tornado web高级开发项目

抽屉官网：http://dig.chouti.com/

一、配置（settings）

settings = {
    'template_path': 'views',    #模板文件路径
    'static_path': 'statics',        #静态文件路径
    'static_url_prefix': '/statics/',  #静态文件前缀
    'autoreload': True,
    'ui_methods': mt
}

二、路由配置

application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/index", home.IndexHandler),    #主页
    (r"/check_code", account.CheckCodeHandler),  #验证码
    (r"/send_msg", account.SendMsgHandler),  #邮箱验证码
    (r"/register", account.RegisterHandler),  #注册
    (r"/login", account.LoginHandler),    #登陆
    (r"/upload_image", home.UploadImageHandler),  #上传图片
    (r"/comment", home.CommentHandler),  #评论
    (r"/favor", home.FavorHandler),   #点赞
], **settings)

三、文件夹分类

下面我们将根据上图文件目录由上到下做一一分析：

四、准备工作

　　本项目所有前端反馈均是通过BaseResponse类实现的：

class BaseResponse:
 
    def __init__(self):
        self.status = False    #状态信息，是否注册成功，是否登陆成功，是否点赞成功、是否评论成功等
        self.code = StatusCodeEnum.Success
        self.data = None        #前端需要展示的数据
        self.summary = None    #错误信息
        self.message = {}    #字典类型的错误信息

前端：

• html
• css基础（一）
• css基础（二）
• JavaScript基础
• Dom基础和实例
• jquary基础和实例大全
• 偷偷发请求的ajax基础与实例大全

后端：

• web框架本质
• web框架之tronado

数据库：

• mysql基础一
• mysql基础二 
• python操作mysql（pymysql 和ORM框架 SQLAchemy）

缓存：

• RabbitMQ、Redis、Memcache、SQLAlchemy

五、core：业务处理类handler需要继承的父类

import tornado.web
from backend.session.session import SessionFactory
 
 
class BaseRequestHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
 
    def initialize(self):
 
        self.session = SessionFactory.get_session_obj(self)

六、form：用于form验证的文件，这是一个自定义的tornado form验证模块

　　fields：包含字符串、邮箱、数字、checkbox、文件类型验证

　　forms：核心验证处理，返回验证是否成功self._valid_status、成功后的数据提self._value_dict、错误信息self._error_dict

class Field:

    def __init__(self):

        self.is_valid = False
        self.name = None
        self.value = None
        self.error = None

    def match(self, name, value):
        self.name = name

        if not self.required:
            self.is_valid = True
            self.value = value
        else:
            if not value:
                if self.custom_error_dict.get('required', None):
                    self.error = self.custom_error_dict['required']
                else:
                    self.error = "%s is required" % name
            else:
                ret = re.match(self.REGULAR, value)
                if ret:
                    self.is_valid = True
                    self.value = value
                else:
                    if self.custom_error_dict.get('valid', None):
                        self.error = self.custom_error_dict['valid']
                    else:
                        self.error = "%s is invalid" % name

class StringField(Field):

    REGULAR = "^.*$"

    def __init__(self, custom_error_dict=None, required=True):

        self.custom_error_dict = {}  # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'}
        if custom_error_dict:
            self.custom_error_dict.update(custom_error_dict)

        self.required = required

        super(StringField, self).__init__()

class IPField(Field):

    REGULAR = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]d|[0-1]?d?d)(.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]d|[0-1]?d?d)){3}$"

    def __init__(self, custom_error_dict=None, required=True):

        self.custom_error_dict = {}  # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'}
        if custom_error_dict:
            self.custom_error_dict.update(custom_error_dict)

        self.required = required
        super(IPField, self).__init__()

class EmailField(Field):

    REGULAR = "^w+([-+.']w+)*@w+([-.]w+)*.w+([-.]w+)*$"

    def __init__(self, custom_error_dict=None, required=True):

        self.custom_error_dict = {}  # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'}
        if custom_error_dict:
            self.custom_error_dict.update(custom_error_dict)

        self.required = required
        super(EmailField, self).__init__()

class IntegerField(Field):

    REGULAR = "^d+$"

    def __init__(self, custom_error_dict=None, required=True):

        self.custom_error_dict = {}  # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'}
        if custom_error_dict:
            self.custom_error_dict.update(custom_error_dict)

        self.required = required
        super(IntegerField, self).__init__()

class CheckBoxField(Field):

    REGULAR = "^d+$"

    def __init__(self, custom_error_dict=None, required=True):

        self.custom_error_dict = {}  # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'}
        if custom_error_dict:
            self.custom_error_dict.update(custom_error_dict)

        self.required = required
        super(CheckBoxField, self).__init__()

    def match(self, name, value):
        self.name = name

        if not self.required:
            self.is_valid = True
            self.value = value
        else:
            if not value:
                if self.custom_error_dict.get('required', None):
                    self.error = self.custom_error_dict['required']
                else:
                    self.error = "%s is required" % name
            else:
                if isinstance(name, list):
                    self.is_valid = True
                    self.value = value
                else:
                    if self.custom_error_dict.get('valid', None):
                        self.error = self.custom_error_dict['valid']
                    else:
                        self.error = "%s is invalid" % name

class FileField(Field):

    REGULAR = "^(w+.pdf)|(w+.mp3)|(w+.py)$"

    def __init__(self, custom_error_dict=None, required=True):

        self.custom_error_dict = {}  # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'}
        if custom_error_dict:
            self.custom_error_dict.update(custom_error_dict)

        self.required = required

        super(FileField, self).__init__()

    def match(self, name, file_name_list):
        flag = True
        self.name = name

        if not self.required:
            self.is_valid = True
            self.value = file_name_list
        else:
            if not file_name_list:
                if self.custom_error_dict.get('required', None):
                    self.error = self.custom_error_dict['required']
                else:
                    self.error = "%s is required" % name
                flag = False
            else:
                for file_name in file_name_list:
                    if not file_name or not file_name.strip():
                        if self.custom_error_dict.get('required', None):
                            self.error = self.custom_error_dict['required']
                        else:
                            self.error = "%s is required" % name
                        flag = False
                        break
                    else:
                        ret = re.match(self.REGULAR, file_name)
                        if not ret:
                            if self.custom_error_dict.get('valid', None):
                                self.error = self.custom_error_dict['valid']
                            else:
                                self.error = "%s is invalid" % name
                            flag = False
                            break

            self.is_valid = flag

    def save(self, request, upload_to=""):

        file_metas = request.files[self.name]
        for meta in file_metas:
            file_name = meta['filename']
            file_path_name = os.path.join(upload_to, file_name)
            with open(file_path_name, 'wb') as up:
                up.write(meta['body'])

        upload_file_path_list = map(lambda path: os.path.join(upload_to, path), self.value)
        self.value = list(upload_file_path_list)

