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  • django框架之Ajax,自定义分页器...

    MTV与MVC

        MTV模型(django):
            M:模型层(models.py)
            T:模板层(templates)
            V:视图层(views.py)
        MVC模型:
            M:模型层(models.py)
            V:视图层(views.py)
            C:控制器(Controller) urls.py
        本质:django的MTV也是MVC

     多对多表三种创建方式

     1. django orm 自动创建

    class Book(models.Model):
      name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
      authors = models.ManyToManyField(to='Author')
    
    
    class Author(models.Model):
        name = models.CharField(max_length=32)

    2. 手动创建第三张表

    class Book(models.Model):
        name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    
    class Author(models.Model):
        name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    
    class Book2Author(models.Model):
        book = models.ForeignKey(to='Book')
        author = models.ForeignKey(to='Author')
        info = models.CharField(max_length=32)

    3. 半自动创建第三张表:可扩展性高,并且能够符合orm查询

    class Book(models.Model):
        name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
        # 表自身相关字段名放前面 authors
    = models.ManyToManyField(to='Author',through='Book2Author',through_fields=('book','author'))
    class Author(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=32) # book = models.ManyToManyField(to='Book',through='Book2Author',through_fields=('author','book')) class Book2Author(models.Model): book = models.ForeignKey(to='Book') author = models.ForeignKey(to='Author') info = models.CharField(max_length=32)

    前后端传输数据编码格式contentType

    urlencoded

    对应的数据格式:name=jason&password=666
    后端获取数据:request.POST
    ps:django会将urlencoded编码的数据解析自动放到request.POST


    formdata

    form表单传输文件的编码格式
    后端获取文件格式数据:request.FILES
    后端获取普通键值对数据:request.POST


    application/json

    ajax发送json格式数据
    注意:编码与数据格式要一致

     

     关于AJAX

    AJAX:Asynchronous Javascript And XML,异步的JavaScript和XML;

    即使用JavaScript语言与服务器进行异步交互,传输的数据为XML(不只是XML)。

    是一种使用现有标准的新方法,最大的优点:不重新加载整个页面的情况下,与服务器交换数据并更新部分网页内容

    1. 前端有哪些方式可以向后端发送请求

    浏览器窗口输入网址        get请求
    a标签的href属性           get请求
    form表单                  get/post请求(默认是get请求)
    ajax                      get/post请求

    2. Ajax特点:

    异步提交
    局部刷新

    3. Ajax基本语法

    提交的地址:不写,默认当前页面打开的地址
    提交的方式
    数据的格式:contentType,后端接收request.body
    提交的数据
    回调函数

    <script>
        $('#d1').click(function(){
            $.ajax({
                url:'/index/',
                type:'post',
                contentType:'application/json',
                data:{'name':'jason','password':'123'},
                success:function(data){    # data接收的就是异步提交返回的结果
                    alert(data)
                }
            })
        })
    </script>

    注意:

    默认传输数据的编码格式:urlencoded
    前后端传输数据,数据是什么格式,就告知相应格式(数据与编码要一一对应)

     4. Ajax传输json格式数据

    JSON 指的是 JavaScript 对象表示法(JavaScript Object Notation),一种文本数据交换格式, 

    JSON 独立于语言和平台,只认{[双引号的字符串]}格式

    urlencoded 默认传出编码格式,Ajax的简单用法

    <input type="text" id="i1">+
    <input type="text" id="i2">=
    <input type="text" id="i3">
    <button id="d1">加➕</button>
    <script>
        $('#d1').click(function () {
            $.ajax({
                url:'',
                type:'post',
                data:{'i1':$('#i1').val(),'i2':$('#i2').val()},
                success:function (data) {
                    $('#i3').val(data)
                }
            })
        });
    </script>
    def index(request):
        if request.method == 'POST':
            print(request.POST)
            i1 = request.POST.get("i1")  # str格式,需要数字需要强转一下
            i2 = request.POST.get("i2")
            res = i1 + i2
            return HttpResponse(res)
        return render(request, 'index.html')

     

    application/json 传输数据: 

    $('#d1').click(function () {
           $.ajax({
               url:'',  // url参数可以不写,默认就是当前页面打开的地址
               type:'post',
               contentType:'application/json',
               data:JSON.stringify({'name':'jason','hobby':'study'}),
               success:function (data) {
                   alert('ok')
               }
           })
        });

