C# 中的 LINQ 入门学习摘记

1IEnumerable <T> 是一个接口，通过该接口，可以使用 foreach 语句来枚举泛型集合类。泛型集合类支持 IEnumerable<T>，就像非泛型集合类（如 ArrayList）支持 IEnumerable。

2在 LINQ 查询中，最先使用 from 子句的目的是引入数据源 (customers) 和范围变量，范围变量类似于 foreach 循环中的迭代变量，但在查询表达式中，实际上不发生迭代。其他范围变量可由 let 子句引入。

在下面的示例中，以两种方式使用了 let：

1. 创建一个可以查询自身的可枚举类型。

2. 使查询只能对范围变量 word 调用一次 ToLower。如果不使用 let，则必须在 where 子句的每个谓词中调用 ToLower。

class LetSample1
{
    static void Main()
    {
        string[] strings =
        {
            "A penny saved is a penny earned.",
            "The early bird catches the worm.",
            "The pen is mightier than the sword."
        };

        // Split the sentence into an array of words
        // and select those whose first letter is a vowel.
        var earlyBirdQuery =
            from sentence in strings
            let words = sentence.Split(' ')
            from word in words
            let w = word.ToLower()
            where w[0] == 'a' || w[0] == 'e'
                || w[0] == 'i' || w[0] == 'o'
                || w[0] == 'u'
            select word;

        // Execute the query.
        foreach (var v in earlyBirdQuery)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("\"{0}\" starts with a vowel", v);
        }

        // Keep the console window open in debug mode.
        Console.WriteLine("Press any key to exit.");
        Console.ReadKey();
    }
}
/* Output:
    "A" starts with a vowel
    "is" starts with a vowel
    "a" starts with a vowel
    "earned." starts with a vowel
    "early" starts with a vowel
    "is" starts with a vowel
*/

对于非泛型数据源（如 ArrayList），必须显式类型化范围变量。

下面的示例演示一个对 ArrayList 的简单查询。请注意，此示例在代码调用 Add 方法时使用对象初始值设定项，但这不是必需的。

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Linq;

namespace NonGenericLINQ
{
    public class Student
    {
        public string FirstName { get; set; }
        public string LastName { get; set; }
        public int[] Scores { get; set; }
    }

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            ArrayList arrList = new ArrayList();
            arrList.Add(
                new Student
                    {
                        FirstName = "Svetlana", LastName = "Omelchenko", Scores = new int[] { 98, 92, 81, 60 }
                    });
            arrList.Add(
                new Student
                    {
                        FirstName = "Claire", LastName = "O’Donnell", Scores = new int[] { 75, 84, 91, 39 }
                    });
            arrList.Add(
                new Student
                    {
                        FirstName = "Sven", LastName = "Mortensen", Scores = new int[] { 88, 94, 65, 91 }
                    });
            arrList.Add(
                new Student
                    {
                        FirstName = "Cesar", LastName = "Garcia", Scores = new int[] { 97, 89, 85, 82 }
                    });

            var query = from Student student in arrList
                        where student.Scores[0] > 95
                        select student;

            foreach (Student s in query)
                Console.WriteLine(s.LastName + ": " + s.Scores[0]);

            // Keep the console window open in debug mode.
            Console.WriteLine("Press any key to exit.");
            Console.ReadKey();
        }
    }
}
/* Output:
    Omelchenko: 98
    Garcia: 97
*/

基本查询操作 (LINQ)

1排序

var queryLondonCustomers3 =
from cust in customers
where cust.City == "London"
orderby cust.Name ascending
select cust;

2分组

// queryCustomersByCity is an IEnumerable<IGrouping<string, Customer>>
  var queryCustomersByCity =
      from cust in customers
      group cust by cust.City;

  // customerGroup is an IGrouping<string, Customer>
  foreach (var customerGroup in queryCustomersByCity)
  {
      Console.WriteLine(customerGroup.Key);
      foreach (Customer customer in customerGroup)
      {
          Console.WriteLine("    {0}", customer.Name);
      }
  }

3联接

from order in Customer.Orders...

4选择（投影）

select 子句生成查询结果并指定每个返回的元素的“形状”或类型。例如，您可以指定结果包含的是整个 Customer 对象、仅一个成员、成员的子集，还是某个基于计算或新对象创建的完全不同的结果类型。当 select 子句生成除源元素副本以外的内容时，该操作称为“投影”。使用投影转换数据是 LINQ 查询表达式的一种强大功能。