scrapy之spiders

官方文档：https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spiders.html#

一句话总结：spider是定义爬取的动作（是否跟进新的链接）及分析网页结构（提取数据，返回item）的地方。

一 scrapy.Spider

　　1 name

　　2 allowed_domins  <----------------------->  offsitemiddleware

　　3 start_urls  <-----------------------> start_requests()

　　4 custom_settings  <------------------------->Built-in settings reference

　　It must be defined as a class attribute since the settings are updated before instantiation.

class BaiduSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'baidu'
    allowed_domains = ['https://www.baidu.com']
    start_urls = ['http://https://www.baidu.com/']
    custom_settings = {
            'user-agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/65.0.3325.181 Safari/537.36',
    }
    def parse(self, response):
        pass

　　5 crawler <----------> from_crawler()

　　6 settings

　　7 logger

　　8 from_crawler(crawler,*args,**kwargs)

　　This is the class method used by Scrapy to create your spiders.

　　9 start_request()

　　It is called by Scrapy when the spider is opened for scraping. 

　　核心代码：

for url in self.start_urls:
                yield Request(url, dont_filter=True)

　　　关于Request的说明。以下是Requet的源码。

class Request(object_ref):

    def __init__(self, url, callback=None, method='GET', headers=None, body=None,
                 cookies=None, meta=None, encoding='utf-8', priority=0,
                 dont_filter=False, errback=None, flags=None):

　　源码中可以看到，Request默认是get请求，如果是发post请求，需要在重写此方法。这里涉及到了 Request类

class MySpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'myspider'

    def start_requests(self):
        return [scrapy.FormRequest("http://www.example.com/login",
                                   formdata={'user': 'john', 'pass': 'secret'},
                                   callback=self.logged_in)]

    def logged_in(self, response):
        # here you would extract links to follow and return Requests for
        # each of them, with another callback
        pass

　　10 parse(response)

　　This method, as well as any other Request callback, must return an iterable of Requestand/or dicts or Item objects.

 　　11 log(message[ , level,component])

　　12 closed(reason)

　　

二 Spider arguments

　　-a

三 Generic Spiders

　　1 CrawlSpider

　　　　推荐

　　　　加了 rules，简化了相关操作。

　　2 XMLFeedSpider

　　3 CSVFeedSpider

　　4 SitemapSpider