    后端接收数据的,在request.body里面,没有做处理,还是二进制编码格式b''

    def index(request):
        if request.method == 'POST':
            print(request.body)
            data = request.body  # b'{"name":"json","hobby":"study"}'
    res = data.decode('utf-8') # 解码方式1 res1 = json.loads(res) print(res1, type(res1)) # {'name': 'json', 'hobby': 'study'} <class 'dict'>

            res2 = str(data, encoding='utf-8')  # 解码方式2
            print(res2, type(res2))  # {"name":"json","hobby":"study"} <class 'str'>
    return HttpResponse('RES') return render(request, 'index.html')

     

    Ajax传输文件 

    $('#d1').click(function () {
       let formdata = new FormData();
       // FormData对象不仅仅可以传文件还可以传普通的键值对
        formdata.append('name','jason');
        // 获取input框存放的文件
        //$('#i1')[0].files[0]
        formdata.append('myfile',$('#i1')[0].files[0]);
        $.ajax({
            url:'',
            type:'post',
            data:formdata,
            // ajax发送文件需要修改两个固定的参数
            processData:false,  // 告诉浏览器不要处理我的数据
            contentType:false,  // 不要用任何的编码,就用我formdata自带的编码格式,django能够自动识别改formdata对象
            // 回调函数
            success:function (data) {
                alert(data)
            }
        })
    });

    5. form表单与ajax异同点

    1.form表单不支持异步提交局部刷新
    2.form表单不支持传输json格式数据
    3.form表单与ajax默认传输数据的编码格式都是urlencoded

     

    自定义分页器

     1. 批量插入数据

    bulk_create批量插入数据,与create一个个创建数据相比,不用每产生一个数据就执行的sql语句,速度会快很多

    l = []
    for i in range(10000):
        l.append(models.Book2(name='第%s本书'%i))
    models.Book.objects.bulk_create(l)  # 批量插入数据

    2. 必要的参数

      后端:

    获取所有数据      book_list = models.Book2.objects.all()
    数据总条数        all_count = book_list.count()
    当前页            current_page = request.GET.get('page',1)
    实例化分页器对象  page_obj = my_page.Pagination(current_page=current_page,all_count=all_count)
    对总数据进行切片  page_queryset = book_list[page_obj.start:page_obj.end]

    前端:

    {{ page_obj.page_html|safe }}     # 渲染带有bootstrap样式的分页器

    <li><a href="?page=1">1</a></li>  # 自动补全当前路径

     3. 注意点

    需要加首页尾页

    显示的页码数应该是固定的

    单数显示页面,比较具有对称美感

    4. 分页器推导过程

    def booklist(request):
        all_count = models.Book2.objects.all().count()
        current_page = request.GET.get('page', 1)
        current_page = int(current_page)
        per_page_num = 10
        page_nums, more = divmod(all_count, per_page_num)
        if more:
            page_nums += 1
        html = ''
        for i in range(1, page_nums+1):
            html += '<li><a href="?page=%s">%s</a></li>' % (i, i)
        page_start = (current_page-1)*per_page_num
        page_end = current_page*per_page_num
        book_list = models.Book2.objects.all()[page_start:page_end]
        return render(request, 'booklist.html', locals())

    会将所有页码显示于同一页(┬_┬)

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
        <script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
        <link href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/twitter-bootstrap/3.4.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
        <script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/twitter-bootstrap/3.4.1/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
    </head>
    <body>
    <div class="container">
        <div class="row">
            <div class="col-md-8 col-md-offset-2">
                <table class="table table-hover table-bordered table-striped">
                    <thead>
                        <tr>
                            <th>id</th>
                            <th>name</th>
                        </tr>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                        {% for book in book_list %}
                            <tr>
                                <td>{{ book.pk }}</td>
                                <td>{{ book.name }}</td>
                            </tr>
                        {% endfor %}
                    </tbody>
                </table>
            <nav aria-label="Page navigation">
              <ul class="pagination">
                <li>
                  <a href="#" aria-label="Previous">
                    <span aria-hidden="true">&laquo;</span>
                  </a>
                </li>
                    {{ html|safe }}
                <li>
                  <a href="#" aria-label="Next">
                    <span aria-hidden="true">&raquo;</span>
                  </a>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </nav>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
    </body>
    </html>

    5. 分页器终极版本 

    class Pagination(object):
        def __init__(self, current_page, all_count, per_page_num=2, pager_count=11):
            """
            封装分页相关数据
            :param current_page: 当前页
            :param all_count:    数据库中的数据总条数
            :param per_page_num: 每页显示的数据条数
            :param pager_count:  最多显示的页码个数
    