核心验证处理：

from backend.form import fields
 
 
class BaseForm:
 
    def __init__(self):
        self._value_dict = {} #数据字典
        self._error_dict = {} #错误信息字典
        self._valid_status = True #是否验证成功
 
    def valid(self, handler):
 
        for field_name, field_obj in self.__dict__.items():
            if field_name.startswith('_'):  #过滤私有字段
                continue
 
            if type(field_obj) == fields.CheckBoxField:  #checkbox处理
                post_value = handler.get_arguments(field_name, None)
            elif type(field_obj) == fields.FileField:  #文件处理
                post_value = []
                file_list = handler.request.files.get(field_name, [])
                for file_item in file_list:
                    post_value.append(file_item['filename'])
            else:
                post_value = handler.get_argument(field_name, None)
 
            field_obj.match(field_name, post_value)  #匹配
            if field_obj.is_valid:    　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　#如果验证成功
                self._value_dict[field_name] = field_obj.value　　#提取数据
            else:
                self._error_dict[field_name] = field_obj.error  #错误信息
                self._valid_status = False
        return self._valid_status    #返回是否验证成功

七、如何应用上述form验证模块：

以注册为例：

前端：

<div class="header">
                <span>注册</span>
                <div class="dialog-close" onclick="CloseDialog('#accountDialog');">X</div>
            </div>
            <div class="content">
                <div style="padding: 0 70px">
                    <div class="tips">
                        <span>输入注册信息</span>
                    </div>
                    <div id="register_error_summary" class="error-msg">

                    </div>
                    <div class="inp">
                        <input name="username" type="text" placeholder="请输入用户名" />

                    </div>
                    <div class="inp">
                        <input name="email" id="email" type="text" placeholder="请输入邮箱" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="inp">
                        <input name="email_code" class="email-code" type="text" placeholder="请输入邮箱验证码" />
                        <a id="fetch_code" class="fetch-code" href="javascript:void(0);">获取验证码</a>
                    </div>
                    <div class="inp">
                        <input name="password" type="password" placeholder="请输入密码" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="inp">
                        <div class="submit" onclick="SubmitRegister(this);">
                            <span>注册</span>
                            <span class="hide">
                                <img src="/statics/images/loader.gif" style="height: 16px; 16px">
                                <span>正在注册</span>
                            </span>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>

js：

/*
        点击注册按钮
        */
        function SubmitRegister(ths){
            $('#register_error_summary').empty();
            $('#model_register .inp .error').remove();
 
            $(ths).children(':eq(0)').addClass('hide');
            $(ths).addClass('not-allow').children(':eq(1)').removeClass('hide');
 
            var post_dict = {};
            $('#model_register input').each(function(){
                post_dict[$(this).attr("name")] = $(this).val();  #将所有input标签内容提取出来，以对应name为key，值为value放入post_dict字典
            });
 
            $.ajax({
                url: '/register', #提交的url
                type: 'POST',    #提交方式
                data: post_dict,  #提交数据
                dataType: 'json',  #数据格式
                success: function(arg){
                    if(arg.status){
                        window.location.href = '/index'; #验证成功跳转至主页
                    }else{
                        $.each(arg.message, function(k,v){
                            //<span class="error">s</span>
                            var tag = document.createElement('span'); #验证失败创建标签
                            tag.className = 'error';
                            tag.innerText = v; #存入错误信息
                            $('#model_register input[name="'+ k +'"]').after(tag); #将标签加入html中
                        })
                    }
                }
            });
 
            $(ths).removeClass('not-allow').children(':eq(1)').addClass('hide');
            $(ths).children(':eq(0)').removeClass('hide');
        }

后台处理：

首先需要编写RegisterForm：

class RegisterForm(BaseForm):  #需要继承上面的form验证核心处理类
 
    def __init__(self): #初始化每一个input标签的name
        self.username = StringField()  #input标签name=对应类型的类
        self.email = EmailField()
        self.password = StringField()
        self.email_code = StringField()
 
        super(RegisterForm, self).__init__()

后台RegisterHandler：

class RegisterHandler(BaseRequestHandler):
    def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
        rep = BaseResponse()   #总的返回前端的类，包含是否注册成功的状态、错误信息
        form = account.RegisterForm()  #实例化RegisterForm
        if form.valid(self):  #调用baseform核心验证处理函数valid，返回是否验证成功
            current_date = datetime.datetime.now()
            limit_day = current_date - datetime.timedelta(minutes=1)
            conn = ORM.session()  #获取数据库session对象<br>　　　　　　　　#查看验证码是否过期
            is_valid_code = conn.query(ORM.SendMsg).filter(ORM.SendMsg.email == form._value_dict['email'],
                                                           ORM.SendMsg.code == form._value_dict['email_code'],
                                                           ORM.SendMsg.ctime > limit_day).count()
            if not is_valid_code:
                rep.message['email_code'] = '邮箱验证码不正确或过期'
                self.write(json.dumps(rep.__dict__))
                return
            has_exists_email = conn.query(ORM.UserInfo).filter(ORM.UserInfo.email == form._value_dict['email']).count()#邮箱是否存在
            if has_exists_email:
                rep.message['email'] = '邮箱已经存在'
                self.write(json.dumps(rep.__dict__))
                return
            has_exists_username = conn.query(ORM.UserInfo).filter(
                ORM.UserInfo.username == form._value_dict['username']).count() #用户名是否存在
            if has_exists_username:
                rep.message['email'] = '用户名已经存在'
                self.write(json.dumps(rep.__dict__))
                return<br>　　　　　　　　#按数据库表的列订制form._value_dict

