说明
xtrabackup --percona
特点：
- 开源，在线备份innodb表
- 支持限速备份，避免对业务造成影响
- 支持流备
- 支持增量备份
- 支持备份文件压缩与加密
- 支持并行备份与恢复，速度快
地址：https://www.percona.com/downloads/XtraBackup
xtrabackup备份原理
- 基于innodb的crash-recovery功能
- 备份期间允许用户读写，写请求产生redo日志
- 从磁盘上拷贝数据文件
- 从innodb redo log file实时拷贝走备份期间产生的所有redo日志
- 恢复的时候 数据文件+redo日志 = 一致性数据
实用脚本innobackupex
- 开源Perl脚本，封装调用xtrabackup及一系列相关工具与OS操作，最终完成备份过程
- 支持备份Innodb和其他引擎的表
- 备份一致性保证
安装问题
问题一：innobackupex发现mysql模块没有安装
140312 13:30:40 innobackupex: Connecting to MySQL server with DSN 'dbi:mysql:;mysql_read_default_file=/etc/my.cnf;mysql_read_default_group=xtrabackup' as 'root' (using password: YES).
innobackupex: Error: Failed to connect to MySQL server as DBD::mysql module is not installed at /usr/local/mysql/bin/innobackupex line 2956.
因为环境是使用二进制文件安装的mysql，在Ubuntu下没有安装mysql-server；
解决：安装mysql-server
aiapple@ubuntu:~$ sudo apt-get install mysql-server
innobackupex使用
- 全量备份
- 增量备份
- 流方式备份
- 并行备份
- 限流备份
- 压缩备份
- 常用参数介绍
1）全量备份：
aiapple@ubuntu:~$ innobackupex-1.5.1 --user=root --password=000000 --defaults-file=/tmp/mysqldata/my.cnf dbbackup/ innobackupex-1.5.1: Backup created in directory '/home/aiapple/dbbackup/2016-08-20_06-16-26' innobackupex-1.5.1: MySQL binlog position: filename 'mysql-bin.000001', position 1643 160820 06:16:30 innobackupex-1.5.1: Connection to database server closed 160820 06:16:30 innobackupex-1.5.1: completed OK!
#备份成功；
aiapple@ubuntu:~$ ls dbbackup/
2016-08-20_06-16-26
2)增量备份，需指定上一次备份目录
注意：innobackupex 增量备份仅针对InnoDB这类支持事务的引擎，对于MyISAM等引擎，则仍然是全备。
增量备份：
aiapple@ubuntu:~$ innobackupex-1.5.1 --user=root --password=000000 --defaults-file=/tmp/mysqldata/my.cnf --incremental --incremental-dir dbbackup/2016-08-20_06-16-26/ dbbackup/ innobackupex-1.5.1: Backup created in directory '/home/aiapple/dbbackup/2016-08-20_06-24-08' innobackupex-1.5.1: MySQL binlog position: filename 'mysql-bin.000001', position 1749 160820 06:24:13 innobackupex-1.5.1: Connection to database server closed 160820 06:24:13 innobackupex-1.5.1: completed OK! #备份成功 aiapple@ubuntu:~$ ls dbbackup/ 2016-08-20_06-16-26 2016-08-20_06-24-08
3)流式备份（）
aiapple@ubuntu:~$ innobackupex-1.5.1 --user=root --password=000000 --defaults-file=/tmp/mysqldata/my.cnf --stream=xbstream dbbackup/ > dbbackup/stream.bak innobackupex-1.5.1: Backup created in directory '/home/aiapple/dbbackup' innobackupex-1.5.1: MySQL binlog position: filename 'mysql-bin.000001', position 1749 160820 06:28:06 innobackupex-1.5.1: Connection to database server closed 160820 06:28:06 innobackupex-1.5.1: completed OK! #备份成功 aiapple@ubuntu:~$ ls dbbackup/ 2016-08-20_06-16-26 2016-08-20_06-24-08 stream.bak
4)并行备份--使用4个线程
aiapple@ubuntu:~$ innobackupex-1.5.1 --user=root --password=000000 --defaults-file=/tmp/mysqldata/my.cnf --parallel=4 dbbackup/ innobackupex-1.5.1: Backup created in directory '/home/aiapple/dbbackup/2016-08-20_06-36-34' innobackupex-1.5.1: MySQL binlog position: filename 'mysql-bin.000001', position 1749 160820 06:36:38 innobackupex-1.5.1: Connection to database server closed 160820 06:36:38 innobackupex-1.5.1: completed OK! #备份成功 aiapple@ubuntu:~$ ls dbbackup/ 2016-08-20_06-16-26 2016-08-20_06-24-08 2016-08-20_06-36-34 stream.bak
5)限流备份--读写速度限制10M
