ORM操作
单表、一对多表操作
1 from django.db import models 2 3 4 class UserGroup(models.Model): 5 title = models.CharField(max_length=32) 6 7 8 class UserInfo(models.Model): 9 username = models.CharField(max_length=32) 10 password = models.CharField(max_length=64) 11 # age = models.IntegerField(null=True) 12 age = models.IntegerField(default=1) # 处理这种问题直接可以设置成空或者默认给个值 因为此时在数据库有数据 13 ug = models.ForeignKey("UserGroup", on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True)
1 # 新增 2 # models.UserGroup.objects.create(title="销售部") 3 # models.UserInfo.objects.create(username='孙大圣', password='pwd', age=18, ug_id=1) 4 # 5 # 查找 6 # group_list = models.UserGroup.objects.all() # group_list是QuerySet类型 相当于一个列表 7 # for row in group_list: 8 # print(row.id, row.title) 9 # 10 # group_list = models.UserGroup.objects.filter(id=1) 11 # group_list = models.UserGroup.objects.filter(id__gt=1)#大于 12 # group_list = models.UserGroup.objects.filter(id__lt=1) #小于 13 # 14 # 删除 15 # models.UserGroup.objects.filter(id=2).delete() 16 # 17 # 更新 18 # models.UserGroup.objects.filter(id=2).update(title='公关部') 19 # filter里边的条件如果多个默认是and关系取 20 # models.UserType.objects.all().count()总数量 21 # models.UserType.objects.all().update()改 22 # models.UserType.objects.all().delete()删除 23 # models.UserType.objects.all()[1:10]
正反操作+高级+其它
1 # 获取个数 2 # 3 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').count() 4 5 # 大于,小于 6 # 7 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__gt=1) # 获取id大于1的值 8 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__gte=1) # 获取id大于等于1的值 9 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lt=10) # 获取id小于10的值 10 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lte=10) # 获取id小于10的值 11 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lt=10, id__gt=1) # 获取id大于1 且 小于10的值 12 13 # in 14 # 15 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__in=[11, 22, 33]) # 获取id等于11、22、33的数据 16 # models.Tb1.objects.exclude(id__in=[11, 22, 33]) # not in 17 18 # isnull 19 # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__isnull=True) 20 21 # contains 22 # 23 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name__contains="ven") 24 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name__icontains="ven") # icontains大小写不敏感 25 # models.Tb1.objects.exclude(name__icontains="ven") 26 27 # range 28 # 29 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__range=[1, 2]) # 范围bettwen and 30 31 # 其他类似 32 # 33 # startswith,istartswith, endswith, iendswith, 34 35 # order by 36 # 37 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').order_by('id') # asc 38 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').order_by('-id') # desc 39 40 # group by 41 # 42 # from django.db.models import Count, Min, Max, Sum 43 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(c1=1).values('id').annotate(c=Count('num')) 44 # SELECT "app01_tb1"."id", COUNT("app01_tb1"."num") AS "c" FROM "app01_tb1" WHERE "app01_tb1"."c1" = 1 GROUP BY "app01_tb1"."id" 45 46 # limit 、offset 47 # 48 # models.Tb1.objects.all()[10:20] 49 50 # regex正则匹配,iregex 不区分大小写 51 # 52 # Entry.objects.get(title__regex=r'^(An?|The) +') 53 # Entry.objects.get(title__iregex=r'^(an?|the) +') 54 55 # date 56 # 57 # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__date=datetime.date(2005, 1, 1)) 58 # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__date__gt=datetime.date(2005, 1, 1)) 59 60 # year 61 # 62 # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2005) 63 # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__year__gte=2005) 64 65 # month 66 # 67 # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__month=12) 68 # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__month__gte=6) 69 70 # day 71 # 72 # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__day=3) 73 # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__day__gte=3) 74 75 # week_day 76 # 77 # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__week_day=2) 78 # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__week_day__gte=2) 79 80 # hour 81 # 82 # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__hour=23) 83 # Event.objects.filter(time__hour=5) 84 # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__hour__gte=12) 85 86 # minute 87 # 88 # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__minute=29) 89 # Event.objects.filter(time__minute=46) 90 # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__minute__gte=29) 91 92 # second 93 # 94 # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__second=31) 95 # Event.objects.filter(time__second=2) 96 # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__second__gte=31)
1 from django.db import models 2 3 4 class UserType(models.Model): 5 title = models.CharField(max_length=32) 6 7 8 class UserInfo(models.Model): 9 username = models.CharField(max_length=32) 10 password = models.CharField(max_length=64) 11 age = models.IntegerField() 12 ut = models.ForeignKey('UserType', on_delete=models.CASCADE) 13 14 def __str__(self): 15 return '%s--%s' % (self.id, self.username)