form._value_dict['ctime'] = current_date form._value_dict.pop('email_code') obj = ORM.UserInfo(**form._value_dict) conn.add(obj)<br>
     conn.flush()
     conn.refresh(obj) #将自增id也提取出来
 
     user_info_dict = {'nid': obj.nid, 'email': obj.email, 'username': obj.username}
 
     conn.query(ORM.SendMsg).filter_by(email=form._value_dict['email']).delete()#删除本次邮箱验证码
     conn.commit()
     conn.close()
 
     self.session['is_login'] = True  #注册成功后定义登陆成功
     self.session['user_info'] = user_info_dict 用户信息写入session
     rep.status = True
 
 else:
     rep.message = form._error_dict #错误信息
 
 self.write(json.dumps(rep.__dict__))  #返回给前端，前端ajax success接收并处理，在前端页面展示

八、session ，本session是基于tornado的自定义session　　

1.应用工厂方法模式定义session保存的位置，用户只需在配置文件修改即可

class SessionFactory:
 
    @staticmethod
    def get_session_obj(handler):
        obj = None
 
        if config.SESSION_TYPE == "cache": #缓存
            obj = CacheSession(handler)
        elif config.SESSION_TYPE == "memcached": #memcached

obj = MemcachedSession(handler) <br>　　　　elif config.SESSION_TYPE == "redis": #radis<br>　　　　　　obj = RedisSession(handler) <br>　　　　return obj

2.缓存session

class CacheSession:
    session_container = {}
    session_id = "__sessionId__"

    def __init__(self, handler):
        self.handler = handler
        client_random_str = handler.get_cookie(CacheSession.session_id, None)
        if client_random_str and client_random_str in CacheSession.session_container:
            self.random_str = client_random_str
        else:
            self.random_str = create_session_id()
            CacheSession.session_container[self.random_str] = {}

        expires_time = time.time() + config.SESSION_EXPIRES
        handler.set_cookie(CacheSession.session_id, self.random_str, expires=expires_time)

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        ret = CacheSession.session_container[self.random_str].get(key, None)
        return ret

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        CacheSession.session_container[self.random_str][key] = value

    def __delitem__(self, key):
        if key in CacheSession.session_container[self.random_str]:
            del CacheSession.session_container[self.random_str][key]

3.memcache session

import memcache

conn = memcache.Client(['192.168.11.119:12000'], debug=True, cache_cas=True)

class MemcachedSession:
    session_id = "__sessionId__"

    def __init__(self, handler):
        self.handler = handler
        # 从客户端获取随机字符串
        client_random_str = handler.get_cookie(CacheSession.session_id, None)
        # 如果从客户端获取到了随机字符串
        #
        if client_random_str and conn.get(client_random_str):
            self.random_str = client_random_str
        else:
            self.random_str = create_session_id()
            conn.set(self.random_str, json.dumps({}), config.SESSION_EXPIRES)
            #CacheSession.session_container[self.random_str] = {}

        conn.set(self.random_str, conn.get(self.random_str), config.SESSION_EXPIRES)

        expires_time = time.time() + config.SESSION_EXPIRES
        handler.set_cookie(MemcachedSession.session_id, self.random_str, expires=expires_time)

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        # ret = CacheSession.session_container[self.random_str].get(key, None)
        ret = conn.get(self.random_str)
        ret_dict = json.loads(ret)
        result = ret_dict.get(key,None)
        return result

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        ret = conn.get(self.random_str)
        ret_dict = json.loads(ret)
        ret_dict[key] = value
        conn.set(self.random_str, json.dumps(ret_dict), config.SESSION_EXPIRES)

        # CacheSession.session_container[self.random_str][key] = value

    def __delitem__(self, key):
        ret = conn.get(self.random_str)
        ret_dict = json.loads(ret)
        del ret_dict[key]
        conn.set(self.random_str, json.dumps(ret_dict), config.SESSION_EXPIRES)

4.radis session

import redis

pool = redis.ConnectionPool(host='192.168.11.119', port=6379)
r = redis.Redis(connection_pool=pool)

class RedisSession:
    session_id = "__sessionId__"

    def __init__(self, handler):
        self.handler = handler
        # 从客户端获取随机字符串
        client_random_str = handler.get_cookie(CacheSession.session_id, None)
        # 如果从客户端获取到了随机字符串
        if client_random_str and r.exists(client_random_str):
            self.random_str = client_random_str
        else:
            self.random_str = create_session_id()
            r.hset(self.random_str,None,None)

            # conn.set(self.random_str, json.dumps({}), config.SESSION_EXPIRES)
            # CacheSession.session_container[self.random_str] = {}
        r.expire(self.random_str, config.SESSION_EXPIRES)
        # conn.set(self.random_str, conn.get(self.random_str), config.SESSION_EXPIRES)


        expires_time = time.time() + config.SESSION_EXPIRES
        handler.set_cookie(RedisSession.session_id, self.random_str, expires=expires_time)

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        # ret = CacheSession.session_container[self.random_str].get(key, None)
        result = r.hget(self.random_str,key)
        if result:
            ret_str = str(result, encoding='utf-8')
            try:
                result = json.loads(ret_str)
            except:
                result = ret_str
            return result
        else:
            return result

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        if type(value) == dict:
            r.hset(self.random_str, key, json.dumps(value))
        else:
            r.hset(self.random_str, key, value)

        # CacheSession.session_container[self.random_str][key] = value

    def __delitem__(self, key):
        r.hdel(self.random_str,key)

九、验证码：

注：验证码需要依赖session。

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8

import random
from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont, ImageFilter

