(OK) 自己动手构建Linux发行版---简版

《自己动手构建Linux发行版》

1. 配置环境

[root@localhost ~]# uname -a
Linux localhost.localdomain 5.0.10-300.fc30.x86_64 #1 SMP Tue Apr 30 16:22:12 UTC 2019 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

[root@localhost ~]# su - ztg
[ztg@localhost ~]$ pwd
/home/ztg
[ztg@localhost ~]$
set +h
umask 022
export MINILINUX=~/minilinux
mkdir -pv ${MINILINUX}
export LC_ALL=POSIX
export PATH=${MINILINUX}/cross-tools/bin:$PATH
// $ export PATH=${MINILINUX}/cross-tools/bin:/bin:/usr/bin

[ztg@localhost ~]$
mkdir -pv ${MINILINUX}/{bin,boot{,grub},dev,{etc/,}opt,home,lib/{firmware,modules},lib64,mnt}
mkdir -pv ${MINILINUX}/{proc,media/{floppy,cdrom},sbin,srv,sys}
mkdir -pv ${MINILINUX}/var/{lock,log,mail,run,spool}
mkdir -pv ${MINILINUX}/var/{opt,cache,lib/{misc,locate},local}
install -dv -m 0750 ${MINILINUX}/root
install -dv -m 1777 ${MINILINUX}{/var,}/tmp
install -dv ${MINILINUX}/etc/init.d
mkdir -pv ${MINILINUX}/usr/{,local/}{bin,include,lib{,64},sbin,src}
mkdir -pv ${MINILINUX}/usr/{,local/}share/{doc,info,locale,man}
mkdir -pv ${MINILINUX}/usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo}
mkdir -pv ${MINILINUX}/usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
for dir in ${MINILINUX}/usr{,/local}; do
    ln -sv share/{man,doc,info} ${dir}
done

install -dv ${MINILINUX}/cross-tools{,/bin}
ln -svf ../../proc/mounts ${MINILINUX}/etc/mtab

cat > ${MINILINUX}/etc/passwd << "EOF"
root::0:0:root:/root:/bin/ash
EOF

cat > ${MINILINUX}/etc/group << "EOF"
root:x:0:
bin:x:1:
sys:x:2:
kmem:x:3:
tty:x:4:
daemon:x:6:
disk:x:8:
dialout:x:10:
video:x:12:
utmp:x:13:
usb:x:14:
EOF

cat > ${MINILINUX}/etc/fstab << "EOF"
# file system  mount-point  type   options          dump  fsck
#                                                         order
rootfs          /               auto    defaults        1      1
proc            /proc           proc    defaults        0      0
sysfs           /sys            sysfs   defaults        0      0
devpts          /dev/pts        devpts  gid=4,mode=620  0      0
tmpfs           /dev/shm        tmpfs   defaults        0      0
EOF

cat > ${MINILINUX}/etc/profile << "EOF"
export PATH=/bin:/usr/bin
if [ `id -u` -eq 0 ] ; then
        PATH=/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin
        unset HISTFILE
fi
# Set up some environment variables.
export USER=`id -un`
export LOGNAME=$USER
export HOSTNAME=`/bin/hostname`
export HISTSIZE=1000
export HISTFILESIZE=1000
export PAGER='/bin/more '
export EDITOR='/bin/vi'
EOF

echo "minilinux-test" > ${MINILINUX}/etc/HOSTNAME

cat > ${MINILINUX}/etc/issue<< "EOF"
MINI LINUX 0.1
Kernel on an m
EOF

cat > ${MINILINUX}/etc/inittab<< "EOF"
::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/startup
tty1::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty1
tty2::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty2
tty3::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty3
tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4
tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
tty6::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty6
::shutdown:/etc/rc.d/shutdown
::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/reboot
EOF