1 # 第一部分 连表操作 2 # from app01 import models 3 # 获取 4 # result = models.UserInfo.objects.all() 5 # .all .filter 都是QuerySet对象 [obj, obj] 里边放的就是数据库里边对应的每一行数据对象 6 # for obj in result: 7 # print(obj.username, obj.age, obj.ut_id, obj.ut.title) # 可以一直跨表下去但不要无限制 效率问题 8 9 # UserInfo ut字段外键FK 正向操作 10 # obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first() 11 # print(obj.username, obj.age, obj.ut.title) 12 13 # result = models.UserInfo.objects.all().values('id', 'username', 'ut__title') 14 # 里边放的字典对象 以下两种方式本质上不能跨表 但是在取数据的时候用双下划线也可以做到跨表查询 神奇的__ 15 # <QuerySet [{'id': 1, 'username': '孙大圣', 'ut__title': '牛逼用户'}, {'id': 2, 'username': '唐和尚', 'ut__title': '二笔用户'}]> 16 # for row in result: 17 # print(row['username'], row['ut__title']) 18 19 # result = models.UserInfo.objects.all().values_list('id', 'username') 20 # 里边放元组对象 21 # <QuerySet [(1, '孙大圣'), (2, '唐和尚'), (3, '猪八戒'), (4, '沙和尚')]> 22 # print(result) 23 24 25 # UserType 表名小写_set.all() 反向操作 26 # obj = models.UserType.objects.all().first() 27 # print(obj.id, obj.title, obj.userinfo_set.all()) 28 # for row in obj.userinfo_set.all(): 29 # print(row.id, row.username) 30 31 # result = models.UserType.objects.all() 32 # for item in result: 33 # print(item.title, item.userinfo_set.all()) 34 35 # obj = models.UserType.objects.all().first() 36 # result = obj.userinfo_set.all() 37 # print(result) 38 39 # models.UserType.objects.all().values('id', 'title') 40 # models.UserType.objects.all().filter('还可以先加条件').values('id', 'title', 'userinfo') # 正反向操作都是可以先加条件再干 41 # models.UserType.objects.all().values('id', 'title', 'userinfo__username') 42 # values_list也一样 谁在前边,那么前边的表就会显示完 跟mysql里边左右连接一样
1 # 高级操作 2 # F Q extra 3 # F操作 4 # from django.db.models import F, Q 5 # # F 批量对某个字段更新数据时用 6 # models.UserInfo.objects.all().update(age=F("age")+1) 7 # 8 # # Q 构造复杂的查询条件 9 # condition = { 10 # 'id': 1, 11 # 'username': 'root' 12 # } 13 # models.UserInfo.objects.filter(**condition) 14 # models.UserInfo.objects.filter(Q(id=1) | Q(id__gt=3)) 15 # models.UserInfo.objects.filter(Q(id=1) & Q(id__gt=3)) 16 # 17 # q1 = Q() 18 # q1.connector = 'OR' 19 # q1.children.append(('id__lt', 2)) 20 # q1.children.append(('id', 2)) 21 # q1.children.append(('id', 3)) 22 # 23 # q2 = Q() 24 # q2.connector = 'OR' 25 # q2.children.append(('a1', 3)) 26 # q2.children.append(('a2', 4)) 27 # q2.children.append(('a3', 1)) 28 # 29 # q3 = Q() 30 # q3.connector = 'AND' 31 # q3.children.append(('b1', 1)) 32 # q3.children.append(('b2', 2)) 33 # q1.add(q3, 'OR') 34 # 35 # con = Q() 36 # con.add(q1, 'AND') 37 # con.add(q2, 'AND') 38 # # (id = 1 or id=2 or id=3 or (b1=1 and b2=2)) and (a1=3 or a2=4 or a3=1) 39 # models.UserInfo.objects.filter(con) 40 # 41 # # extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None,order_by=None, select_params=None) 42 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.all().extra(select={'n': "select count(1) from app01_usertype where id>%s and id<%s"}, select_params=[1, 4], order_by=['-id']) 43 # for obj in v: 44 # print(obj.username, obj.id, obj.n) 45 # 46 # models.UserInfo.objects.extra( 47 # where=["id=1", "username='SB'"] 48 # ) 49 # models.UserInfo.objects.extra( 50 # where=["id=1 or id=%s", "username=%s"], 51 # params=[1, 'SB'] 52 # ) 53 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.extra( 54 # tables=['app01_usertype'], # 笛卡尔积 55 # where=['app01_usertype.id = app01_userinfo.ut_id'] # 加上这个条件又进一步的筛选 56 # ) 57 # print(v.query) 58 # # SELECT "app01_userinfo"."id", "app01_userinfo"."username", "app01_userinfo"."password", "app01_userinfo"."age", "app01_userinfo"."ut_id" FROM "app01_userinfo" , "app01_usertype" WHERE (app01_usertype.id = app01_userinfo.ut_id) 59 # 60 # # 执行原生SQL 61 # from django.db import connection, connections 62 # cursor = connection.cursor() # cursor = connections['default'].cursor() 看配置文件数据库默认字段default如果有多个库,填库名称即可 63 # cursor.execute("""SELECT * from app01_userinfo where id = %s""", [1]) 64 # row = cursor.fetchone() 65 # row = cursor.fetchall() 66 # 67 # # def raw(self, raw_query, params=None, translations=None, using=None): 68 # # models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo') 69 # # 如果SQL是其他表时,必须将名字设置为当前UserInfo对象的主键列名 70 # # models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from 其他表') 71 # # 为原生SQL设置参数 72 # # models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from userinfo where nid>%s', params=[12, ]) 73 # # 将获取的到列名转换为指定列名 74 # # name_map = {'first': 'first_name', 'last': 'last_name', 'bd': 'birth_date', 'pk': 'id'} 75 # # models.UserInfo.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM some_other_table', translations=name_map) 76 # # 指定数据库 77 # models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo', using="default") 78 # 79 # # 综合运用 80 # result = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id__gt=1).extra( 81 # where=['app01_userinfo.id<%s'], 82 # params=[100, ], 83 # tables=['app01_usertype'], 84 # order_by=['-app01_userinfo.id'], 85 # select={'uid': 1, 'uuid': "select count(1) from app01_userinfo where app01_userinfo.age<%s"}, 86 # select_params=[20, ] 87 # ) 88 # # SELECT (1) AS "uid", (select count(1) from app01_userinfo where app01_userinfo.age<20) AS "uuid", "app01_userinfo"."id", "app01_userinfo"."username", "app01_userinfo"."password", "app01_userinfo"."age", "app01_userinfo"."ut_id" 89 # # FROM "app01_userinfo" , "app01_usertype" WHERE ("app01_userinfo"."id" > 1 AND (app01_userinfo.id<100)) ORDER BY ("app01_userinfo".id) DESC 90 # print(result.query)