_letter_cases = "abcdefghjkmnpqrstuvwxy"  # 小写字母，去除可能干扰的i，l，o，z
_upper_cases = _letter_cases.upper()  # 大写字母
_numbers = ''.join(map(str, range(3, 10)))  # 数字
init_chars = ''.join((_letter_cases, _upper_cases, _numbers))

def create_validate_code(size=(120, 30),
                         chars=init_chars,
                         img_type="GIF",
                         mode="RGB",
                         bg_color=(255, 255, 255),
                         fg_color=(0, 0, 255),
                         font_size=18,
                         font_type="Monaco.ttf",
                         length=4,
                         draw_lines=True,
                         n_line=(1, 2),
                         draw_points=True,
                         point_chance = 2):
    '''
    @todo: 生成验证码图片
    @param size: 图片的大小，格式（宽，高），默认为(120, 30)
    @param chars: 允许的字符集合，格式字符串
    @param img_type: 图片保存的格式，默认为GIF，可选的为GIF，JPEG，TIFF，PNG
    @param mode: 图片模式，默认为RGB
    @param bg_color: 背景颜色，默认为白色
    @param fg_color: 前景色，验证码字符颜色，默认为蓝色#0000FF
    @param font_size: 验证码字体大小
    @param font_type: 验证码字体，默认为 ae_AlArabiya.ttf
    @param length: 验证码字符个数
    @param draw_lines: 是否划干扰线
    @param n_lines: 干扰线的条数范围，格式元组，默认为(1, 2)，只有draw_lines为True时有效
    @param draw_points: 是否画干扰点
    @param point_chance: 干扰点出现的概率，大小范围[0, 100]
    @return: [0]: PIL Image实例
    @return: [1]: 验证码图片中的字符串
    '''

    width, height = size # 宽， 高
    img = Image.new(mode, size, bg_color) # 创建图形
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img) # 创建画笔

    def get_chars():
        '''生成给定长度的字符串，返回列表格式'''
        return random.sample(chars, length)

    def create_lines():
        '''绘制干扰线'''
        line_num = random.randint(*n_line) # 干扰线条数

        for i in range(line_num):
            # 起始点
            begin = (random.randint(0, size[0]), random.randint(0, size[1]))
            #结束点
            end = (random.randint(0, size[0]), random.randint(0, size[1]))
            draw.line([begin, end], fill=(0, 0, 0))

    def create_points():
        '''绘制干扰点'''
        chance = min(100, max(0, int(point_chance))) # 大小限制在[0, 100]

        for w in range(width):
            for h in range(height):
                tmp = random.randint(0, 100)
                if tmp > 100 - chance:
                    draw.point((w, h), fill=(0, 0, 0))

    def create_strs():
        '''绘制验证码字符'''
        c_chars = get_chars()
        strs = ' %s ' % ' '.join(c_chars) # 每个字符前后以空格隔开

        font = ImageFont.truetype(font_type, font_size)
        font_width, font_height = font.getsize(strs)

        draw.text(((width - font_width) / 3, (height - font_height) / 3),
                    strs, font=font, fill=fg_color)

        return ''.join(c_chars)

    if draw_lines:
        create_lines()
    if draw_points:
        create_points()
    strs = create_strs()

    # 图形扭曲参数
    params = [1 - float(random.randint(1, 2)) / 100,
              0,
              0,
              0,
- float(random.randint(1, 10)) / 100,
              float(random.randint(1, 2)) / 500,
              0.001,
              float(random.randint(1, 2)) / 500
              ]
    img = img.transform(size, Image.PERSPECTIVE, params) # 创建扭曲

    img = img.filter(ImageFilter.EDGE_ENHANCE_MORE) # 滤镜，边界加强（阈值更大）

    return img, strs

class CheckCodeHandler(BaseRequestHandler):
    def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
        stream = io.BytesIO()
        img, code = check_code.create_validate_code()
        img.save(stream, "png")
        self.session["CheckCode"] = code  #利用session保存验证码
        self.write(stream.getvalue())

路由配置：(r"/check_code", account.CheckCodeHandler),

前端：

<img class="check-img" src="/check_code" alt="验证码" onclick="ChangeCode(this);">

js:

<script>
                    function ChangeCode(ths) {
                        ths.src += '?';
                    }
                </script>

十、发送邮箱验证码

前端：

<div class="inp">
        <input class="regiter-temp" name="code" class="email-code" type="text" placeholder="请输入邮箱验证码" />
        <a onclick="SendCode(this);" class="fetch-code" >获取验证码</a>
</div>

js：

function SendCode(ths) {
//            var email = $(ths).prev().val();
            var email = $('#email').val();
            $.ajax({
                url: '/send_code',
                type: 'POST',
                data: {em: email},
                success: function (arg) {
                    console.log(arg);
                },
                error: function () {
                     
                }
                 
            });
        }

路由配置：

(r"/send_code", account.SendCodeHandler),

后台handler：

class SendCodeHandler(BaseRequestHandler):
    def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
        ret = {'status': True, "data": "", "error": ""}
        email = self.get_argument('em', None)
        if email:
            code = commons.random_code()  #获取随机验证码
            message.email([email,], code) #发送验证码到邮箱
            conn = chouti_orm.session()   #获取数据库session对象
            obj = chouti_orm.SendCode(email=email,code=code, stime=datetime.datetime.now()) #写入数据库
            conn.add(obj)
            conn.commit()
        else:
            ret['status'] = False
            ret['error'] = "邮箱格式错误"
 
        self.write(json.dumps(ret))

　发送邮箱验证码函数：

import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.utils import formataddr
 
 
def email(email_list, content, subject="抽屉新热榜-用户注册"):  #email_list邮件列表，content邮件内容，subject：发送标题
    msg = MIMEText(content, 'plain', 'utf-8')
    msg['From'] = formataddr(["抽屉新热榜",'wptawy@126.com'])
    msg['Subject'] = subject
 
    server = smtplib.SMTP("smtp.126.com", 25) 邮箱引擎
    server.login("youxiang@126.com", "mima") #邮箱名，密码
    server.sendmail('wptawy@126.com', email_list, msg.as_string())
    server.quit()

十一、邮箱验证码之过期时间

案例：

html：

<a id="fetch_code" class="fetch-code" href="javascript:void(0);">获取验证码</a>

js：

function BindSendMsg(){
           $("#fetch_code").click(function(){
               $('#register_error_summary').empty();  #清空错误信息
               var email = $('#email').val(); #获取邮箱地址
               if(email.trim().length == 0){  #判断是否输入邮箱
                   $('#register_error_summary').text('请输入注册邮箱');
                   return;
               }
               if($(this).hasClass('sending')){  #判断是否已经发送
                   return;
               }
               var ths = $(this);
               var time = 60; 设置倒计时时间为60s
 
