    print(f.cloed) #判断文件是否已关闭
    f.close() #对文件操作完之后,一定要关闭文件
    View Code
    #写文件时,是先将内容写入一个缓存中,当缓存满时再一次性将所有内容写入硬盘
    #flush()作用是强制将内容刷新到硬盘
    >>> f=open('test.txt','w')
    >>> f.write('hello1
    ') #此时打开test.txt文件,发现文件为空
    7
    >>> f.flush() #重新打开文件,文件显示一行hello1
    >>> f.write('hello2
    ') #重新打开文件,文件未变还是只显示一行hello1
    7
    >>> f.flush() #重新打开文件,发现hello2已写入文件
    >>> f.close()
    f.flush()
    import sys,time
    
    for i in range(20):
        sys.stdout.write('#')
        sys.stdout.flush() #如果没有这一句,则程序时先将所有的#写到缓存中,再一次性输出
        time.sleep(0.2)
    flush()应用场景之进度条
    f=open("yesterday2.txt",'a',encoding='UTF-8') #文件句柄
    f.seek(5)
    f.truncate(10) #截取前10个字符,此时打开文件发现只剩前10个字符
                   #此处seek方法没有作用,truncate方法默认就是从文件开头开始截取
    f.close()
    f.truncate()

    打开文件的模式有:

    • r,只读模式(默认)。
    • w,只写模式。【不可读;不存在则创建;存在则删除内容;】
    • a,追加模式。【可读;   不存在则创建;存在则只追加内容;】

    "+" 表示可以同时读写某个文件

    • r+,读写模式。【可读;可写;可追加】
    • #读写模式:可以打开文件读,追加,某些场景会用到
      f=open("yesterday2.txt",'r+',encoding='UTF-8')
      print(f.readline())
      print(f.readline())
      print(f.readline()) #读3行,此时光标在第3行末尾
      print(f.tell())
      f.write("This line shoud be at line3") #你认为新写入的这行应该在第3行末尾,但是实际上这行写在了整个文件末尾
                                                  # Python2.X可以写到第二行开始部分,但是会覆盖文件原来的此处内容
      f.close()
      View Code
    • w+,写读模式。
    • #写读模式:没什么卵用
      f=open("yesterday2.txt",'w+',encoding='UTF-8') #写读模式,文件存在则清空,没有则创建
      print(f.readline())
      print(f.readline())
      print(f.readline()) #其实一行也读不出来,因为文件清空了
      f.write("---------line 1------------
      ")
      f.write("---------line 2------------
      ")
      f.write("---------line 3------------
      ")
      f.write("---------line 4------------
      ")
      print(f.tell())
      f.seek(10)
      print(f.readline())
      f.write("should be at the beginning of the second line")#你认为新写入的这行应该在第2行开始,但是实际上这这行追加到了文件末尾
                                                                      #Python2.X可以写到第二行开始部分,但是会覆盖文件原来的此处内容
      f.close()
      View Code
    • a+,追加读模式。
    • # 追加读模式:a追加模式是不可读的,a+追加读模式默认可读可追加
      f = open("yesterday2.txt", 'a+', encoding='UTF-8')
      print(f.readline()) #不知道为啥没读出来,也没报错?
      f.write("This line shoud be at the end of the file")
      f.close()
      View Code

    "b"表示处理二进制文件(如:FTP发送上传ISO镜像文件,linux可忽略,windows处理二进制文件时需标注)

    • rb
    • # rb:以二进制格式读文件
      #应用场景:网络传输等
      #Python3.X中网络传输一律用二进制模式,Python2.X中网络传输可以用二进制格式,也可以用字符串格式
      f = open("yesterday2.txt", 'rb')
      print(f.readline())
      print(f.readline())
      print(f.readline())
      f.close()
      View Code
    • wb
    • # wb:以二进制格式写文件
      #python2.X中二进制、字符串格式没什么区别,Python3.X中一定要区分开来
      f = open("yesterday2.txt", 'wb')
      #f.write("Hello Binary!") #以字符串格式写会报错
      f.write("Hello Binary!".encode())
      f.close()
      View Code
    • ab

    "U"表示在读取时,可以将 自动转换成 (与 r 或 r+ 模式同使用)。
    因为在Windows上换行符是 ,在Linux上是 ,U可以统一双方的适配,比如在Linux上打开在Windows上的文件可以用rU。用的比较少,了解即可。

    • rU
    • r+U

     其他语法

    def close(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
            """
            Close the file.
            
            A closed file cannot be used for further I/O operations.  close() may be
            called more than once without error.
            """
            pass
    
        def fileno(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            """ Return the underlying file descriptor (an integer). """
            pass
    
        def isatty(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            """ True if the file is connected to a TTY device. """
            pass
    
        def read(self, size=-1): # known case of _io.FileIO.read
            """
            注意,不一定能全读回来
            Read at most size bytes, returned as bytes.
            
            Only makes one system call, so less data may be returned than requested.
            In non-blocking mode, returns None if no data is available.
            Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
            """
            return ""
    
        def readable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            """ True if file was opened in a read mode. """
            pass
    
        def readall(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            """
            Read all data from the file, returned as bytes.
            
            In non-blocking mode, returns as much as is immediately available,
            or None if no data is available.  Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
            """
            pass
    
        def readinto(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
            """ Same as RawIOBase.readinto(). """
            pass #不要用,没人知道它是干嘛用的
    
        def seek(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            """
            Move to new file position and return the file position.
            
            Argument offset is a byte count.  Optional argument whence defaults to
            SEEK_SET or 0 (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values
            are SEEK_CUR or 1 (move relative to current position, positive or negative),
            and SEEK_END or 2 (move relative to end of file, usually negative, although
            many platforms allow seeking beyond the end of a file).
            
            Note that not all file objects are seekable.
            """
            pass
    
        def seekable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            """ True if file supports random-access. """
            pass
    
        def tell(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            """
            Current file position.
            
            Can raise OSError for non seekable files.
            """
            pass
    
        def truncate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            """
            Truncate the file to at most size bytes and return the truncated size.
            
            Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell().
            The current file position is changed to the value of size.
            """
            pass
    
        def writable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            """ True if file was opened in a write mode. """
            pass
    
        def write(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            """
            Write bytes b to file, return number written.
            
            Only makes one system call, so not all of the data may be written.
            The number of bytes actually written is returned.  In non-blocking mode,
            returns None if the write would block.
            """
            pass
    View Code

     with语句

    为了避免打开文件后忘记关闭,可以通过管理上下文,即:

    with open('log','r') as f:
         
        ...

    如此方式,当with代码块执行完毕时,内部会自动关闭并释放文件资源。

    在Python 2.7 后,with又支持同时对多个文件的上下文进行管理,即:

    #python开发规范:一行代码不要超过80个字符,所以打开多个文件时最好分为多行,如下
    with open("yesterday.txt",'r',encoding='UTF-8') as f1,
    open("yesterday2.txt", 'w', encoding='UTF-8') as f2:
    pass

     修改文件

    #VIM修改文件的方式:先把文件读到内存中,在内存中修改,之后再把修改后的文件读出来覆盖原文件
    #另一种修改文件的方式,将文件修改后,写到另一个新文件中,如下
    f=open("yesterday.txt",'r',encoding='UTF-8')
    f_new=open("yesterday.bak",'w',encoding='UTF-8')
    
    for line in f:
        if "有那么多肆意的快乐等我享受" in line:
            line=line.replace("有那么多肆意的快乐等我享受","有那么多肆意的快乐等Alex享受")
        f_new.write(line)
    
    f.close()
    f_new.close()
    View Code
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zhengna/p/9184680.html
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