1 # 排序order_by 2 # user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id', 'username') # 倒序 从大到小 3 # print(user_list) 4 from django.db.models import Count, Sum, Max, Min, Avg 5 # 分组annotate(根据某一个字段进行分组),(aggregate它是整张表聚合弄成一个组) 6 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('ut_id').annotate(xxx=Count('id')) 7 # print(v.query) # SELECT "app01_userinfo"."ut_id", COUNT("app01_userinfo"."id") AS "xxx" FROM 8 # "app01_userinfo" GROUP BY "app01_userinfo"."ut_id" 9 # result = models.UserInfo.objects.aggregate(k=Count('ut_id', distinct=True), n=Count('id')) 10 # print(result) # {'k': 3, 'n': 4} 11 12 13 # 相当于having函数 14 # filter在前在后不一样,在前面相当于表示where条件,后边再分组,最后在having就相当于mysql里边where>group_by>having 15 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('ut_id').annotate(xxx=Count('id')).filter(xxx__gt=1) 16 # SELECT "app01_userinfo"."ut_id", COUNT("app01_userinfo"."id") AS "xxx" FROM "app01_userinfo" 17 # GROUP BY "app01_userinfo"."ut_id" HAVING COUNT("app01_userinfo"."id") > 1 18 # print(v.query) 19 # 去重注意了distinct 20 # 在django里边数据源的不同,有不同的搞法 连mysql sqlite distinct()里边不能传参数 21 # models.UserInfo.objects.values('id').distinct() 22 # select distinct id from userinfo 23 24 # 而在PostgreSQL参数直接传进去 25 # models.UserInfo.objects.distinct('id') 26 # select distinct id from userinfo 27 28 # 反转操作必须跟排序同时用才起作用reverse 把id升序 username倒序 29 # models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id', 'username').reverse() 30 31 # only注意 defer 32 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.all().only('id', 'username') 33 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.all().defer('username') # 排除 34 # for obj in v: 35 # print(obj.id, obj.username, obj.age) # 注意如果再拿obj.age又要发sql请求这样会降低效率 36 37 # using指定在哪个数据库取数据 38 # models.UserInfo.objects.all().using('db2') 前提有这张表这个数据库 不写参数默认'default'在settings里边配多个库可以 39 40 # get方法少用 取不到直接报错,取多个也报错 41 42 # create 43 # models.UserType.objects.create(title='xxx') 44 # models.UserType.objects.create(**{"title": 'xxx'}) 45 # obj = models.UserType(title='xxx') # 临时的未提交数据库 46 # obj.save() # 提交 47 48 # bulk_create批量增加 49 # def bulk_create(self, objs, batch_size=None): 50 # batch_size表示一次插入的个数 不要大量的批量加 最多999个 51 # objs = [ 52 # models.UserInfo(name='r11'), 53 # models.UserInfo(name='r22') 54 # ] 55 # models.UserInfo.objects.bulk_create(objs, 10) 56 57 # def get_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs): 58 # 如果存在,则获取,否则,创建 59 # defaults 指定创建时,其他字段的值 60 # update_or_create一样的操作 61 # obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.get_or_create(username='root1',password='123456', 62 # defaults={'age': 18, 'ut_id': 2, 'password': '123456'}) 63 64 # in_bulk根据主键id进行查找 65 # id_list = [11, 21, 31] 66 # models.UserInfo.objects.in_bulk(id_list) 67 68 # exists是否存在
1 ################################################################## 2 # PUBLIC METHODS THAT ALTER ATTRIBUTES AND RETURN A NEW QUERYSET # 3 ################################################################## 4 5 def all(self) 6 # 获取所有的数据对象 7 8 def filter(self, *args, **kwargs) 9 # 条件查询 10 # 条件可以是:参数,字典,Q 11 12 def exclude(self, *args, **kwargs) 13 # 条件查询 14 # 条件可以是:参数,字典,Q 15 16 def select_related(self, *fields) 17 性能相关:表之间进行join连表操作,一次性获取关联的数据。 18 model.tb.objects.all().select_related() 19 model.tb.objects.all().select_related('外键字段') 20 model.tb.objects.all().select_related('外键字段__外键字段') 21 22 def prefetch_related(self, *lookups) 23 性能相关:多表连表操作时速度会慢,使用其执行多次SQL查询在Python代码中实现连表操作。 24 # 获取所有用户表 25 # 获取用户类型表where id in (用户表中的查到的所有用户ID) 26 models.UserInfo.objects.prefetch_related('外键字段') 27 28 29 30 from django.db.models import Count, Case, When, IntegerField 31 Article.objects.annotate( 32 numviews=Count(Case( 33 When(readership__what_time__lt=treshold, then=1), 34 output_field=CharField(), 35 )) 36 ) 37 38 students = Student.objects.all().annotate(num_excused_absences=models.Sum( 39 models.Case( 40 models.When(absence__type='Excused', then=1), 41 default=0, 42 output_field=models.IntegerField() 43 ))) 44 45 def annotate(self, *args, **kwargs) 46 # 用于实现聚合group by查询 47 48 from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum 49 50 v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id')) 51 # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id 52 53 v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id')).filter(uid__gt=1) 54 # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1 55 56 v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id',distinct=True)).filter(uid__gt=1) 57 # SELECT u_id, COUNT( DISTINCT ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1 58 59 def distinct(self, *field_names) 60 # 用于distinct去重 61 models.UserInfo.objects.values('nid').distinct() 62 # select distinct nid from userinfo 63 64 注:只有在PostgreSQL中才能使用distinct进行去重 65 66 def order_by(self, *field_names) 67 # 用于排序 68 models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id','age') 69 70 def extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None) 71 # 构造额外的查询条件或者映射,如:子查询 72 73 Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,)) 