函数
// 具名函数和匿名函数
// Named function
function add(x, y) {
return x + y;
}
// Anonymous function
let myAdd = function(x, y) { return x + y; };
// 函数体内可以引用函数外围的变量
let z = 100;
function addToZ(x, y) {
return x + y + z;
}
// 函数类型
// 给函数加上类型
function add(x: number, y: number): number {
return x + y;
}
let myAdd = function(x: number, y: number): number { return x + y; }
// 给出完整的函数类型
let myAdd: (x: number, y: number) => number =
function(x: number, y: number): number { return x + y; };
// 函数类型的参数名不重要
let myAdd: (baseValue: number, increment: number) => number =
function(x: number, y: number): number { return x + y; };
// 可以让编译器自动推导函数的类型
// myAdd has the full function type
let myAdd = function(x: number, y: number): number { return x + y; };
// The parameters 'x' and 'y' have the type number
let myAdd: (baseValue: number, increment: number) => number =
function(x, y) { return x + y; };
// 可选参数和缺省参数
// 不使用可选参数和缺省参数
function buildName(firstName: string, lastName: string) {
return firstName + " " + lastName;
}
let result1 = buildName("Bob"); // error, too few parameters
let result2 = buildName("Bob", "Adams", "Sr."); // error, too many parameters
let result3 = buildName("Bob", "Adams"); // ah, just right
// 使用可选参数
function buildName(firstName: string, lastName?: string) {
if (lastName)
return firstName + " " + lastName;
else
return firstName;
}
let result1 = buildName("Bob"); // works correctly now
let result2 = buildName("Bob", "Adams", "Sr."); // error, too many parameters
let result3 = buildName("Bob", "Adams"); // ah, just right
// 使用缺省参数
function buildName(firstName: string, lastName = "Smith") {
return firstName + " " + lastName;
}
let result1 = buildName("Bob"); // works correctly now, returns "Bob Smith"
let result2 = buildName("Bob", undefined); // still works, also returns "Bob Smith"
let result3 = buildName("Bob", "Adams", "Sr."); // error, too many parameters
let result4 = buildName("Bob", "Adams"); // ah, just right
// 可选参数和缺省参数具有共同点
function buildName(firstName: string, lastName?: string) {
// ...
}
function buildName(firstName: string, lastName = "Smith") {
// ...
}
// 两者类型相同都是
(firstName: string, lastName?: string) => string
// 可选参数和缺省参数可以不在最后
function buildName(firstName = "Will", lastName: string) {
return firstName + " " + lastName;
}
let result1 = buildName("Bob"); // error, too few parameters
let result2 = buildName("Bob", "Adams", "Sr."); // error, too many parameters
let result3 = buildName("Bob", "Adams"); // okay and returns "Bob Adams"
let result4 = buildName(undefined, "Adams"); // okay and returns "Will Adams"
// 剩余参数
function buildName(firstName: string, ...restOfName: string[]) {
return firstName + " " + restOfName.join(" ");
}
// employeeName will be "Joseph Samuel Lucas MacKinzie"
let employeeName = buildName("Joseph", "Samuel", "Lucas", "MacKinzie");
// 剩余参数的类型
function buildName(firstName: string, ...restOfName: string[]) {
return firstName + " " + restOfName.join(" ");
}
let buildNameFun: (fname: string, ...rest: string[]) => string = buildName;
// 理解this
// 错误示例
let deck = {
suits: ["hearts", "spades", "clubs", "diamonds"],
cards: Array(52),
createCardPicker: function() {
return function() {
let pickedCard = Math.floor(Math.random() * 52);
let pickedSuit = Math.floor(pickedCard / 13);
return {suit: this.suits[pickedSuit], card: pickedCard % 13};
}
}
}
let cardPicker = deck.createCardPicker();
let pickedCard = cardPicker();
alert("card: " + pickedCard.card + " of " + pickedCard.suit);
// 正确示例
let deck = {
suits: ["hearts", "spades", "clubs", "diamonds"],
cards: Array(52),
createCardPicker: function() {
// NOTE: the line below is now an arrow function, allowing us to capture 'this' right here
return () => {
let pickedCard = Math.floor(Math.random() * 52);
let pickedSuit = Math.floor(pickedCard / 13);
return {suit: this.suits[pickedSuit], card: pickedCard % 13};
}
}
}
let cardPicker = deck.createCardPicker();
let pickedCard = cardPicker();
alert("card: " + pickedCard.card + " of " + pickedCard.suit);
// 避免在函数中使用this的方法
function f(this: void) {
// make sure `this` is unusable in this standalone function
}
// 显示指定this的类型
interface Card {
suit: string;
card: number;
}
interface Deck {
suits: string[];
cards: number[];
createCardPicker(this: Deck): () => Card;
}
let deck: Deck = {
suits: ["hearts", "spades", "clubs", "diamonds"],
cards: Array(52),
// NOTE: The function now explicitly specifies that its callee must be of type Deck
createCardPicker: function(this: Deck) {
return () => {
let pickedCard = Math.floor(Math.random() * 52);
let pickedSuit = Math.floor(pickedCard / 13);
return {suit: this.suits[pickedSuit], card: pickedCard % 13};
}
}
}
let cardPicker = deck.createCardPicker();
let pickedCard = cardPicker();
alert("card: " + pickedCard.card + " of " + pickedCard.suit);
// 回调函数中的this
// 不希望在回调函数中使用this
interface UIElement {
addClickListener(onclick: (this: void, e: Event) => void): void;
}
// 在回调函数中显示指定this的类型
// 错误示例
class Handler {
info: string;
onClickBad(this: Handler, e: Event) {
// oops, used `this` here. using this callback would crash at runtime
this.info = e.message;
}
}
let h = new Handler();
uiElement.addClickListener(h.onClickBad); // error!