            用法:
            queryset = model.objects.all()
            page_obj = Pagination(current_page,all_count)
            page_data = queryset[page_obj.start:page_obj.end]
            获取数据用page_data而不再使用原始的queryset
            获取前端分页样式用page_obj.page_html
            """
            try:
                current_page = int(current_page)
            except Exception as e:
                current_page = 1
    
            if current_page < 1:
                current_page = 1
    
            self.current_page = current_page
    
            self.all_count = all_count
            self.per_page_num = per_page_num
    
            # 总页码
            all_pager, tmp = divmod(all_count, per_page_num)
            if tmp:
                all_pager += 1
            self.all_pager = all_pager
    
            self.pager_count = pager_count
            self.pager_count_half = int((pager_count - 1) / 2)
    
        @property
        def start(self):
            return (self.current_page - 1) * self.per_page_num
    
        @property
        def end(self):
            return self.current_page * self.per_page_num
    
        def page_html(self):
            # 如果总页码 < 11个:
            if self.all_pager <= self.pager_count:
                pager_start = 1
                pager_end = self.all_pager + 1
            # 总页码  > 11
            else:
                # 当前页如果<=页面上最多显示11/2个页码
                if self.current_page <= self.pager_count_half:
                    pager_start = 1
                    pager_end = self.pager_count + 1
    
                # 当前页大于5
                else:
                    # 页码翻到最后
                    if (self.current_page + self.pager_count_half) > self.all_pager:
                        pager_end = self.all_pager + 1
                        pager_start = self.all_pager - self.pager_count + 1
                    else:
                        pager_start = self.current_page - self.pager_count_half
                        pager_end = self.current_page + self.pager_count_half + 1
    
            page_html_list = []
            # 添加前面的nav和ul标签
            page_html_list.append('''
                        <nav aria-label='Page navigation>'
                        <ul class='pagination'>
                    ''')
            first_page = '<li><a href="?page=%s">首页</a></li>' % (1)
            page_html_list.append(first_page)
    
            if self.current_page <= 1:
                prev_page = '<li class="disabled"><a href="#">上一页</a></li>'
            else:
                prev_page = '<li><a href="?page=%s">上一页</a></li>' % (self.current_page - 1,)
    
            page_html_list.append(prev_page)
    
            for i in range(pager_start, pager_end):
                if i == self.current_page:
                    temp = '<li class="active"><a href="?page=%s">%s</a></li>' % (i, i,)
                else:
                    temp = '<li><a href="?page=%s">%s</a></li>' % (i, i,)
                page_html_list.append(temp)
    
            if self.current_page >= self.all_pager:
                next_page = '<li class="disabled"><a href="#">下一页</a></li>'
            else:
                next_page = '<li><a href="?page=%s">下一页</a></li>' % (self.current_page + 1,)
            page_html_list.append(next_page)
    
            last_page = '<li><a href="?page=%s">尾页</a></li>' % (self.all_pager,)
            page_html_list.append(last_page)
            # 尾部添加标签
            page_html_list.append('''
                                               </nav>
                                               </ul>
                                           ''')
            return ''.join(page_html_list)
    分页器模板 mypage.py
    def booklist(request):
        book_list = models.Book2.objects.all()
        all_count = book_list.count()
        current_page = request.GET.get('page', 1)
        page_obj = mypage.Pagination(current_page=current_page, all_count=all_count,per_page_num=10)
        page_queryset = book_list[page_obj.start:page_obj.end]
        return render(request, 'booklist.html', locals())
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
        <script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
        <link href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/twitter-bootstrap/3.4.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
        <script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/twitter-bootstrap/3.4.1/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
    </head>
    <body>
    <div class="container">
        <div class="row">
            <div class="col-md-8 col-md-offset-2">
                <table class="table table-hover table-bordered table-striped">
                    <thead>
                        <tr>
                            <th>id</th>
                            <th>name</th>
                        </tr>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                        {% for book in page_queryset %}
                            <tr>
                                <td>{{ book.pk }}</td>
                                <td>{{ book.name }}</td>
                            </tr>
                        {% endfor %}
                    </tbody>
                </table>
            {{ page_obj.page_html|safe }}
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
    </body>
    </html>
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zhouyongv5/p/11023974.html
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