74 Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon']) 75 Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"]) 76 Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid']) 77 78 def reverse(self): 79 # 倒序 80 models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-nid').reverse() 81 # 注:如果存在order_by,reverse则是倒序,如果多个排序则一一倒序 82 83 84 def defer(self, *fields): 85 models.UserInfo.objects.defer('username','id') 86 或 87 models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).defer('username','id') 88 #映射中排除某列数据 89 90 def only(self, *fields): 91 #仅取某个表中的数据 92 models.UserInfo.objects.only('username','id') 93 或 94 models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).only('username','id') 95 96 def using(self, alias): 97 指定使用的数据库,参数为别名(setting中的设置) 98 99 100 ################################################## 101 # PUBLIC METHODS THAT RETURN A QUERYSET SUBCLASS # 102 ################################################## 103 104 def raw(self, raw_query, params=None, translations=None, using=None): 105 # 执行原生SQL 106 models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo') 107 108 # 如果SQL是其他表时,必须将名字设置为当前UserInfo对象的主键列名 109 models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from 其他表') 110 111 # 为原生SQL设置参数 112 models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from userinfo where nid>%s', params=[12,]) 113 114 # 将获取的到列名转换为指定列名 115 name_map = {'first': 'first_name', 'last': 'last_name', 'bd': 'birth_date', 'pk': 'id'} 116 Person.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM some_other_table', translations=name_map) 117 118 # 指定数据库 119 models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo', using="default") 120 121 ################### 原生SQL ################### 122 from django.db import connection, connections 123 cursor = connection.cursor() # cursor = connections['default'].cursor() 124 cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1]) 125 row = cursor.fetchone() # fetchall()/fetchmany(..) 126 127 128 def values(self, *fields): 129 # 获取每行数据为字典格式 130 131 def values_list(self, *fields, **kwargs): 132 # 获取每行数据为元祖 133 134 def dates(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC'): 135 # 根据时间进行某一部分进行去重查找并截取指定内容 136 # kind只能是:"year"(年), "month"(年-月), "day"(年-月-日) 137 # order只能是:"ASC" "DESC" 138 # 并获取转换后的时间 139 - year : 年-01-01 140 - month: 年-月-01 141 - day : 年-月-日 142 143 models.DatePlus.objects.dates('ctime','day','DESC') 144 145 def datetimes(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC', tzinfo=None): 146 # 根据时间进行某一部分进行去重查找并截取指定内容,将时间转换为指定时区时间 147 # kind只能是 "year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second" 148 # order只能是:"ASC" "DESC" 149 # tzinfo时区对象 150 models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.UTC) 151 models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.timezone('Asia/Shanghai')) 152 153 """ 154 pip3 install pytz 155 import pytz 156 pytz.all_timezones 157 pytz.timezone(‘Asia/Shanghai’) 158 """ 159 160 def none(self): 161 # 空QuerySet对象 162 163 164 #################################### 165 # METHODS THAT DO DATABASE QUERIES # 166 #################################### 167 168 def aggregate(self, *args, **kwargs): 169 # 聚合函数,获取字典类型聚合结果 170 from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum 171 result = models.UserInfo.objects.aggregate(k=Count('u_id', distinct=True), n=Count('nid')) 172 ===> {'k': 3, 'n': 4} 173 174 def count(self): 175 # 获取个数 176 177 def get(self, *args, **kwargs): 178 # 获取单个对象 179 180 def create(self, **kwargs): 181 # 创建对象 182 183 def bulk_create(self, objs, batch_size=None): 184 # 批量插入 185 # batch_size表示一次插入的个数 186 objs = [ 187 models.DDD(name='r11'), 188 models.DDD(name='r22') 189 ] 190 models.DDD.objects.bulk_create(objs, 10) 191 192 def get_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs): 193 # 如果存在,则获取,否则,创建 194 # defaults 指定创建时,其他字段的值 195 obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.get_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '1111111','u_id': 2, 't_id': 2}) 196 197 def update_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs): 198 # 如果存在,则更新,否则,创建 199 # defaults 指定创建时或更新时的其他字段 200 obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.update_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '1111111','u_id': 2, 't_id': 1}) 201 202 def first(self): 203 # 获取第一个 204 205 def last(self): 206 # 获取最后一个 207 208 def in_bulk(self, id_list=None): 209 # 根据主键ID进行查找 210 id_list = [11,21,31] 211 models.DDD.objects.in_bulk(id_list) 212 213 def delete(self): 214 # 删除 215 216 def update(self, **kwargs): 217 # 更新 218 219 def exists(self): 220 # 是否有结果
1 # select_related:主动做连表 参数可以为多个外键字段名字 第一次连表直接数据拿出来减少发sql语句请求 2 q = models.UserInfo.objects.all().select_related('ut') 3 for row in q: 4 print(row.username, row.ut.title) 5 # 外键好处:1.约束2.硬盘占用空间小 但是查询速度要慢点 但是数据量特别大一般不做外键操作 6 7 # prefetch_related:不做连表,增加查询次数 8 # 两次查询都是单表查询 9 # 第一次查:select * from userinfo 10 # 假如公司用户有100个,供选择的用户类型有10种,本公司只有2种用户 11 # 第二次查:django内部:先拿到用户表中ut_id字段进行去重处理ut_id=[2,4] 12 # select * from usertype where id in [2,4] 13 q = models.UserInfo.objects.all().prefetch_related('ut') 14 for row in q: 15 print(row.id, row.ut.title)
在基本操作中filter(age__isnull=True)