               $.ajax({
                   url: "/send_msg",
                   type: 'POST',
                   data: {email: email},
                   dataType: 'json',
                   success: function(arg){
                       if(!arg.status){  #是否发送成功
                           $('#register_error_summary').text(arg.summary); #不成功显示错误信息
                       }else{
                           ths.addClass('sending');      #成功后显示已发送状态
                           var interval = setInterval(function(){
                           ths.text("已发送(" + time + ")");
                           time -= 1;　　　　#定时器每运行一次，计数器减1
                           if(time <= 0){
                               clearInterval(interval); #一分钟过完，清除定时器
                               ths.removeClass('sending');# 移除已发送状态
                               ths.text("获取验证码");# 恢复未发送状态
                           }
                       }, 1000);#定时器每隔1s运行一次
                       }
                   }
               });
 
           });
       }

附：一些常见模块：
1.随机验证码获取：

def random_code():
    code = ''
    for i in range(4):
        current = random.randrange(0,4)
        if current != i:
            temp = chr(random.randint(65,90))
        else:
            temp = random.randint(0,9)
        code += str(temp)
    return code

2.md5加密

def generate_md5(value):
    r = str(time.time())
    obj = hashlib.md5(r.encode('utf-8'))
    obj.update(value.encode('utf-8'))
    return obj.hexdigest()

十二、分页功能，该功能是基于tornado的自定义分页功能

案例：

前端：

<div class="pagination">
         {% raw str_page%}  #展示原生html
</div>

url配置：

(r"/index/(?P<page>d*)", IndexHandler),

分页模块：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-


class Pagination:
    def __init__(self, current_page, all_item):
        try:
            page = int(current_page)
        except:
            page = 1
        if page < 1:
            page = 1

        all_pager, c = divmod(all_item, 10)
        if c > 0:
            all_pager += 1

        self.current_page = page
        self.all_pager = all_pager

    @property
    def start(self):
        return (self.current_page - 1) * 10

    @property
    def end(self):
        return self.current_page * 10

    def string_pager(self, base_url="/index/"):
        list_page = []
        if self.all_pager < 11:
            s = 1
            t = self.all_pager + 1
        else:  # 总页数大于11
            if self.current_page < 6:
                s = 1
                t = 12
            else:
                if (self.current_page + 5) < self.all_pager:
                    s = self.current_page - 5
                    t = self.current_page + 5 + 1
                else:
                    s = self.all_pager - 11
                    t = self.all_pager + 1
        # 首页
        # first = '<a href="%s1">首页</a>' % base_url
        # list_page.append(first)
        # 上一页
        # 当前页 page
        if self.current_page == 1:
            prev = '<a href="javascript:void(0);">上一页</a>'
        else:
            prev = '<a href="%s%s">上一页</a>' % (base_url, self.current_page - 1,)
        list_page.append(prev)

        for p in range(s, t):  # 1-11
            if p == self.current_page:
                temp = '<a class="active" href="%s%s">%s</a>' % (base_url,p, p)
            else:
                temp = '<a href="%s%s">%s</a>' % (base_url,p, p)
            list_page.append(temp)
        if self.current_page == self.all_pager:
            nex = '<a href="javascript:void(0);">下一页</a>'
        else:
            nex = '<a href="%s%s">下一页</a>' % (base_url, self.current_page + 1,)

        list_page.append(nex)

        # 尾页
        last = '<a href="%s%s">尾页</a>' % (base_url, self.all_pager,)
        list_page.append(last)

        # 跳转
        jump = """<input type='text' /><a onclick="Jump('%s',this);">GO</a>""" % ('/index/', )
        script = """<script>
            function Jump(baseUrl,ths){
                var val = ths.previousElementSibling.value;
                if(val.trim().length>0){
                    location.href = baseUrl + val;
                }
            }
            </script>"""
        list_page.append(jump)
        list_page.append(script)
        str_page = "".join(list_page)
        return str_page

注：Pagination实例化接收两个参数：当前页current_page、新闻总数all_item，其中current_page一般通过url分组元素直接获取

 后台handler：

class IndexHandler(BaseRequestHandler):
    def get(self, page=1):
        conn = ORM.session()  #获取数据库session对象
        all_count = conn.query(ORM.News).count()#计算新闻总数
        obj = Pagination(page, all_count)  #实例化pagination对象
        current_user_id = self.session['user_info']['nid'] if self.session['is_login'] else 0  #如果登陆获取用户id，否则，用户id=0，下面的查询结果也为空
        result = conn.query(ORM.News.nid,
                            ORM.News.title,
                            ORM.News.url,
                            ORM.News.content,
                            ORM.News.ctime,
                            ORM.UserInfo.username,
                            ORM.NewsType.caption,
                            ORM.News.favor_count,
                            ORM.News.comment_count,
                            ORM.Favor.nid.label('has_favor')).join(ORM.NewsType, isouter=True).join(ORM.UserInfo, isouter=True).join(ORM.Favor, and_(ORM.Favor.user_info_id == current_user_id, ORM.News.nid == ORM.Favor.news_id), isouter=True)[obj.start:10] #从每页开始向下取10条，即每页显示10条新闻
        conn.close()
        str_page = obj.string_pager('/index/') 获取页码的字符串格式html
        self.render('home/index.html', str_page=str_page, news_list=result)

十三、页面登陆验证（装饰器方式实现）

1.普通登陆验证

def auth_login_redirect(func):
 
    def inner(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if not self.session['is_login']:
            self.redirect(config.LOGIN_URL)
            return
        func(self, *args, **kwargs)
    return inner

2.ajax提交数据的登陆验证

def auth_login_json(func):
 
    def inner(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if not self.session['is_login']:
            rep = BaseResponse()
            rep.summary = "auth failed"
            self.write(json.dumps(rep.__dict__))
            return
        func(self, *args, **kwargs)
    return inner

