Spring Cloud 入门Eureka -Consumer服务消费（Ribbon）（二）

前面一篇介绍了LoadBalancerClient来实现负载均衡， 这里介绍Spring cloud ribbon

1、ribbon

 　　Spring Cloud Ribbon 是一个基于Http和TCP的客服端负载均衡工具，它是基于Netflix Ribbon实现的。它不像服务注册中心、配置中心、API网关那样独立部署，但是它几乎存在于每个微服务的基础设施中理解Ribbon对于我们使用Spring Cloud来讲非常的重要，因为负载均衡是对系统的高可用、网络压力的缓解和处理能力扩容的重要手段之一。

　　它内部提供了一个叫做ILoadBalance的接口代表负载均衡器的操作，比如有添加服务器操作、选择服务器操作、获取所有的服务器列表、获取可用的服务器列表等等。

2、这里我们复制上一章consumer工程，修改pom.xml,增加ribbon依赖

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <groupId>com.example</groupId>
    <artifactId>eurekaRibbon</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>

    <name>eurekaRibbon</name>
    <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>

    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>1.4.0.RELEASE</version>
        <relativePath /> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
    </parent>

    <properties>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-eureka</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-ribbon</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>Dalston.SR3</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>


</project>

3、修改主类，为RestTemplate增加@LoadBalanced注解

package com.example.demo;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.loadbalancer.LoadBalanced;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;

@EnableDiscoveryClient
@SpringBootApplication
public class EurekaRibbonApplication {
    
    @Bean
    @LoadBalanced
    public RestTemplate restTemplate() {
        return new RestTemplate();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(EurekaRibbonApplication.class, args);
    }
}

4、接口

package com.example.demo.controller;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;

@RestController
public class ClientRibbonController {

    @Autowired
    RestTemplate restTemplate;

    @GetMapping("/consumer")
    public String all() {
        // 发起REST请求
        return restTemplate.getForObject("http://eurekaClient/all", String.class);
    }
    
}

　　这里请求的host位置并没有使用一个具体的IP地址和端口的形式，而是采用了服务名的方式组成。Spring Cloud Ribbon有一个拦截器，它能够在这里进行实际调用的时候，自动的去选取服务实例，并将实际要请求的IP地址和端口替换这里的服务名，从而完成服务接口的调用，进而实现自动化：

　　然而Ribbon要实现负载均衡自动化配置需要满足如下两个条件：

　　　1、ConditionalOnClass(RestTemplate.class)：RestTemplate类必须存在于当前工程的环境中

　　　2、ConditionalOnBean(LoadBalancerClient.class)：使用@LoadBalanced注解用来给RestTemplate做标记，以使用负载均衡的客户端（LoadBalancerClient）来配置RestTemplate。

　　在自动化配置中主要做三件事：

• 创建一个LoadBalancerInterceptor的Bean，用于实现对客户端发起请求时进行拦截，以实现客户端负载均衡。
• 创建一个RestTemplateCustomizer的Bean，用于给RestTemplate增加LoadBalancerInterceptor拦截器。
• 维护了一个被@LoadBalanced注解修饰的RestTemplate对象列表，并在这里进行初始化，通过调用RestTemplateCustomizer的实例来给需要客户端负载均衡的RestTemplate增加LoadBalancerInterceptor拦截器。

1、条件二LoadBalancerClient

/**
 * Represents a client side load balancer
 * @author Spencer Gibb
 */
public interface LoadBalancerClient extends ServiceInstanceChooser {
 
    /**
     * execute request using a ServiceInstance from the LoadBalancer for the specified
     * service
     * @param serviceId the service id to look up the LoadBalancer
     * @param request allows implementations to execute pre and post actions such as
     * incrementing metrics
     * @return the result of the LoadBalancerRequest callback on the selected
     * ServiceInstance
     */
    <T> T execute(String serviceId, LoadBalancerRequest<T> request) throws IOException;
 
    /**
     * execute request using a ServiceInstance from the LoadBalancer for the specified
     * service
     * @param serviceId the service id to look up the LoadBalancer
     * @param serviceInstance the service to execute the request to
     * @param request allows implementations to execute pre and post actions such as
     * incrementing metrics
     * @return the result of the LoadBalancerRequest callback on the selected
     * ServiceInstance
     */
    <T> T execute(String serviceId, ServiceInstance serviceInstance, LoadBalancerRequest<T> request) throws IOException;
 
    /**
     * Create a proper URI with a real host and port for systems to utilize.
     * Some systems use a URI with the logical serivce name as the host,
     * such as http://myservice/path/to/service.  This will replace the
     * service name with the host:port from the ServiceInstance.
     * @param instance
     * @param original a URI with the host as a logical service name
     * @return a reconstructed URI
     */
    URI reconstructURI(ServiceInstance instance, URI original);
}