如果用户提交过来的字段比较多
增加:
dic = {'name':'xxx','age':18.......}
create(**dic)
更新:
filter(id=1).update(**dic)
查询: 一大堆条件
filter(**{'id':1, 'name':'sb'})
django中models字段
1 AutoField(Field) 2 - int自增列,必须填入参数 primary_key=True 3 4 BigAutoField(AutoField) 5 - bigint自增列,必须填入参数 primary_key=True 6 7 注:当model中如果没有自增列,则自动会创建一个列名为id的列 8 from django.db import models 9 10 class UserInfo(models.Model): 11 # 自动创建一个列名为id的且为自增的整数列 12 username = models.CharField(max_length=32) 13 14 class Group(models.Model): 15 # 自定义自增列 16 nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True) 17 name = models.CharField(max_length=32) 18 19 SmallIntegerField(IntegerField): 20 - 小整数 -32768 ~ 32767 21 22 PositiveSmallIntegerField(PositiveIntegerRelDbTypeMixin, IntegerField) 23 - 正小整数 0 ~ 32767 24 IntegerField(Field) 25 - 整数列(有符号的) -2147483648 ~ 2147483647 26 27 PositiveIntegerField(PositiveIntegerRelDbTypeMixin, IntegerField) 28 - 正整数 0 ~ 2147483647 29 30 BigIntegerField(IntegerField): 31 - 长整型(有符号的) -9223372036854775808 ~ 9223372036854775807 32 33 BooleanField(Field) 34 - 布尔值类型 35 36 NullBooleanField(Field): 37 - 可以为空的布尔值 38 39 CharField(Field) 40 - 字符类型 41 - 必须提供max_length参数, max_length表示字符长度 42 43 TextField(Field) 44 - 文本类型 45 46 EmailField(CharField): 47 - 字符串类型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供验证机制 48 49 IPAddressField(Field) 50 - 字符串类型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供验证 IPV4 机制 51 52 GenericIPAddressField(Field) 53 - 字符串类型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供验证 Ipv4和Ipv6 54 - 参数: 55 protocol,用于指定Ipv4或Ipv6, 'both',"ipv4","ipv6" 56 unpack_ipv4, 如果指定为True,则输入::ffff:192.0.2.1时候,可解析为192.0.2.1,开启刺功能,需要protocol="both" 57 58 URLField(CharField) 59 - 字符串类型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供验证 URL 60 61 SlugField(CharField) 62 - 字符串类型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供验证支持 字母、数字、下划线、连接符(减号) 63 64 CommaSeparatedIntegerField(CharField) 65 - 字符串类型,格式必须为逗号分割的数字 66 67 UUIDField(Field) 68 - 字符串类型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供对UUID格式的验证 69 70 FilePathField(Field) 71 - 字符串,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供读取文件夹下文件的功能 72 - 参数: 73 path, 文件夹路径 74 match=None, 正则匹配 75 recursive=False, 递归下面的文件夹 76 allow_files=True, 允许文件 77 allow_folders=False, 允许文件夹 78 79 FileField(Field) 80 - 字符串,路径保存在数据库,文件上传到指定目录 81 - 参数: 82 upload_to = "" 上传文件的保存路径 83 storage = None 存储组件,默认django.core.files.storage.FileSystemStorage 84 85 ImageField(FileField) 86 - 字符串,路径保存在数据库,文件上传到指定目录 87 - 参数: 88 upload_to = "" 上传文件的保存路径 89 storage = None 存储组件,默认django.core.files.storage.FileSystemStorage 90 width_field=None, 上传图片的高度保存的数据库字段名(字符串) 91 height_field=None 上传图片的宽度保存的数据库字段名(字符串) 92 93 DateTimeField(DateField) 94 - 日期+时间格式 YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]][TZ] 95 96 DateField(DateTimeCheckMixin, Field) 97 - 日期格式 YYYY-MM-DD 98 99 TimeField(DateTimeCheckMixin, Field) 100 - 时间格式 HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]] 101 102 DurationField(Field) 103 - 长整数,时间间隔,数据库中按照bigint存储,ORM中获取的值为datetime.timedelta类型 104 105 FloatField(Field) 106 - 浮点型 107 108 DecimalField(Field) 109 - 10进制小数 110 - 参数: 111 max_digits,小数总长度 112 decimal_places,小数位长度 113 114 BinaryField(Field) 115 - 二进制类型
1 class UnsignedIntegerField(models.IntegerField): 2 def db_type(self, connection): 3 return 'integer UNSIGNED' 4 5 PS: 返回值为字段在数据库中的属性,Django字段默认的值为: 6 'AutoField': 'integer AUTO_INCREMENT', 7 'BigAutoField': 'bigint AUTO_INCREMENT', 8 'BinaryField': 'longblob', 9 'BooleanField': 'bool', 10 'CharField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)', 11 'CommaSeparatedIntegerField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)', 12 'DateField': 'date', 13 'DateTimeField': 'datetime', 14 'DecimalField': 'numeric(%(max_digits)s, %(decimal_places)s)', 15 'DurationField': 'bigint', 16 'FileField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)', 17 'FilePathField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)', 18 'FloatField': 'double precision', 19 'IntegerField': 'integer', 20 'BigIntegerField': 'bigint', 21 'IPAddressField': 'char(15)', 22 'GenericIPAddressField': 'char(39)', 23 'NullBooleanField': 'bool', 24 'OneToOneField': 'integer', 25 'PositiveIntegerField': 'integer UNSIGNED', 26 'PositiveSmallIntegerField': 'smallint UNSIGNED', 27 'SlugField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)', 28 'SmallIntegerField': 'smallint', 29 'TextField': 'longtext', 30 'TimeField': 'time', 31 'UUIDField': 'char(32)',
1 1.触发Model中的验证和错误提示有两种方式: 2 a. Django Admin中的错误信息会优先根据Admiin内部的ModelForm错误信息提示,如果都成功,才来检查Model的字段并显示指定错误信息 3 b. 使用ModelForm 4 c. 调用Model对象的 clean_fields 方法,如: 5 # models.py 6 class UserInfo(models.Model): 7 nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True) 8 username = models.CharField(max_length=32) 9 10 email = models.EmailField(error_messages={'invalid': '格式错了.'}) 11 12 # views.py 13 def index(request): 14 obj = models.UserInfo(username='11234', email='uu') 15 try: 16 print(obj.clean_fields()) 17 except Exception as e: 18 print(e) 19 return HttpResponse('ok') 20 21 # Model的clean方法是一个钩子,可用于定制操作,如:上述的异常处理。 22 23 2.Admin中修改错误提示 24 # admin.py 25 from django.contrib import admin 26 from model_club import models 27 from django import forms 28 29 30 class UserInfoForm(forms.ModelForm): 31 age = forms.IntegerField(initial=1, error_messages={'required': '请输入数值.', 'invalid': '年龄必须为数值.'}) 32 33 class Meta: 34 model = models.UserInfo 35 # fields = ('username',) 36 fields = "__all__" 37 exclude = ['title'] 38 labels = { 'name':'Writer', } 39 help_texts = {'name':'some useful help text.',} 40 error_messages={ 'name':{'max_length':"this writer name is too long"} } 41 widgets={'name':Textarea(attrs={'cols':80,'rows':20})} 42 43 class UserInfoAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): 44 form = UserInfoForm 45 46 admin.site.register(models.UserInfo, UserInfoAdmin) 47 48 注意事项
