- 独立主格结构
A : n. + present participle phrase (名词 + 现在分词短语)
到处都可以看见人们穿着节日服装，满脸笑容
Everywhere you can see people in their holiday dresses, their faces
shining with smiles
天气要是合适，我们明天去西山玩
Weather promising, we'll go on an excursion to the Western Hill tomorrow.
B: n. + past participle phrase (名词 + 加过程去分词短语)
他脸朝天，头枕着手躺着
He lay on his back, his face up and his hands crossed under his head
他做完作业后回家去了
His work done, he went home
C: n. + adjective phrase (名词 + 形容词短语)
他鼻子冻得通红地走进房来
He came into the room, his nose red with cold
老头坐了下来，由于痛苦脸色发白，两颊上还带着泪痕
The old man sat down, his face pale with pain and traces of tears on his
cheeks
D. n. + adverbial phrase (名词 + 副词)
他伸出双手，掌心向上
he put out his hands , palms up
他袜子穿反了
He put on his socks, wrong side out.
E. n. + n. (名词 + 名词)
数以千计的船民被淹死， 其中许多事小孩
Thousands of boat people were drowned, many of them are children
F. n. + infinitive (名词 + 不定式)
来客也不少， 有送行的，有拿东西的，有送行兼拿东西的。
We also had quite a number of visitors, some to see us off, some to
fetch things, and some to do both.
他为这家杂志写了两篇稿子，一篇即将在本期发表，另一篇将在下
期刊载
He has written two articles for the journal, one to be published in this
issue, the other to come out in the next.
G. n. + prepositional phrase (名词 + 介词短语)
他们欢快的一手拿着鞭子，一手拿着缰绳，催马前行
In jolly spirits, they urged the horses on, whip in one hand and reins in
the other
他端着枪，走进那间黑屋子
He entered the dark room, gun in hand
H. with + the above-mentioned patterns (with + 以上提到的各种结构)
全班都瞧着他，他感到更不自在
He felt more uneasy, with the whole class staring at him.
你必须告诉我真实情况，既不夸大，也不要缩小
You must give me a true account, with nothing added or nothing
removed
我们上午参观了博物馆，中间匆忙地吃了午饭，就去参观艺术馆
We visited the Museum in the morning and the Art Gallery later, with
hurried lunch in between.
2. Present Participle Phrase(现在分词短语)
我们强作均匀的深呼吸，努力使自己镇静下来
I tried to compose myself, forcing deep and even breath.
夕阳西下，把金色余晖洒在矮矮的西山上
The sun was setting, spilling golden light on the low western hills
3. Past Participle Phrase(过去分词短语)
错误与挫折教训了我们，使我们变得聪明起来，我们的事情就办得好一些。
Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our problems better.
我们一直坐到十一点多钟，全神贯注地看书
I sat until eleven, absorbed in a book.
4. Adjective Phrase (形容词短语)
周总理是那样谦逊、随和、平易近人，使大家很快就不紧张了
Modest, unassuming, easy to approach, Premier Zhou soon put everyone there completely at ease.
这些艺术品丰富多彩，栩栩如生，而且别出心裁，具有鲜明的民族特
色和地方色彩
Colorful, lifelike and original, these works of art had distinctive national
and local characteristics.
5. Noun Phrase (名词短语)
他是一位天才的语言学家，同样精通天法、德、英多种语言
A gifted linguist, he was equally at home in French, German and English.
中国是个发展中国家，属于第三世界
A developing country, China belongs to the Third World.
6. Infinitive Phrase (不定式短语)
如果听到他讲英语，人们会以为他是英国人
To hear him speak English, one would take him for an Englishman.
有一天Nelson先生在城里不见了，以后再没有人见过他
One day Mr. Nelson disappeared from the town, never to be seen again.
7. Co-operative Phrase(相关短语)
运动会风雨无阻，照常进行
The sports meet will be held, rain or shine.
不管成功与否，我要试一下
Sink or swim, I'll try it.
8. Explanatory and Descriptive Phrase (解释性或描述性语句)
他的妻子料理一切大大小小的事物
His wife manages all affairs, big and small.
他光头赤脚，气喘吁吁地冲进房来
He dashed into my room, hatless, barefooted and out of breath
9. Continuative Negation (连续否定)
周围没有村庄，甚至连一棵可供遮蔽的大树也没有。
There are no village around, not even a big tree to take shelter under
中国不做超级大国，现在不做，将来也不做
China will not be a superpower, not either today or even in the future