aiapple@ubuntu:~$ innobackupex-1.5.1 --user=root --password=000000 --defaults-file=/tmp/mysqldata/my.cnf --throttle=10 dbbackup/ innobackupex-1.5.1: Backup created in directory '/home/aiapple/dbbackup/2016-08-20_06-38-26' innobackupex-1.5.1: MySQL binlog position: filename 'mysql-bin.000001', position 1749 160820 06:38:31 innobackupex-1.5.1: Connection to database server closed 160820 06:38:31 innobackupex-1.5.1: completed OK! #备份成功 aiapple@ubuntu:~$ ls dbbackup/ 2016-08-20_06-16-26 2016-08-20_06-36-34 stream.bak 2016-08-20_06-24-08 2016-08-20_06-38-26
6)压缩备份--可以指定压缩备份线程
aiapple@ubuntu:~$ innobackupex-1.5.1 --user=root --password=000000 --defaults-file=/tmp/mysqldata/my.cnf --compress --compress-thread 4 dbbackup/ innobackupex-1.5.1: Backup created in directory '/home/aiapple/dbbackup/2016-08-20_06-40-26' innobackupex-1.5.1: MySQL binlog position: filename 'mysql-bin.000001', position 1749 160820 06:40:30 innobackupex-1.5.1: Connection to database server closed 160820 06:40:30 innobackupex-1.5.1: completed OK! #备份成功 aiapple@ubuntu:~$ ls dbbackup/ 2016-08-20_06-16-26 2016-08-20_06-36-34 2016-08-20_06-40-26 2016-08-20_06-24-08 2016-08-20_06-38-26 stream.bak
7)常用参数
innobackupex --help | less
恢复
1.全量备份与恢复：
1）全量备份
mysql> show tables; +--------------+ | Tables_in_tt | +--------------+ | course | | t1 | +--------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) aiapple@ubuntu:~$ innobackupex --user=root --password=000000 --defaults-file=/tmp/mysqldata/my.cnf dbbackup/ #备份成功； aiapple@ubuntu:~$ ls dbbackup/ 2016-08-20_06-16-26
2)删除表
mysql> drop table t1; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> show tables; +--------------+ | Tables_in_tt | +--------------+ | course | +--------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3)通过全量备份恢复
#只需通过apply-log指定备份文件
aiapple@ubuntu:~$ innobackupex --apply-log dbbackup/2016-08-20_06-16-26 InnoDB: Starting shutdown... InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 1638934 160820 06:46:20 innobackupex: completed OK!
#回滚redo log文件；
aiapple@ubuntu:~/dbbackup/2016-08-20_06-16-26$ ls backup-my.cnf mysql xtrabackup_binlog_info ibdata1 performance_schema xtrabackup_checkpoints ib_logfile0 tt xtrabackup_logfile ib_logfile1 xtrabackup_binary
4）复制恢复文件到数据目录
#注意：数据目录要求是空，最好先备份，再清空；
aiapple@ubuntu:~/dbbackup$ innobackupex --defaults-file=/tmp/mysqldata/my.cnf --user=root --password=000000 --copy-back 2016-08-20_06-16-26/ innobackupex-1.5.1: Copying '/home/aiapple/dbbackup/2016-08-20_06-16-26/ib_logfile1' to '/tmp/mysqldata/node1/ib_logfile1' innobackupex-1.5.1: Finished copying back files. 160820 07:11:09 innobackupex-1.5.1: completed OK!
5）查看
mysql> show tables; +--------------+ | Tables_in_tt | +--------------+ | course | | t1 | +--------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.增量备份与恢复
#需指定上次备份目录
1)增加表zengliang;
mysql> show tables; +--------------+ | Tables_in_tt | +--------------+ | course | | t1 | +--------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> create table zengliang(a int ,b int); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)
2)增量备份
#注意--incremental-dir后面跟基础备份目录，之后再跟增量备份目录，
#与应用增量备份日志相反
aiapple@ubuntu:~$ innobackupex --user=root --password=000000 --defaults-file=/tmp/mysqldata/my.cnf --incremental --incremental-dir dbbackup/2016-08-20_06-16-26/ dbbackup/ innobackupex-1.5.1: MySQL binlog position: filename 'mysql-bin.000001', position 1749 160820 06:24:13 innobackupex-1.5.1: Connection to database server closed 160820 06:24:13 innobackupex-1.5.1: completed OK!