// 正确示例
class Handler {
info: string;
onClickGood(this: void, e: Event) {
// can't use `this` here because it's of type void!
console.log('clicked!');
}
}
let h = new Handler();
uiElement.addClickListener(h.onClickGood);
// 正确示例 2
class Handler {
info: string;
onClickGood = (e: Event) => { this.info = e.message }
}
// 重载
// 不使用重载
let suits = ["hearts", "spades", "clubs", "diamonds"];
function pickCard(x): any {
// Check to see if we're working with an object/array
// if so, they gave us the deck and we'll pick the card
if (typeof x == "object") {
let pickedCard = Math.floor(Math.random() * x.length);
return pickedCard;
}
// Otherwise just let them pick the card
else if (typeof x == "number") {
let pickedSuit = Math.floor(x / 13);
return { suit: suits[pickedSuit], card: x % 13 };
}
}
let myDeck = [{ suit: "diamonds", card: 2 }, { suit: "spades", card: 10 }, { suit: "hearts", card: 4 }];
let pickedCard1 = myDeck[pickCard(myDeck)];
alert("card: " + pickedCard1.card + " of " + pickedCard1.suit);
let pickedCard2 = pickCard(15);
alert("card: " + pickedCard2.card + " of " + pickedCard2.suit);
// 使用重载
let suits = ["hearts", "spades", "clubs", "diamonds"];
function pickCard(x: {suit: string; card: number; }[]): number;
function pickCard(x: number): {suit: string; card: number; };
function pickCard(x): any {
// Check to see if we're working with an object/array
// if so, they gave us the deck and we'll pick the card
if (typeof x == "object") {
let pickedCard = Math.floor(Math.random() * x.length);
return pickedCard;
}
// Otherwise just let them pick the card
else if (typeof x == "number") {
let pickedSuit = Math.floor(x / 13);
return { suit: suits[pickedSuit], card: x % 13 };
}
}
let myDeck = [{ suit: "diamonds", card: 2 }, { suit: "spades", card: 10 }, { suit: "hearts", card: 4 }];
let pickedCard1 = myDeck[pickCard(myDeck)];
alert("card: " + pickedCard1.card + " of " + pickedCard1.suit);
let pickedCard2 = pickCard(15);
alert("card: " + pickedCard2.card + " of " + pickedCard2.suit);
泛型
// 不使用泛型
function identity(arg: number): number {
return arg;
}
// 不使用泛型
function identity(arg: any): any {
return arg;
}
// 泛型
function identity<T>(arg: T): T {
return arg;
}
let output = identity<string>("myString"); // type of output will be 'string'
let output = identity("myString"); // type of output will be 'string'
// 泛型变量
// 错误示例
function loggingIdentity<T>(arg: T): T {
console.log(arg.length); // Error: T doesn't have .length
return arg;
}
// 正确示例
function loggingIdentity<T>(arg: T[]): T[] {
console.log(arg.length); // Array has a .length, so no more error
return arg;
}
function loggingIdentity<T>(arg: Array<T>): Array<T> {
console.log(arg.length); // Array has a .length, so no more error
return arg;
}
// 泛型类型
function identity<T>(arg: T): T {
return arg;
}
let myIdentity: <T>(arg: T) => T = identity;
let myIdentity: <U>(arg: U) => U = identity;
let myIdentity: {<T>(arg: T): T} = identity;
// 泛型接口
interface GenericIdentityFn {
<T>(arg: T): T;
}
let myIdentity: GenericIdentityFn = identity;
// 泛型接口2
interface GenericIdentityFn<T> {
(arg: T): T;
}
let myIdentity: GenericIdentityFn<number> = identity;
// 泛型类
class GenericNumber<T> {
zeroValue: T;
add: (x: T, y: T) => T;
}
let myGenericNumber = new GenericNumber<number>();
myGenericNumber.zeroValue = 0;
myGenericNumber.add = function(x, y) { return x + y; };
let stringNumeric = new GenericNumber<string>();
stringNumeric.zeroValue = "";
stringNumeric.add = function(x, y) { return x + y; };
console.log(stringNumeric.add(stringNumeric.zeroValue, "test"));
// 泛型约束
interface Lengthwise {
length: number;
}
function loggingIdentity<T extends Lengthwise>(arg: T): T {
console.log(arg.length); // Now we know it has a .length property, so no more error
return arg;
}
loggingIdentity(3); // Error, number doesn't have a .length property
loggingIdentity({length: 10, value: 3});
// 在泛型约束中使用类型参数
function getProperty<T, K extends keyof T>(obj: T, key: K) {
return obj[key];
}
let x = { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4 };
getProperty(x, "a"); // okay
getProperty(x, "m"); // error: Argument of type 'm' isn't assignable to 'a' | 'b' | 'c' | 'd'.
// 在泛型中使用类
function create<T>(c: {new(): T; }): T {
return new c();
}
// 在泛型中使用类2
class BeeKeeper {
hasMask: boolean;
}
class ZooKeeper {
nametag: string;
}
class Animal {
numLegs: number;
}
class Bee extends Animal {
keeper: BeeKeeper;
}
class Lion extends Animal {
keeper: ZooKeeper;
}
function createInstance<A extends Animal>(c: new () => A): A {
return new c();
}
createInstance(Lion).keeper.nametag; // typechecks!
createInstance(Bee).keeper.hasMask; // typechecks!