cat > ${MINILINUX}/etc/mdev.conf<< "EOF"
# Devices:
# Syntax: %s %d:%d %s
# devices user:group mode
# null does already exist; therefore ownership has to
# be changed with command
null    root:root 0666  @chmod 666 $MDEV
zero    root:root 0666
grsec   root:root 0660
full    root:root 0666
random  root:root 0666
urandom root:root 0444
hwrandom root:root 0660
# console does already exist; therefore ownership has to
# be changed with command
console root:tty 0600 @mkdir -pm 755 fd && cd fd && for x in 0 1 2 3 ; do ln -sf /proc/self/fd/$x $x; done
kmem    root:root 0640
mem     root:root 0640
port    root:root 0640
ptmx    root:tty 0666
# ram.*
ram([0-9]*)     root:disk 0660 >rd/%1
loop([0-9]+)    root:disk 0660 >loop/%1
sd[a-z].*       root:disk 0660 */lib/mdev/usbdisk_link
hd[a-z][0-9]*   root:disk 0660 */lib/mdev/ide_links
tty             root:tty 0666
tty[0-9]        root:root 0600
tty[0-9][0-9]   root:tty 0660
ttyO[0-9]*      root:tty 0660
pty.*           root:tty 0660
vcs[0-9]*       root:tty 0660
vcsa[0-9]*      root:tty 0660
ttyLTM[0-9]     root:dialout 0660 @ln -sf $MDEV modem
ttySHSF[0-9]    root:dialout 0660 @ln -sf $MDEV modem
slamr           root:dialout 0660 @ln -sf $MDEV slamr0
slusb           root:dialout 0660 @ln -sf $MDEV slusb0
fuse            root:root  0666
# misc stuff
agpgart         root:root 0660  >misc/
psaux           root:root 0660  >misc/
rtc             root:root 0664  >misc/
# input stuff
event[0-9]+     root:root 0640 =input/
ts[0-9]         root:root 0600 =input/
# v4l stuff
vbi[0-9]        root:video 0660 >v4l/
video[0-9]      root:video 0660 >v4l/
# load drivers for usb devices
usbdev[0-9].[0-9]       root:root 0660 */lib/mdev/usbdev
usbdev[0-9].[0-9]_.*    root:root 0660
EOF

cat > ${MINILINUX}/boot/grub/grub.cfg<< "EOF"
set default=0
set timeout=5
set root=(hd0,1)
menuentry "MINI LINUX" {
        linux /boot/vmlinuz-5.1.6 root=/dev/sda1 ro quiet
}
EOF

touch ${MINILINUX}/var/run/utmp ${MINILINUX}/var/log/{btmp,lastlog,wtmp}
chmod -v 664 ${MINILINUX}/var/run/utmp ${MINILINUX}/var/log/lastlog

2. 下载软件包

[ztg@localhost ~]$
cd ${MINILINUX}/usr/src
wget -c https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/gnu/binutils/binutils-2.32.tar.xz
wget -c https://busybox.net/downloads/busybox-1.30.1.tar.bz2
wget -c http://ftp.clfs.org/pub/clfs/conglomeration/bootscripts-clfs-embedded/bootscripts-clfs-embedded-1.0-pre5.tar.bz2
wget -c https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/gnu/gcc/gcc-9.1.0/gcc-9.1.0.tar.xz
wget -c https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/gnu/glibc/glibc-2.29.tar.xz
wget -c https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/gnu/gmp/gmp-6.1.2.tar.xz
wget -c https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.1.6.tar.xz
wget -c https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/gnu/mpc/mpc-1.1.0.tar.gz
wget -c https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/gnu/mpfr/mpfr-4.0.2.tar.xz
wget -c http://www.zlib.net/zlib-1.2.11.tar.xz
cd -

3. 构建交叉编译器

unset CFLAGS
unset CXXFLAGS
export MINILINUX_HOST=$(echo ${MACHTYPE} | sed "s/-[^-]*/-cross/")
export MINILINUX_TARGET=x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
export MINILINUX_CPU=k8
export MINILINUX_ARCH=$(echo ${MINILINUX_TARGET} | sed -e 's/-.*//' -e 's/i.86/i386/')
export MINILINUX_ENDIAN=little

4. 内核头文件

cd ${MINILINUX}/usr/src
tar xJvf linux-5.1.6.tar.xz
cd linux-5.1.6
make mrproper
make ARCH=${MINILINUX_ARCH} headers_check && make ARCH=${MINILINUX_ARCH} INSTALL_HDR_PATH=dest headers_install
cp -rv dest/include/* ${MINILINUX}/usr/include