#备份成功
aiapple@ubuntu:~$ ls dbbackup/ 2016-08-20_06-16-26 2016-08-20_06-24-08
3）应用日志恢复数据
--apply-log 回滚日志
--redo-only 回滚合并（多个增量的时候，增量也需要用到，直到最后一个增量不用）
a)恢复完全备份数据
aiapple@ubuntu:~/dbbackup$ innobackupex --apply-log --redo-only 2016-08-20_06-16-26
b)应用增量备份日志
#注意此时--incremental-dir后面跟的是增量备份的目录，之后再跟基础备份的目录；
#与增量备份相反
#注意：由于权限问题，使用innobackupex,应该使用root账户，不然这条不会通过；
aiapple@ubuntu:~/dbbackup$ innobackupex --apply-log --incremental-dir=（增量备份目录） （基础备份目录）
#不知何原因总是不太容易成功；
4）复制恢复文件到数据目录
#注意：数据目录要求是空，最好先备份，再清空；
aiapple@ubuntu:~/dbbackup$ innobackupex --defaults-file=/tmp/mysqldata/my.cnf --user=root --password=000000 --copy-back 2016-08-20_06-16-26/ innobackupex-1.5.1: Copying '/home/aiapple/dbbackup/2016-08-20_06-16-26/ib_logfile1' to '/tmp/mysqldata/node1/ib_logfile1' innobackupex-1.5.1: Finished copying back files. 160820 07:11:09 innobackupex-1.5.1: completed OK!
3.还原压缩
解压--innobackupex --decompress /dbbackup/(备份目录)
应用日志--innobackupex --apply-log /dbbackup/(压缩后目录)
4)还原流备
mkdir stream
xbstream -C stream -x < stream.bak
并行恢复--innobackupex --parallel=4 --apply-log --use-memory=200MB /dbbackup/stream
--use-memory：加快恢复速度；
binlog恢复
在备份恢复之后，使用binlog恢复没有备份的数据；
1）查看备份时binlog点；
aiapple@ubuntu:~/dbbackup/mysql3309$ cat xtrabackup_binlog_info mysql-bin.000002 1467
2)使用mysqlbinlog分析二进制日志
aiapple@ubuntu:/tmp/mysqldata/node1$ mysqlbinlog -vv mysql-bin.000002 | less # at 1958 #160820 9:10:29 server id 1 end_log_pos 2078 CRC32 0x683bcdc6 Query thread_id=2 exec_time=0 error_code=0 SET TIMESTAMP=1471698629/*!*/; insert into t6 values(111,222),(333,444),(555,666) /*!*/; # at 2078 #160820 9:10:29 server id 1 end_log_pos 2109 CRC32 0xf264071a Xid = 104 COMMIT/*!*/; # at 2109 #160820 9:11:51 server id 1 end_log_pos 2184 CRC32 0x3f63ae99 Query thread_id=2 exec_time=0 error_code=0 SET TIMESTAMP=1471698711/*!*/; BEGIN /*!*/; # at 2184 #160820 9:11:51 server id 1 end_log_pos 2298 CRC32 0x5c3b7667 Query thread_id=2 exec_time=0 error_code=0 SET TIMESTAMP=1471698711/*!*/; insert into t6 values(11,22),(33,44),(55,66) /*!*/; # at 2298 #160820 9:11:51 server id 1 end_log_pos 2329 CRC32 0x4ea5c481 Xid = 114 COMMIT/*!*/;
可以看到结束节点在2298
3)使用mysqlbinlog+管道+mysql sock登陆
aiapple@ubuntu:/tmp/mysqldata/node1$ mysqlbinlog -vv --start-position=1467 --stop-position=2298 mysql-bin.000002 | mysql -uroot -p --socket=/home/aiapple/dbbackup/mysql3309/mysql.sock
也可以按照时间恢复：
aiapple@ubuntu:/tmp/mysqldata/node1$ mysqlbinlog -vv --start-datetime='2016-08-20 9:03:58' --stop-datetime='2016-08-20 9:11:51' mysql-bin.000002 | cat