一,约束(类似于java的接口py中没有接口)
基于人为来约束
class BaseMessage(object): def send(self,x1): """ 必须继承BaseMessage,然后其中必须编写send方法。用于完成具体业务逻辑。 """ raise NotImplementedError(".send() 必须被重写.") class Email(BaseMessage): def send(self,x1): """ 必须继承BaseMessage,然后其中必须编写send方法。用于完成具体业务逻辑。 """ print('发送邮件') obj = Email() obj.send(1)
抽象类和抽象方法约束
from abc import ABCMeta,abstractmethod class Base(metaclass=ABCMeta): # 抽象类 def f1(self): print(123) @abstractmethod def f2(self): # 抽象方法 pass class Foo(Base): def f2(self): print(666) obj = Foo() obj.f1()
总结:
1. 什么是接口以及作用?
接口是一种数据类型,主要用于约束派生类中必须实现指定的方法。
Python中不存在,Java和C# 中是存在的。
2. Python中使用过什么来约束呢?
- 抽象类+抽象方法,编写上麻烦。
- 人为主动抛出异常
3. 约束时,抛出的异常是否可以用其他的?
不专业:raise Exception(".send() 必须被重写.")
专业:raise NotImplementedError(".send() 必须被重写.")
二.异常处理(类)
import os class ExistsError(Exception): pass class KeyInvalidError(Exception): pass def new_func(path,prev): """ 去path路径的文件中,找到前缀为prev的一行数据,获取数据并返回给调用者。 1000,成功 1001,文件不存在 1002,关键字为空 1003,未知错误 ... :return: """ response = {'code':1000,'data':None} try: if not os.path.exists(path): raise ExistsError() if not prev: raise KeyInvalidError() pass except ExistsError as e: response['code'] = 1001 response['data'] = '文件不存在' except KeyInvalidError as e: response['code'] = 1002 response['data'] = '关键字为空' except Exception as e: response['code'] = 1003 response['data'] = '未知错误' return response def func(path,prev): """ 去path路径的文件中,找到前缀为prev的一行数据,获取数据并返回给调用者。 1000,成功 1001,文件不存在 1002,关键字为空 1003,未知错误 ... :return: """ response = {'code':1000,'data':None} try: if not os.path.exists(path): response['code'] = 1001 response['data'] = '文件不存在' return response if not prev: response['code'] = 1002 response['data'] = '关键字为空' return response pass except Exception as e: response['code'] = 1003 response['data'] = '未知错误' return response def show(): return 8 def run(): pass
class MyException(Exception): def __init__(self,code,msg): self.code = code self.msg = msg try: raise MyException(1000,'操作异常') except KeyError as obj: print(obj,1111) except MyException as obj: print(obj,2222) except Exception as obj: print(obj,3333)
三.md5加密
在python3中使用hashlib模块进行md5操作
import hashlib # 待加密信息 str = 'this is a md5 test.' # 创建md5对象 hl = hashlib.md5() # Tips # 此处必须声明encode # 若写法为hl.update(str) 报错为: Unicode-objects must be encoded before hashing hl.update(str.encode(encoding='utf-8')) print('MD5加密前为 :' + str) print('MD5加密后为 :' + hl.hexdigest())
实例:
import hashlib #待加密信息 SALT = b'2erer3asdfwerxdf34sdfsdfs90' def md5(pwd): # 实例化对象 obj = hashlib.md5(SALT) #为防止撞库可以加盐 # 写入要加密的字节 obj.update(pwd.encode('utf-8')) # 获取密文 return obj.hexdigest() # 21232f297a57a5a743894a0e4a801fc3 # 66fbdc0f98f68d69cd458b0cee975fe3 # c5395258d82599e5f1bec3be1e4dea4a user = input("请输入用户名:") pwd = input("请输入密码:") if user == 'oldboy' and md5(pwd) == 'c5395258d82599e5f1bec3be1e4dea4a': print('登录成功') else: print('登录失败')
四,日志
import logging logger = logging.basicConfig(filename='xxxxxxx.txt', format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s -%(module)s: %(message)s', datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', level=30) # logging.debug('x1') # 10 # logging.info('x2') # 20 # logging.warning('x3') # 30 # logging.error('x4') # 40 # logging.critical('x5') # 50 # logging.log(10,'x6') import traceback def func(): try: a = a +1 except Exception as e: # 获取当前错误的堆栈信息 msg = traceback.format_exc() logging.error(msg) func()
class Foo: def __str__(self): return 'asdfadfasdfasd' obj = Foo() print(obj,type(obj)) #asdfadfasdfasd <class '__main__.Foo'> v1 = str(obj) print(v1) #asdfadfasdfasd
import logging logger1 = logging.basicConfig(filename='x1.txt', format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s -%(module)s: %(message)s', datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', level=30) logging.error('x4') logging.error('x5')
import logging # 创建一个操作日志的对象logger(依赖FileHandler) file_handler = logging.FileHandler('l1.log', 'a', encoding='utf-8') file_handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter(fmt="%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s -%(module)s: %(message)s")) logger1 = logging.Logger('s1', level=logging.ERROR) logger1.addHandler(file_handler) logger1.error('123123123') # 在创建一个操作日志的对象logger(依赖FileHandler) file_handler2 = logging.FileHandler('l2.log', 'a', encoding='utf-8') file_handler2.setFormatter(logging.Formatter(fmt="%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s -%(module)s: %(message)s")) logger2 = logging.Logger('s2', level=logging.ERROR) logger2.addHandler(file_handler2) logger2.error('666')