十四、上传文件

前端：

<form style="display: inline-block" id="upload_img_form" name="form" action="/upload_image" method="POST"  enctype="multipart/form-data" >
　　<a id="fakeFile" class="fake-file">
　　　　<span>上传图片</span>
　　　　<input type="file" name="img" onchange="UploadImage(this);"/>
　　　　<input type="text" name="url" class="hide" />
　　</a>
　　<iframe id='upload_img_iframe' name='upload_img_iframe' src=""  class="hide"></iframe>
</form>

　js：

function UploadImage(ths){
           document.getElementById('upload_img_iframe').onload = UploadImageComplete;  #页面加载完成后执行UploadImageComplete函数
           document.getElementById('upload_img_form').target = 'upload_img_iframe';  设置form提交到iframe
           document.getElementById('upload_img_form').submit(); #提交到iframe
       }
 
       /*
       上传图片之后回掉函数
       */
       function UploadImageComplete(){
           var origin = $("#upload_img_iframe").contents().find("body").text();#获取图片数据
           var obj = JSON.parse(origin); #转换成JavaScript对象
           if(obj.status){  #如果上传成功
               var img = document.createElement('img'); #创建img标签
               img.src = obj.data; 图片地址
               img.style.width = "200px";
               img.style.height = "180px";
               $("#upload_img_form").append(img);添加图片
               $('#fakeFile').addClass('hide');
               $('#reUploadImage').removeClass('hide');
               $('#fakeFile').find('input[type="text"]').val(obj.data);#保存图片地址到隐藏的input标签中
           }else{
               alert(obj.summary);#否则显示错误信息
           }
       }

路由配置：

(r"/upload_image", home.UploadImageHandler),

后台handler：

class UploadImageHandler(BaseRequestHandler):
    @decrator.auth_login_json  #上传前登陆验证
    def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
        rep = BaseResponse() 前端回应类
        try:
            file_metas = self.request.files["img"] 获取图片列表
            for meta in file_metas:
                file_name = meta['filename'] #图片名
                file_path = os.path.join('statics', 'upload', commons.generate_md5(file_name)) #保存地址
                with open(file_path, 'wb') as up:
                    up.write(meta['body']) #在服务器写入图片
            rep.status = True #写入成功
            rep.data = file_path
        except Exception as ex:
            rep.summary = str(ex)#错误信息
        self.write(json.dumps(rep.__dict__)) #反馈给前端

十五、文章发布

1.定义需要验证的form类

class IndexForm(BaseForm):
 
    def __init__(self):
        self.title = StringField()  #标题
        self.content = StringField(required=False) 内容
        self.url = StringField(required=False)  图片url
        self.news_type_id = IntegerField()   新闻类型
 
        super(IndexForm, self).__init__()

2.前端html：

<div class="f4">
　　<a class="submit right" id="submit_img">提交</a>
　　<span class="error-msg right"></span>
</div>

3.js

function BindPublishSubmit(){
            $('#submit_link,#submit_text,#submit_img').click(function(){
                // 获取输入内容并提交
                var container = $(this).parent().parent();
                var post_dict = {};
                container.find('input[type="text"],textarea').each(function(){
                    post_dict[$(this).attr('name')] =$(this).val();
                });
                post_dict['news_type_id'] = container.find('.news-type .active').attr('value');

                $.ajax({
                    url: '/index',
                    type: 'POST',
                    data: post_dict,
                    dataType: 'json',
                    success: function (arg) {
                        if(arg.status){
                            window.location.href = '/index';
                        }else{
                            console.log(arg);
                        }
                    }   
                })
            });
        }

后台handler：

@decrator.auth_login_json  #发布前登陆验证
    def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
        rep = BaseResponse()
 
        form = IndexForm()#实例化Indexform
        if form.valid(self):
            # title,content,href,news_type,user_info_id
　　　　　　　#写入数据库
            input_dict = copy.deepcopy(form._value_dict)
            input_dict['ctime'] = datetime.datetime.now()
            input_dict['user_info_id'] = self.session['user_info']['nid']
            conn = ORM.session()
            conn.add(ORM.News(**input_dict))
            conn.commit()
            conn.close()
            rep.status = True #写入成功
        else:
            rep.message = form._error_dict  #错误信息
 
        self.write(json.dumps(rep.__dict__))

十六、点赞功能

前端html：

<a href="javascript:void(0);" class="digg-a" title="推荐" onclick="DoFavor(this,{{item[0]}});">
　　{% if item[9] %} 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　#是否已点过赞
　　　　<span class="hand-icon icon-digg active"></span>
　　{% else %}
　　　　<span class="hand-icon icon-digg"></span>
　　{% end %}
　　 <b id="favor_count_{{item[0]}}">{{item[7]}}</b>  　　#点赞数量<br></a>

js：

function DoFavor(ths, nid) {
 
            if($('#action_nav').attr('is-login') == 'true'){           #登陆状态才能点赞
                $.ajax({
                    url: '/favor',
                    type: 'POST',
                    data: {news_id: nid},   #携带当前新闻id
                    dataType: 'json',
                    success: function(arg){
                        if(arg.status){
                            var $favorCount = $('#favor_count_'+nid);
                            var c = parseInt($favorCount.text());#获取当前点赞数量
                            if(arg.code == 2301){  　　　　#当前用户以前没点过赞
                                $favorCount.text(c + 1);  #点赞数量加1
                                $(ths).find('span').addClass('active'); 已经点过赞变深颜色
                                AddFavorAnimation(ths); #+1动态效果
                            }else if(arg.code == 2302){ #该用户以前对该新闻点过赞
                                $favorCount.text(c - 1); #点赞数量减1
                                $(ths).find('span').removeClass('active'); 取消点赞颜色变浅
                                MinusFavorAnimation(ths); #-1动态效果
                            }else{
 
                            }
 
                        }else{
 
                        }
                    }
                })
            }else{
                $('#accountDialog').removeClass('hide');
                $('.shadow').removeClass('hide');
            }
        }　

后台handler：

class FavorHandler(BaseRequestHandler):
 