5. 编译Binutils

cd ${MINILINUX}/usr/src
tar xJvf binutils-2.32.tar.xz
mkdir binutils-build
cd binutils-build
../binutils-2.32/configure --prefix=${MINILINUX}/cross-tools --target=${MINILINUX_TARGET} --with-sysroot=${MINILINUX} --disable-nls --enable-shared --disable-multilib
make configure-host && make
ln -sv lib ${MINILINUX}/cross-tools/lib64
make install

cp -v ../binutils-2.32/include/libiberty.h ${MINILINUX}/usr/include

6. 编译GCC (Static)

cd ${MINILINUX}/usr/src
tar xJvf gcc-9.1.0.tar.xz
tar xJvf gmp-6.1.2.tar.xz
mv gmp-6.1.2 gcc-9.1.0/gmp
tar xJvf mpfr-4.0.2.tar.xz
mv mpfr-4.0.2 gcc-9.1.0/mpfr
tar xzvf mpc-1.1.0.tar.gz
mv mpc-1.1.0 gcc-9.1.0/mpc

mkdir gcc-static
cd gcc-static

AR=ar LDFLAGS="-Wl,-rpath,${MINILINUX}/cross-tools/lib"
../gcc-9.1.0/configure --prefix=${MINILINUX}/cross-tools
--build=${MINILINUX_HOST} --host=${MINILINUX_HOST}
--target=${MINILINUX_TARGET}
--with-sysroot=${MINILINUX}/target --disable-nls
--disable-shared
--with-mpfr-include=$(pwd)/../gcc-9.1.0/mpfr/src
--with-mpfr-lib=$(pwd)/mpfr/src/.libs
--without-headers --with-newlib --disable-decimal-float
--disable-libgomp --disable-libmudflap --disable-libssp
--disable-threads --enable-languages=c,c++
--disable-multilib --with-arch=${MINILINUX_CPU}

make all-gcc all-target-libgcc && make install-gcc install-target-libgcc
ln -vs libgcc.a `${MINILINUX_TARGET}-gcc -print-libgcc-file-name | sed 's/libgcc/&_eh/'`

7. 编译Glibc

cd ${MINILINUX}/usr/src
tar xJvf glibc-2.29.tar.xz
mkdir glibc-build
cd glibc-build
echo "libc_cv_forced_unwind=yes" > config.cache
echo "libc_cv_c_cleanup=yes" >> config.cache
echo "libc_cv_ssp=no" >> config.cache
echo "libc_cv_ssp_strong=no" >> config.cache

BUILD_CC="gcc" CC="${MINILINUX_TARGET}-gcc"
AR="${MINILINUX_TARGET}-ar"
RANLIB="${MINILINUX_TARGET}-ranlib" CFLAGS="-O2"
../glibc-2.29/configure --prefix=/usr
--host=${MINILINUX_TARGET} --build=${MINILINUX_HOST}
--disable-profile --enable-add-ons --with-tls
--enable-kernel=2.6.32 --with-__thread
--with-binutils=${MINILINUX}/cross-tools/bin
--with-headers=${MINILINUX}/usr/include
--cache-file=config.cache

make && make install_root=${MINILINUX}/ install

8. 编译GCC (Final)

cd ${MINILINUX}/usr/src
mkdir gcc-build
cd gcc-build

AR=ar LDFLAGS="-Wl,-rpath,${MINILINUX}/cross-tools/lib"
../gcc-9.1.0/configure --prefix=${MINILINUX}/cross-tools
--build=${MINILINUX_HOST} --target=${MINILINUX_TARGET}
--host=${MINILINUX_HOST} --with-sysroot=${MINILINUX}
--disable-nls --enable-shared
--enable-languages=c,c++ --enable-c99
--enable-long-long
--with-mpfr-include=$(pwd)/../gcc-9.1.0/mpfr/src
--with-mpfr-lib=$(pwd)/mpfr/src/.libs
--disable-multilib --with-arch=${MINILINUX_CPU}