字段参数
1 null 数据库中字段是否可以为空 2 db_column 数据库中字段的列名 3 default 数据库中字段的默认值 4 primary_key 数据库中字段是否为主键 5 db_index 数据库中字段是否可以建立索引 6 unique 数据库中字段是否可以建立唯一索引 7 unique_for_date 数据库中字段【日期】部分是否可以建立唯一索引 8 unique_for_month 数据库中字段【月】部分是否可以建立唯一索引 9 unique_for_year 数据库中字段【年】部分是否可以建立唯一索引 10 11 verbose_name Admin中显示的字段名称 12 blank Admin中是否允许用户输入为空 13 editable Admin中是否可以编辑 14 help_text Admin中该字段的提示信息 15 choices Admin中显示选择框的内容,用不变动的数据放在内存中从而避免跨表操作 16 如:gf = models.IntegerField(choices=[(0, '何穗'),(1, '大表姐'),],default=1) 17 18 error_messages 自定义错误信息(字典类型),从而定制想要显示的错误信息; 19 字典健:null, blank, invalid, invalid_choice, unique, and unique_for_date 20 如:{'null': "不能为空.", 'invalid': '格式错误'} 21 22 validators 自定义错误验证(列表类型),从而定制想要的验证规则 23 from django.core.validators import RegexValidator 24 from django.core.validators import EmailValidator,URLValidator,DecimalValidator, 25 MaxLengthValidator,MinLengthValidator,MaxValueValidator,MinValueValidator 26 如: 27 test = models.CharField( 28 max_length=32, 29 error_messages={ 30 'c1': '优先错信息1', 31 'c2': '优先错信息2', 32 'c3': '优先错信息3', 33 }, 34 validators=[ 35 RegexValidator(regex='root_d+', message='错误了', code='c1'), 36 RegexValidator(regex='root_112233d+', message='又错误了', code='c2'), 37 EmailValidator(message='又错误了', code='c3'), ] 38 )
元信息
1 class UserInfo(models.Model): 2 nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True) 3 username = models.CharField(max_length=32) 4 class Meta: 5 # 数据库中生成的表名称 默认 app名称 + 下划线 + 类名 6 db_table = "table_name" 7 8 # 联合索引 9 index_together = [ 10 ("pub_date", "deadline"), 11 ] 12 13 # 联合唯一索引 14 unique_together = (("driver", "restaurant"),) 15 16 # admin中显示的表名称 17 verbose_name 18 19 # verbose_name加s 20 verbose_name_plural
多表字段的参数
1 ForeignKey(ForeignObject) # ForeignObject(RelatedField) 2 to, # 要进行关联的表名 3 to_field=None, # 要关联的表中的字段名称 4 on_delete=None, # 当删除关联表中的数据时,当前表与其关联的行的行为 5 - models.CASCADE,删除关联数据,与之关联也删除 6 - models.DO_NOTHING,删除关联数据,引发错误IntegrityError 7 - models.PROTECT,删除关联数据,引发错误ProtectedError 8 - models.SET_NULL,删除关联数据,与之关联的值设置为null(前提FK字段需要设置为可空) 9 - models.SET_DEFAULT,删除关联数据,与之关联的值设置为默认值(前提FK字段需要设置默认值) 10 - models.SET,删除关联数据, 11 a. 与之关联的值设置为指定值,设置:models.SET(值) 12 b. 与之关联的值设置为可执行对象的返回值,设置:models.SET(可执行对象) 13 14 def func(): 15 return 10 16 17 class MyModel(models.Model): 18 user = models.ForeignKey( 19 to="User", 20 to_field="id" 21 on_delete=models.SET(func),) 22 related_name=None, # 反向操作时,使用的字段名,用于代替 【表名_set】 如: obj.表名_set.all() 23 related_query_name=None, # 反向操作时,使用的连接前缀,用于替换【表名】 如: models.UserGroup.objects.filter(表名__字段名=1).values('表名__字段名') 24 limit_choices_to=None, # 在Admin或ModelForm中显示关联数据时,提供的条件: 25 # 如: 26 - limit_choices_to={'nid__gt': 5} 27 - limit_choices_to=lambda : {'nid__gt': 5} 28 29 from django.db.models import Q 30 - limit_choices_to=Q(nid__gt=10) 31 - limit_choices_to=Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10) 32 - limit_choices_to=lambda : Q(Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)) & Q(caption='root') 33 db_constraint=True # 是否在数据库中创建外键约束 34 parent_link=False # 在Admin中是否显示关联数据 35 36 37 OneToOneField(ForeignKey) 38 to, # 要进行关联的表名 39 to_field=None # 要关联的表中的字段名称 40 on_delete=None, # 当删除关联表中的数据时,当前表与其关联的行的行为 41 42 ###### 对于一对一 ###### 43 # 1. 一对一其实就是 一对多 + 唯一索引 44 # 2.当两个类之间有继承关系时,默认会创建一个一对一字段 45 # 如下会在A表中额外增加一个c_ptr_id列且唯一: 46 class C(models.Model): 47 nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True) 48 part = models.CharField(max_length=12) 49 50 class A(C): 51 id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True) 52 code = models.CharField(max_length=1) 53 54 ManyToManyField(RelatedField) 55 to, # 要进行关联的表名 56 related_name=None, # 反向操作时,使用的字段名,用于代替 【表名_set】 如: obj.表名_set.all() 57 related_query_name=None, # 反向操作时,使用的连接前缀,用于替换【表名】 如: models.UserGroup.objects.filter(表名__字段名=1).values('表名__字段名') 58 limit_choices_to=None, # 在Admin或ModelForm中显示关联数据时,提供的条件: 59 # 如: 60 - limit_choices_to={'nid__gt': 5} 61 - limit_choices_to=lambda : {'nid__gt': 5} 62 63 from django.db.models import Q 64 - limit_choices_to=Q(nid__gt=10) 65 - limit_choices_to=Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10) 66 - limit_choices_to=lambda : Q(Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)) & Q(caption='root') 67 symmetrical=None, # 仅用于多对多自关联时,symmetrical用于指定内部是否创建反向操作的字段 68 # 做如下操作时,不同的symmetrical会有不同的可选字段 69 models.BB.objects.filter(...) 