    @decrator.auth_login_json #点赞前登陆验证
    def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
        rep = BaseResponse()
 
        news_id = self.get_argument('news_id', None) #获取新闻id
        if not news_id:
            rep.summary = "新闻ID不能为空."
        else:
            user_info_id = self.session['user_info']['nid']  #获取当前用户id
            conn = ORM.session()<br>　　　　　　#查询当前用户是否对该新闻点过赞
            has_favor = conn.query(ORM.Favor).filter(ORM.Favor.user_info_id == user_info_id,
                                                     ORM.Favor.news_id == news_id).count()
            if has_favor: 　　#如果已经点过赞，删除数据库点赞表favor点赞数据，更新数据库新闻表news点赞数量-1
                conn.query(ORM.Favor).filter(ORM.Favor.user_info_id == user_info_id,
                                             ORM.Favor.news_id == news_id).delete()
                conn.query(ORM.News).filter(ORM.News.nid == news_id).update(
                    {"favor_count": ORM.News.favor_count - 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")
                rep.code = StatusCodeEnum.FavorMinus　　　　#返回已经点过赞的状态吗
            else:
                conn.add(ORM.Favor(user_info_id=user_info_id, news_id=news_id, ctime=datetime.datetime.now()))
                conn.query(ORM.News).filter(ORM.News.nid == news_id).update(
                    {"favor_count": ORM.News.favor_count + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")
                rep.code = StatusCodeEnum.FavorPlus
            conn.commit()
            conn.close()
 
            rep.status = True 　　#操作成功
 
        self.write(json.dumps(rep.__dict__))　　#返回给前端

点赞+1和-1动态效果js：

/*
        点赞+1效果
         */
        function AddFavorAnimation(ths){
            var offsetTop = -10;
            var offsetLeft = 20;
            var fontSize = 24;
            var opacity = 1;
            var tag = document.createElement('i');
            tag.innerText = "+1";
            tag.style.position = 'absolute';
            tag.style.top = offsetTop + 'px';
            tag.style.left = offsetLeft + 'px';
            tag.style.fontSize = fontSize + "px";
            tag.style.color = "#5cb85c";
            $(ths).append(tag);

            var addInterval = setInterval(function(){
                    fontSize += 5;
                    offsetTop -= 15;
                    offsetLeft += 5;
                    opacity -= 0.1;
                    tag.style.top = offsetTop+ 'px';
                    tag.style.left = offsetLeft+ 'px';
                    tag.style.fontSize = fontSize + 'px';
                    tag.style.opacity = opacity;
                if(opacity <= 0.5){
                    tag.remove();
                    clearInterval(addInterval);
                }
            },40)
        }

/*
        点赞-1效果
         */
        function MinusFavorAnimation(ths){
            var offsetTop = -10;
            var offsetLeft = 20;
            var fontSize = 24;
            var opacity = 1;
            var tag = document.createElement('i');
            tag.innerText = "-1";
            tag.style.position = 'absolute';
            tag.style.top = offsetTop + 'px';
            tag.style.left = offsetLeft + 'px';
            tag.style.fontSize = fontSize + "px";
            tag.style.color = "#787878";
            $(ths).append(tag);

            var addInterval = setInterval(function(){
                    fontSize += 5;
                    offsetTop -= 15;
                    offsetLeft += 5 ;
                    opacity -= 0.1;
                    tag.style.top = offsetTop+ 'px';
                    tag.style.left = offsetLeft+ 'px';
                    tag.style.fontSize = fontSize + 'px';
                    tag.style.opacity = opacity;
                if(opacity <= 0.5){
                    tag.remove();
                    clearInterval(addInterval);
                }
            },40)
        }

十七、评论功能

案例：

 前端html：

<div class="box-r">
　　<a href="javascript:void(0);" class="pub-icons add-pub-btn add-pub-btn-unvalid" onclick="DoComment({{item[0]}})">评论</a>  #携带新闻id
　　<a href="javascript:void(0);" class="loading-ico loading-ico-top pub-loading-top hide">发布中...</a>
</div>　

{% raw tree(comment_tree) %}

创建评论树字典函数：

def build_tree(comment_list):

    comment_dic = collections.OrderedDict()

    for comment_obj in comment_list:
        if comment_obj[2] is None:
            # 如果是根评论，添加到comment_dic[评论对象] ＝ {}
            comment_dic[comment_obj] = collections.OrderedDict()
        else:
            # 如果是回复的评论，则需要在 comment_dic 中找到其回复的评论
            tree_search(comment_dic, comment_obj)
    return comment_dic

递归生成评论树函数：

def tree_search(d_dic, comment_obj):
    # 在comment_dic中一个一个的寻找其回复的评论
    # 检查当前评论的 reply_id 和 comment_dic中已有评论的nid是否相同，
    #   如果相同，表示就是回复的此信息
    #   如果不同，则需要去 comment_dic 的所有子元素中寻找，一直找，如果一系列中未找，则继续向下找
    for k, v_dic in d_dic.items():
        # 找回复的评论，将自己添加到其对应的字典中，例如： {评论一： {回复一：{},回复二：{}}}
        if k[0] == comment_obj[2]:
            d_dic[k][comment_obj] = collections.OrderedDict()
            return
        else:
            # 在当前第一个跟元素中递归的去寻找父亲
            tree_search(d_dic[k], comment_obj)

前端调用uimethod，生成评论html：

TEMP1 = """
<li class="items" style='padding:8px 0 0 %spx;'>
    <span class="folder" id='comment_folder_%s'>
        <div class="comment-L comment-L-top">
            <a href="#" class="icons zhan-ico"></a>
            <a href="/user/moyujian/submitted/1">
                <img src="/statics/images/1.jpg">
            </a>
        </div>
        <div class="comment-R comment-R-top" style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">
            <div class="pp">
                <a class="name" href="/user/moyujian/submitted/1">%s</a>
                <span class="p3">%s</span>
                <span class="into-time into-time-top">%s</span>
            </div>
            <div class="comment-line-top">
                <div class="comment-state">
                    <a class="ding" href="javascript:void(0);">
                        <b>顶</b>
                        <span class="ding-num">[0]</span>
                    </a>
                    <a class="cai" href="javascript:void(0);">
                        <b>踩</b>
                        <span class="cai-num">[0]</span>
                    </a>
                    <span class="line-huifu">|</span>
                    <a class="see-a jubao" href="javascript:void(0);">举报</a>
                    <span class="line-huifu">|</span>
                    <a class="see-a huifu-a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="reply(%s,%s,'%s')"  id='comment_reply_%s' >回复</a>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </span>