make && make install
cp -v ${MINILINUX}/cross-tools/${MINILINUX_TARGET}/lib64/libgcc_s.so.1 ${MINILINUX}/lib64

export CC="${MINILINUX_TARGET}-gcc"
export CXX="${MINILINUX_TARGET}-g++"
export CPP="${MINILINUX_TARGET}-gcc -E"
export AR="${MINILINUX_TARGET}-ar"
export AS="${MINILINUX_TARGET}-as"
export LD="${MINILINUX_TARGET}-ld"
export RANLIB="${MINILINUX_TARGET}-ranlib"
export READELF="${MINILINUX_TARGET}-readelf"
export STRIP="${MINILINUX_TARGET}-strip"

9. 构建目标映像文件

9.1 构建BusyBox

cd ${MINILINUX}/usr/src
tar xjvf busybox-1.30.1.tar.bz2
cd busybox-1.30.1
make CROSS_COMPILE="${MINILINUX_TARGET}-" defconfig
// make CROSS_COMPILE="${MINILINUX_TARGET}-" menuconfig
make CROSS_COMPILE="${MINILINUX_TARGET}-"
make CROSS_COMPILE="${MINILINUX_TARGET}-" CONFIG_PREFIX="${MINILINUX}" install
cp -v examples/depmod.pl ${MINILINUX}/cross-tools/bin
chmod 755 ${MINILINUX}/cross-tools/bin/depmod.pl

9.2 构建Linux Kernel

cd ${MINILINUX}/usr/src
tar xJvf linux-5.1.6.tar.xz
cd linux-5.1.6
make ARCH=${MINILINUX_ARCH} CROSS_COMPILE=${MINILINUX_TARGET}- x86_64_defconfig
// make ARCH=${MINILINUX_ARCH} CROSS_COMPILE=${MINILINUX_TARGET}- menuconfig
make ARCH=${MINILINUX_ARCH} CROSS_COMPILE=${MINILINUX_TARGET}-

make ARCH=${MINILINUX_ARCH}
CROSS_COMPILE=${MINILINUX_TARGET}-
INSTALL_MOD_PATH=${MINILINUX} modules_install

cp -v arch/x86/boot/bzImage ${MINILINUX}/boot/vmlinuz-5.1.6
cp -v System.map ${MINILINUX}/boot/System.map-5.1.6
cp -v .config ${MINILINUX}/boot/config-5.1.6

${MINILINUX}/cross-tools/bin/depmod.pl
-F ${MINILINUX}/boot/System.map-5.1.6
-b ${MINILINUX}/lib/modules/5.1.6

9.3 启动脚本

cd ${MINILINUX}/usr/src
tar xjvf bootscripts-clfs-embedded-1.0-pre5.tar.bz2
cd bootscripts-clfs-embedded-1.0-pre5

make DESTDIR=${MINILINUX}/ install-bootscripts
ln -sv ../rc.d/startup ${MINILINUX}/etc/init.d/rcS

9.4 构建Zlib

cd ${MINILINUX}/usr/src
tar xJvf zlib-1.2.11.tar.xz
cd zlib-1.2.11
sed -i 's/-O3/-Os/g' configure
./configure --prefix=/usr --shared
make && make DESTDIR=${MINILINUX}/ install

mv -v ${MINILINUX}/usr/lib/libz.so.* ${MINILINUX}/lib
ln -svf ../../lib/libz.so.1 ${MINILINUX}/usr/lib/libz.so
ln -svf ../../lib/libz.so.1 ${MINILINUX}/usr/lib/libz.so.1
ln -svf ../lib/libz.so.1 ${MINILINUX}/lib64/libz.so.1

10. 打包目标映像文件

[ztg@localhost ~]$ du -hs ${MINILINUX}
[ztg@localhost ~]$ du -hs minilinux
8.6G    minilinux/
[ztg@localhost ~]$

cd
cp -rf ${MINILINUX}/ ${MINILINUX}-copy
rm -rfv ${MINILINUX}-copy/cross-tools
rm -rfv ${MINILINUX}-copy/usr/src/*