　　我们可以知道 choose()方法根据传入的serviceId服务Id，从负载均衡器选择一个一个对应的服务实例。execute()方法根据serviceId服务ID和请求request来执行请求内容。reconstructURI()方法构建出一个合适的Host:Port的URI。而 RibbonLoadBalancerClient就是LoadBalancerClient的具体实现

2、Ribbon自动化配置：LoadBalancerAutoConfiguration 

/**
 * Auto configuration for Ribbon (client side load balancing).
 *
 * @author Spencer Gibb
 * @author Dave Syer
 * @author Will Tran
 */
@Configuration
@ConditionalOnClass(RestTemplate.class) //条件 : RestTemplate必须在工程的类路径下
@ConditionalOnBean(LoadBalancerClient.class)  //条件: Spring 容器中必须包含LoadBalancerClient的实现，即RibbonLoadBalancerClient
@EnableConfigurationProperties(LoadBalancerRetryProperties.class) //启动重试功能，可以spring.cloud.loadbalancer.retry=false,取消重试，默认参数为true
public class LoadBalancerAutoConfiguration {
 
    @LoadBalanced
    @Autowired(required = false)
    private List<RestTemplate> restTemplates = Collections.emptyList(); //维护一个RestTemplate列表，通过LoadBalanced来注解。
 
    @Bean
    public SmartInitializingSingleton loadBalancedRestTemplateInitializer( //加载初始话自定义的restTeplate,实质是初始化InterceptingHttpAccessor具体调用
            final List<RestTemplateCustomizer> customizers) {
        return new SmartInitializingSingleton() {
            @Override
            public void afterSingletonsInstantiated() {
                for (RestTemplate restTemplate : LoadBalancerAutoConfiguration.this.restTemplates) {
                    for (RestTemplateCustomizer customizer : customizers) {
                        customizer.customize(restTemplate);
                    }
                }
            }
        };
    }
 
    @Autowired(required = false)
    private List<LoadBalancerRequestTransformer> transformers = Collections.emptyList();
 
    @Bean
    @ConditionalOnMissingBean
    public LoadBalancerRequestFactory loadBalancerRequestFactory(
            LoadBalancerClient loadBalancerClient) {
        return new LoadBalancerRequestFactory(loadBalancerClient, transformers);
    }
 
    @Configuration
    @ConditionalOnMissingClass("org.springframework.retry.support.RetryTemplate")
    static class LoadBalancerInterceptorConfig {
        @Bean
        public LoadBalancerInterceptor ribbonInterceptor(
                LoadBalancerClient loadBalancerClient,
                LoadBalancerRequestFactory requestFactory) {
            return new LoadBalancerInterceptor(loadBalancerClient, requestFactory);
        }
 
        @Bean
        @ConditionalOnMissingBean
        public RestTemplateCustomizer restTemplateCustomizer(
                final LoadBalancerInterceptor loadBalancerInterceptor) {
            return new RestTemplateCustomizer() {
                @Override
                public void customize(RestTemplate restTemplate) {
                    List<ClientHttpRequestInterceptor> list = new ArrayList<>(
                            restTemplate.getInterceptors());
                    list.add(loadBalancerInterceptor);
                    restTemplate.setInterceptors(list);
                }
            };
        }
    }
 
    @Configuration
    @ConditionalOnClass(RetryTemplate.class)
    static class RetryAutoConfiguration {
        @Bean
        public RetryTemplate retryTemplate() {
            RetryTemplate template =  new RetryTemplate();
            template.setThrowLastExceptionOnExhausted(true);
            return template;
        }
 
        @Bean
        @ConditionalOnMissingBean
        public LoadBalancedRetryPolicyFactory loadBalancedRetryPolicyFactory() {
            return new LoadBalancedRetryPolicyFactory.NeverRetryFactory();
        }
 
        @Bean
        public RetryLoadBalancerInterceptor ribbonInterceptor(
                LoadBalancerClient loadBalancerClient, LoadBalancerRetryProperties properties,
                LoadBalancedRetryPolicyFactory lbRetryPolicyFactory,
                LoadBalancerRequestFactory requestFactory) {
            return new RetryLoadBalancerInterceptor(loadBalancerClient, retryTemplate(), properties,
                    lbRetryPolicyFactory, requestFactory);
        }
 
        @Bean
        @ConditionalOnMissingBean
        public RestTemplateCustomizer restTemplateCustomizer( //自定义RestTemplate ,实质是初始化InterceptingHttpAccessor
                final RetryLoadBalancerInterceptor loadBalancerInterceptor) {
            return new RestTemplateCustomizer() {
                @Override
                public void customize(RestTemplate restTemplate) {
                    List<ClientHttpRequestInterceptor> list = new ArrayList<>(
                            restTemplate.getInterceptors());
                    list.add(loadBalancerInterceptor);
                    restTemplate.setInterceptors(list);
                }
            };
        }
    }
}

具体可以看下https://www.cnblogs.com/duanxz/p/7504947.html，源码介绍