70 71 # 可选字段有:code, id, m1 72 class BB(models.Model): 73 74 code = models.CharField(max_length=12) 75 m1 = models.ManyToManyField('self',symmetrical=True) 76 77 # 可选字段有: bb, code, id, m1 78 class BB(models.Model): 79 80 code = models.CharField(max_length=12) 81 m1 = models.ManyToManyField('self',symmetrical=False) 82 83 through=None, # 自定义第三张表时,使用字段用于指定关系表 84 through_fields=None, # 自定义第三张表时,使用字段用于指定关系表中那些字段做多对多关系表 85 from django.db import models 86 87 class Person(models.Model): 88 name = models.CharField(max_length=50) 89 90 class Group(models.Model): 91 name = models.CharField(max_length=128) 92 members = models.ManyToManyField( 93 Person, 94 through='Membership', 95 through_fields=('group', 'person'), 96 ) 97 98 class Membership(models.Model): 99 group = models.ForeignKey(Group, on_delete=models.CASCADE) 100 person = models.ForeignKey(Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE) 101 inviter = models.ForeignKey( 102 Person, 103 on_delete=models.CASCADE, 104 related_name="membership_invites", 105 ) 106 invite_reason = models.CharField(max_length=64) 107 db_constraint=True, # 是否在数据库中创建外键约束 108 db_table=None, # 默认创建第三张表时,数据库中表的名称
多对多操作
models.py
1 from django.db import models 2 3 4 class Boy(models.Model): 5 name = models.CharField(max_length=32) 6 # m = models.ManyToManyField('Girl') 7 m = models.ManyToManyField('Girl', through='Love', through_fields=('b', 'g', )) 8 # 报的错ValueError: Cannot alter field app01.Boy.m into app01.Boy.m - they are not compatible types (you cannot alter to or 9 # from M2M fields, or add or remove through= on M2M fields) 为何不能生成表呢?因为在这里如果在Love表中有其它字段,就不能操作了嘛所以说不能add remove set但是可以all进行查询、也可以clear 10 # 内置ManyToMany字段只能生成三列id/b_id/g_id 如果想增加其它字段列只有自己写第三张表 11 # 我习惯自定义第三张表这样灵活一些,第三张表就可以定义其它的字段 12 # 1.创建外键表2.看需求简单就用ManyToManyField字段 13 14 15 class Girl(models.Model): 16 nick = models.CharField(max_length=32) 17 # m = models.ManyToManyField('Boy') 18 19 20 class Love(models.Model): 21 b = models.ForeignKey('Boy', on_delete=models.CASCADE) 22 g = models.ForeignKey('Girl', on_delete=models.CASCADE) 23 24 class Meta: 25 unique_together = [ 26 ('b', 'g'), 27 ]
1 """modelsm2m URL Configuration 2 3 The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see: 4 https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/http/urls/ 5 Examples: 6 Function views 7 1. Add an import: from my_app import views 8 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', views.home, name='home') 9 Class-based views 10 1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home 11 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', Home.as_view(), name='home') 12 Including another URLconf 13 1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path 14 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('blog/', include('blog.urls')) 15 """ 16 from django.contrib import admin 17 from django.urls import path 18 from app01 import views 19 20 urlpatterns = [ 21 path('admin/', admin.site.urls), 22 path('index/', views.index), 23 ]
1 from django.shortcuts import render, HttpResponse 2 from app01 import models 3 4 5 def index(request): 6 # 多对多 7 # objs = [ 8 # models.Boy(name='大傻'), 9 # models.Boy(name='和苏'), 10 # models.Boy(name='旭哥'), 11 # models.Boy(name='爆音哥'), 12 # models.Boy(name='Hot dog'), 13 # ] 14 # models.Boy.objects.bulk_create(objs, 5) 15 # objs = [ 16 # models.Girl(nick='紫棋'), 17 # models.Girl(nick='open'), 18 # models.Girl(nick='翠花'), 19 # models.Girl(nick='呆妹儿'), 20 # models.Girl(nick='提莫'), 21 # ] 22 # models.Girl.objects.bulk_create(objs, 5) 23 24 # models.Love.objects.create(b_id=2, g_id=2) 25 # models.Love.objects.create(b_id=2, g_id=4) 26 # models.Love.objects.create(b_id=5, g_id=1) 27 # models.Love.objects.create(b_id=5, g_id=5) 28 29 # 需求查与和苏有关的菇娘 30 # 1反向 31 # obj = models.Boy.objects.filter(name='和苏').first() 32 # love_list = obj.love_set.all() 33 # for row in love_list: 34 # print(row.g.nick) 35 36 # 2正向 37 # love_list = models.Love.objects.filter(b__name='和苏') 38 # for row in love_list: 39 # print(row.g.nick) # 上述两种方式在循环时跨表 40 41 # 3正 直接连表 values values_list 42 # love_list = models.Love.objects.filter(b__name='和苏').values('g__nick') 43 # for row in love_list: 44 # print(row['g__nick']) 45 46 # 4.select_related 47 # love_list = models.Love.objects.filter(b__name='和苏').select_related('g') 48 # for obj in love_list: 49 # print(obj.g.nick) 50 51 # 3和4 两种方式好点 52 53 # m = models.ManyToManyField('Girl') 54 # 正向 55 # obj = models.Boy.objects.filter(name='Hot dog').first() 56 # print(obj.id, obj.name) 57 # 增加add 58 # obj.m.add(1) 59 # obj.m.add(2, 3) 60 # obj.m.add(*[4, ]) 61 62 # 删除remove 63 # obj.m.remove(1) 64 # obj.m.remove(2, 3) 65 # obj.m.remove(*[4, ]) 66 67 # 重置set 参数要被迭代 68 # obj.m.set([1, ]) 69 70 # 获取 71 # q = obj.m.all() 72 # print(q) 73 # <QuerySet [<Girl: Girl object (1)>]> 74 # obj = models.Boy.objects.filter(name='Hot dog').first() 75 # girl_list = obj.m.all() 76 # girl_list = obj.m.filter(nick='open') 又进行一次筛选 77 78 # 单身一辈子 79 # obj = models.Boy.objects.filter(name='Hot dog').first() 80 # obj.m.clear() 81 82 83 # 反向 84 obj = models.Girl.objects.filter(nick='紫棋').first() 85 v = obj.boy_set.all() 86 print(v) 87 # <QuerySet [<Boy: Boy object (5)>, <Boy: Boy object (4)>]> 88 # v = obj.boy_set.add() 89 # v = obj.boy_set.remove() 90 # v = obj.boy_set.set() 91 # v = obj.boy_set.clear() 92 93 return HttpResponse('.......')