"""
def tree(self, comment_dic):
    html = ''
    for k, v in comment_dic.items():
        html += TEMP1 %(0,k[0], k[3],k[1],k[4],k[7],k[0], k[3],k[0])
        html += generate_comment_html(v, 16)
        html += "</li>"

    return html

def generate_comment_html(sub_comment_dic, margin_left_val):
    # html = '<ul style="background: url(&quot;/statics/images/pinglun_line.gif&quot;) 0px -10px no-repeat scroll transparent;margin-left:3px;">'
    html = '<ul>'
    for k, v_dic in sub_comment_dic.items():
        html += TEMP1 %(margin_left_val,k[0], k[3],k[1],k[4],k[7],k[0], k[3],k[0])
        if v_dic:
            html += generate_comment_html(v_dic, margin_left_val)
        html += "</li>"
    html += "</ul>"
    return html

后台handler：

class CommentHandler(BaseRequestHandler):
    def get(self, *args, **kwargs):  #展示评论信息
        # comment_list需要按照时间从小到大排列
        nid = self.get_argument('nid', 0)
        conn = ORM.session()
        comment_list = conn.query(
            ORM.Comment.nid,
            ORM.Comment.content,
            ORM.Comment.reply_id,
            ORM.UserInfo.username,
            ORM.Comment.ctime,
            ORM.Comment.up,
            ORM.Comment.down,
            ORM.Comment.news_id
        ).join(ORM.UserInfo, isouter=True).filter(ORM.Comment.news_id == nid).all()

        conn.close()
        """
        comment_list = [
            (1, '111',None),  #评论id，评论内容，回复id，如果是None，则代表回复新闻
            (2, '222',None),
            (3, '33',None),
            (9, '999',5),
            (4, '444',2),
            (5, '555',1),
            (6, '666',4),
            (7, '777',2),
            (8, '888',4),
        ]
        """

        comment_tree = commons.build_tree(comment_list)  #最终传递给前端的是一个字典

        self.render('include/comment.html', comment_tree=comment_tree)


    @decrator.auth_login_json  #提交评论前做登陆验证
    def post(self, *args, **kwargs):  #提交评论信息
        rep = BaseResponse() #前端反馈类
        form = CommentForm() #评论的form验证

        if form.valid(self):　　#如果验证成功
            form._value_dict['ctime'] = datetime.datetime.now() #获取当前时间

            conn = ORM.session()　#获取数据库session对象
　　　　　　　#　将评论写入数据库
            obj = ORM.Comment(user_info_id=self.session['user_info']['nid'],
                              news_id=form._value_dict['news_id'],
                              reply_id=form._value_dict['reply_id'],
                              content=form._value_dict['content'],
                              up=0,
                              down=0,
                              ctime=datetime.datetime.now())
            conn.add(obj)
            conn.flush()
            conn.refresh(obj)　　#同时获取评论的自增id

            rep.data = {
                'user_info_id': self.session['user_info']['nid'],
                'username': self.session['user_info']['username'],
                'nid': obj.nid,
                'news_id': obj.news_id,
                'ctime': obj.ctime.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
                'reply_id': obj.reply_id,
                'content': obj.content,
            }
　　　　　　#更新数据库的评论数量
            conn.query(ORM.News).filter(ORM.News.nid == form._value_dict['news_id']).update(
                {"comment_count": ORM.News.comment_count + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")
            conn.commit()
            conn.close()

            rep.status = True　　#评论成功的状态信息
        else:
            rep.message = form._error_dict　　#错误信息
        print(rep.__dict__)
        self.write(json.dumps(rep.__dict__)) #反馈给前端

js：

function DoComment(nid){
            var content = $("#comment_content_"+nid).val();
            var reply_id = $("#reply_id_"+nid).attr('target');
 
            if($('#action_nav').attr('is-login') == 'true'){　　#已经登录才发ajax请求
                $.ajax({
                    url: '/comment',
                    type: 'POST',
                    data: {content: content, reply_id:reply_id, news_id: nid},#发送评论内容，回复的评论id，新闻id
                    dataType: 'json',
                    success: function(arg){
                        // 获取评论信息，将内容添加到指定位置
                        console.log(arg);
                        if(arg.status){
                            $('#comment_content_' + arg.data.news_id).val('');
                            var a = '<ul><li class="items" style="padding:8px 0 0 16px;"><span class="folder" id="comment_folder_';
                            var b = arg.data.nid;
                            var c = '"><div class="comment-L comment-L-top"><a href="#" class="icons zhan-ico"></a><a href="/user/moyujian/submitted/1"><img src="/statics/images/1.jpg"></a></div><div class="comment-R comment-R-top" style=""><div class="pp"><a class="name" href="/user/moyujian/submitted/1">';
                            var d = arg.data.username;
                            var e = '</a><span class="p3">';
                            var f = arg.data.content;
                            var g= '</span><span class="into-time into-time-top">';
                            var h = arg.data.ctime;
                            var i = '</span></div><div class="comment-line-top"><div class="comment-state"><a class="ding" href="javascript:void(0);"><b>顶</b><span class="ding-num">[0]</span></a><a class="cai" href="javascript:void(0);"><b>踩</b><span class="cai-num">[0]</span></a><span class="line-huifu">|</span> <a class="see-a jubao" href="javascript:void(0);">举报</a> <span class="line-huifu">|</span> <a class="see-a huifu-a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="';
                            var j = "reply(" + arg.data.news_id + "," +arg.data.nid+",'"+arg.data.username+"')";
                            var k = '">回复</a></div></div></div></span></li></ul>';
                            var tag = a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k;
                            console.log(arg,tag);
                            if(arg.data.reply_id){
                                $comment_folder = $('#comment_folder_' + arg.data.reply_id);
                                $comment_folder.after(tag);
                            }else{
                                $('#comment_list_'+arg.data.news_id).append(tag);
                            }
 
 
                        }else{
                            alert('error');
                        }
                    }
                })
            }else{
                $('#accountDialog').removeClass('hide');
                $('.shadow').removeClass('hide');
            }
        }