FILES="$(ls ${MINILINUX}-copy/usr/lib64/*.a)"
for file in $FILES; do
rm -f $file
done

find ${MINILINUX}-copy/{,usr/}{bin,lib,sbin} -type f -exec sudo strip --strip-debug '{}' ';'
find ${MINILINUX}-copy/{,usr/}lib64 -type f -exec sudo strip --strip-debug '{}' ';'

sudo chown -R root:root ${MINILINUX}-copy
sudo chgrp 13 ${MINILINUX}-copy/var/run/utmp ${MINILINUX}-copy/var/log/lastlog
sudo mknod -m 0666 ${MINILINUX}-copy/dev/null c 1 3
sudo mknod -m 0600 ${MINILINUX}-copy/dev/console c 5 1
sudo chmod 4755 ${MINILINUX}-copy/bin/busybox

cd ${MINILINUX}-copy
sudo tar cJvf ../minilinux-build-20190604.tar.xz *

11. 安装目标映像文件

11.1  创建磁盘映像文件

[root@localhost minilinux]# pwd
/mnt/iso/minilinux
[root@localhost minilinux]# dd if=/dev/zero of=minilinux_disk2.img bs=1M count=128

11.2  对磁盘分区

[root@localhost minilinux]# fdisk minilinux_disk2.img
命令(输入 m 获取帮助)：n
分区类型
   p   主分区 (0个主分区，0个扩展分区，4空闲)
   e   扩展分区 (逻辑分区容器)
选择 (默认 p)：p
分区号 (1-4, 默认  1): 1
第一个扇区 (2048-262143, 默认 2048):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-262143, 默认 262143):

创建了一个新分区 1，类型为“Linux”，大小为 127 MiB。

命令(输入 m 获取帮助)：w
分区表已调整。
正在同步磁盘。

[root@localhost minilinux]#

11.3  关联磁盘分区

[root@localhost minilinux]# fdisk -l minilinux_disk2.img
Disk minilinux_disk2.img：128 MiB，134217728 字节，262144 个扇区
单元：扇区 / 1 * 512 = 512 字节
扇区大小(逻辑/物理)：512 字节 / 512 字节
I/O 大小(最小/最佳)：512 字节 / 512 字节
磁盘标签类型：dos
磁盘标识符：0x0d27477d

设备                启动  起点   末尾   扇区  大小 Id 类型
minilinux_disk2.img1       2048 262143 260096  127M 83 Linux

[root@localhost minilinux]# losetup -o 1048576 /dev/loop0 minilinux_disk2.img

11.4  格式化分区和挂载分区

[root@localhost minilinux]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/loop0
[root@localhost minilinux]# mkdir /mnt/minilinux2
[root@localhost minilinux]# mount -t ext4 /dev/loop0 /mnt/minilinux2

11.5  复制目标映像文件

[root@localhost minilinux]# tar xJvf /home/ztg/minilinux-build-20190604.tar.xz -C /mnt/minilinux2

11.6  安装grub2

[root@localhost minilinux]# grub2-install --boot-directory=/mnt/minilinux2/boot/ --target=i386-pc --modules=part_msdos minilinux_disk2.img

cat > /mnt/minilinux2/boot/grub2/grub.cfg<< "EOF"
set default=0
set timeout=5
set root=(hd0,1)
menuentry "MINI LINUX" {
        linux /boot/vmlinuz-5.1.6 root=/dev/sda1 ro quiet
}
EOF

[root@localhost minilinux]#
umount /mnt/minilinux2
umount /dev/loop0
losetup -d /dev/loop0

12. VirtualBox 中运行 linux

[root@localhost minilinux]# cd /mnt/iso/minilinux/
[root@localhost minilinux]# ls
initrd.img  minilinux_disk2.img  minilinux_disk2.raw  minilinux_disk2.vdi  minilinux_disk.img  minilinux_disk.raw  minilinux_disk.vdi
[root@localhost minilinux]#

qemu-img convert minilinux_disk2.img -O raw minilinux_disk2.raw
VBoxManage convertdd minilinux_disk2.raw minilinux_disk2.vdi