自关联注意:
不指名别名django在外键查找不知道通过什么字段找,就会报错
其它
1 import pymysql 2 from django.db import connection, connections 3 4 connection.connect() 5 conn = connection.connection 6 cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor) 7 cursor.execute("""SELECT * from app01_userinfo""") 8 row = cursor.fetchone() 9 connection.close()
1 # 数字自增 2 from django.db.models import F 3 models.UserInfo.objects.update(num=F('num') + 1) 4 5 # 字符串更新 6 from django.db.models.functions import Concat 7 from django.db.models import Value 8 9 models.UserInfo.objects.update(name=Concat('name', 'pwd')) 10 models.UserInfo.objects.update(name=Concat('name', Value('666')))
1 # ########### 基础函数 ########### 2 3 # 1. Concat,用于做类型转换 4 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Cast('pwd', FloatField())) 5 6 # 2. Coalesce,从前向后,查询第一个不为空的值 7 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Coalesce('name', 'pwd')) 8 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Coalesce(Value('666'),'name', 'pwd')) 9 10 # 3. Concat,拼接 11 # models.UserInfo.objects.update(name=Concat('name', 'pwd')) 12 # models.UserInfo.objects.update(name=Concat('name', Value('666'))) 13 # models.UserInfo.objects.update(name=Concat('name', Value('666'),Value('999'))) 14 15 # 4.ConcatPair,拼接(仅两个参数) 16 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=ConcatPair('name', 'pwd')) 17 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=ConcatPair('name', Value('666'))) 18 19 # 5.Greatest,获取比较大的值;least 获取比较小的值; 20 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Greatest('id', 'pwd',output_field=FloatField())) 21 22 # 6.Length,获取长度 23 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Length('name')) 24 25 # 7. Lower,Upper,变大小写 26 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Lower('name')) 27 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Upper('name')) 28 29 # 8. Now,获取当前时间 30 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Now()) 31 32 # 9. substr,子序列 33 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Substr('name',1,2)) 34 35 # ########### 时间类函数 ########### 36 # 1. 时间截取,不保留其他:Extract, ExtractDay, ExtractHour, ExtractMinute, ExtractMonth,ExtractSecond, ExtractWeekDay, ExtractYear, 37 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.ExtractYear('ctime')) 38 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.ExtractMonth('ctime')) 39 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.ExtractDay('ctime')) 40 # 41 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.Extract('ctime', 'year')) 42 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.Extract('ctime', 'month')) 43 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.Extract('ctime', 'year_month')) 44 """ 45 MICROSECOND 46 SECOND 47 MINUTE 48 HOUR 49 DAY 50 WEEK 51 MONTH 52 QUARTER 53 YEAR 54 SECOND_MICROSECOND 55 MINUTE_MICROSECOND 56 MINUTE_SECOND 57 HOUR_MICROSECOND 58 HOUR_SECOND 59 HOUR_MINUTE 60 DAY_MICROSECOND 61 DAY_SECOND 62 DAY_MINUTE 63 DAY_HOUR 64 YEAR_MONTH 65 """ 66 67 # 2. 时间截图,保留其他:Trunc, TruncDate, TruncDay,TruncHour, TruncMinute, TruncMonth, TruncSecond, TruncYear 68 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.TruncHour('ctime')) 69 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.TruncDate('ctime')) 70 # v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.Trunc('ctime','year'))
1 from django.db.models.functions.base import Func 2 class CustomeFunc(Func): 3 function = 'DATE_FORMAT' 4 template = '%(function)s(%(expressions)s,%(format)s)' 5 6 def __init__(self, expression, **extra): 7 expressions = [expression] 8 super(CustomeFunc, self).__init__(*expressions, **extra) 9 10 v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=CustomeFunc('ctime',format="'%%Y-%%m'"))
总结:
查询数据的时候无论怎样,先滤清表与表之间的关系,然后不论正反操作都可以实现(一对多,多对多都可以实现)。
当然第二个条件时候,性能上的也要进行优化,尽量避免发多次的sql请求,尤其是数量大的情况更应该考虑。
admin(有些models字段名称专为admin定制的)
django amdin是django提供的一个后台管理页面,改管理页面提供完善的html和css,使得你在通过Model创建完数据库表之后,就可以对数据进行增删改查,而使用django admin 则需要以下步骤:
- 创建后台管理员
- 配置url
- 注册和配置django admin后台管理页面
1、创建后台管理员
python manage.py createsuperuser
2、配置后台管理url
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
3、注册和配置django admin 后台管理页面
a、在admin中执行如下配置
from django.contrib import admin from app01 import models admin.site.register(models.UserType) admin.site.register(models.UserInfo) admin.site.register(models.UserGroup) admin.site.register(models.Asset)
b、设置数据表名称
class UserType(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=50) class Meta: verbose_name = '用户类型' verbose_name_plural = '用户类型'
c、打开表之后,设定默认显示,需要在model中作如下配置
class UserType(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=50) def __unicode__(self): return self.name
from django.contrib import admin from app01 import models class UserInfoAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): list_display = ('username', 'password', 'email') admin.site.register(models.UserType) admin.site.register(models.UserInfo,UserInfoAdmin) admin.site.register(models.UserGroup) admin.site.register(models.Asset)
d、为数据表添加搜索功能
from django.contrib import admin from app01 import models class UserInfoAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): list_display = ('username', 'password', 'email') search_fields = ('username', 'email') admin.site.register(models.UserType) admin.site.register(models.UserInfo,UserInfoAdmin) admin.site.register(models.UserGroup) admin.site.register(models.Asset)
e、添加快速过滤
from django.contrib import admin from app01 import models class UserInfoAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): list_display = ('username', 'password', 'email') search_fields = ('username', 'email') list_filter = ('username', 'email') admin.site.register(models.UserType) admin.site.register(models.UserInfo,UserInfoAdmin) admin.site.register(models.UserGroup) admin.site.register(models.Asset)
更多:http://docs.30c.org/djangobook2/chapter06/