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  • FreeRTOS --(3)内存管理 heap2

    在《FreeRTOS --(2)内存管理 heap1》知道 heap 1 的内存管理其实只是简单的实现了内存对齐的分配策略,heap 2 的实现策略相比 heap 1 稍微复杂一点,不仅仅是提供了分配内存的接口,同时也提供了释放内存的接口;

    但是 heap 2 的内存分配策略中,并没有提供空闲内存的合并策略,对内存碎片没有处理;换句话来说,如果有多次的,大小各异的内存申请和释放的场景下,很可能导致很多内存碎片;

    1、内存大小

    和 heap 1 一样,用于内存管理的内存大小来自于一个大数组,数组的下标就是整个需要被管理的内存的大小,这个是和具体芯片所支持的 RAM 大小相关:

    configTOTAL_HEAP_SIZE

    被管理的内存定义为:

    static uint8_t ucHeap[ configTOTAL_HEAP_SIZE ];

    ucHeap 就是管理的对象;

    2、对齐

    有的处理器是对内存对齐有要求的,比如 ARM-CM3 等,AAPCS规则要求堆栈保持8字节对齐。给任务分配栈时需要保证栈是8字节对齐的。所以这里 FreeRTOS 就需要涉及到对齐操作;针对 ARM-CM3 这类处理器来说,在portmacro.h 文件中,定义了对齐的字节数:

    /* Hardware specifics. */
    #define portBYTE_ALIGNMENT            8

    而在 portable.h 中,定义了对应的 Mask(8字节对齐,那么都要是 8 的倍数,也就是二进制的 4'b1000,所以 MASK 是 4'b0111 也就是 0x07):

    #if portBYTE_ALIGNMENT == 8
        #define portBYTE_ALIGNMENT_MASK ( 0x0007 )
    #endif

    和 heap 1 一样,在处理对齐的时候,由于可能 ucHeap 初始的地址就没对齐,所以这里真正可以对齐分配的内存的 SIZE 就要做一些调整和妥协,由于是 8 字节对齐,所以最多妥协的大小就是 8 字节,也就是真正被管理的内存大小只有  configADJUSTED_HEAP_SIZE,这里可能造成几个字节的浪费(浪费多少,取决于ucHeap 初始地址 ),不过为了对齐,也就忽略了;

    /* A few bytes might be lost to byte aligning the heap start address. */
    #define configADJUSTED_HEAP_SIZE    ( configTOTAL_HEAP_SIZE - portBYTE_ALIGNMENT )

    3、内存块

    与 heap 1 不同,heap 2 可以支持分配和释放,那么管理内存的手段势必比 heap 1 复杂一些,heap 2 对内存进行分块管理,将每块内存通过一个表征该内存块的的数据结构表示,以单向链表串在一起;

    3.1、数据结构

    表达一个内存块的数据结构是 BlockLink_t,它的定义是:

    /* Define the linked list structure.  This is used to link free blocks in order
    of their size. */
    typedef struct A_BLOCK_LINK
    {
        struct A_BLOCK_LINK *pxNextFreeBlock;    /*<< The next free block in the list. */
        size_t xBlockSize;                        /*<< The size of the free block. */
    } BlockLink_t;

    pxNextFreeBlock 指向下一个内存块的 BlockLink_t 结构;

    xBlockSize 代表本内存块的大小;

    3.2、数据结构对齐

    当然内存块也需要对齐:

    static const uint16_t heapSTRUCT_SIZE    = ( ( sizeof ( BlockLink_t ) + ( portBYTE_ALIGNMENT - 1 ) ) & ~portBYTE_ALIGNMENT_MASK );

    3.3、内存块 Marker

    FreeRTOS 为内存管理,定义了两个 BlockLink_t 结构体,xStart 和 xEnd:

    /* Create a couple of list links to mark the start and end of the list. */
    static BlockLink_t xStart, xEnd;

    xStart 和 xEnd 仅仅作为 mark,标记内存块的起始和结束;

    3.4、可用内存

    在 heap2 中定义了 xFreeBytesRemaining 来代表当前可用于分配的内存,每当内存被分配出去,这个值会减,内存被free 后,该值增加:

    /* Keeps track of the number of free bytes remaining, but says nothing about
    fragmentation. */
    static size_t xFreeBytesRemaining = configADJUSTED_HEAP_SIZE;

    4、分配内存

    和 heap 1 一样,内存分配使用 pvPortMalloc 函数,传入的是希望拿到的内存,返回值拿到的内存起始地址,如果分配失败返回 NULL;

    /*-----------------------------------------------------------*/
     
    void *pvPortMalloc( size_t xWantedSize )
    {
    BlockLink_t *pxBlock, *pxPreviousBlock, *pxNewBlockLink;
    static BaseType_t xHeapHasBeenInitialised = pdFALSE;
    void *pvReturn = NULL;
     
        vTaskSuspendAll();
        {
            /* If this is the first call to malloc then the heap will require
            initialisation to setup the list of free blocks. */
            if( xHeapHasBeenInitialised == pdFALSE )
            {
                prvHeapInit();
                xHeapHasBeenInitialised = pdTRUE;
            }
     
            /* The wanted size is increased so it can contain a BlockLink_t
            structure in addition to the requested amount of bytes. */
            if( xWantedSize > 0 )
            {
                xWantedSize += heapSTRUCT_SIZE;
     
                /* Ensure that blocks are always aligned to the required number of bytes. */
                if( ( xWantedSize & portBYTE_ALIGNMENT_MASK ) != 0 )
                {
                    /* Byte alignment required. */
                    xWantedSize += ( portBYTE_ALIGNMENT - ( xWantedSize & portBYTE_ALIGNMENT_MASK ) );
                }
            }
     
            if( ( xWantedSize > 0 ) && ( xWantedSize < configADJUSTED_HEAP_SIZE ) )
            {
                /* Blocks are stored in byte order - traverse the list from the start
                (smallest) block until one of adequate size is found. */
                pxPreviousBlock = &xStart;
                pxBlock = xStart.pxNextFreeBlock;
                while( ( pxBlock->xBlockSize < xWantedSize ) && ( pxBlock->pxNextFreeBlock != NULL ) )
                {
                    pxPreviousBlock = pxBlock;
                    pxBlock = pxBlock->pxNextFreeBlock;
                }
     
                /* If we found the end marker then a block of adequate size was not found. */
                if( pxBlock != &xEnd )
                {
                    /* Return the memory space - jumping over the BlockLink_t structure
                    at its start. */
                    pvReturn = ( void * ) ( ( ( uint8_t * ) pxPreviousBlock->pxNextFreeBlock ) + heapSTRUCT_SIZE );
     
                    /* This block is being returned for use so must be taken out of the
                    list of free blocks. */
                    pxPreviousBlock->pxNextFreeBlock = pxBlock->pxNextFreeBlock;
     
                    /* If the block is larger than required it can be split into two. */
                    if( ( pxBlock->xBlockSize - xWantedSize ) > heapMINIMUM_BLOCK_SIZE )
                    {
                        /* This block is to be split into two.  Create a new block
                        following the number of bytes requested. The void cast is
                        used to prevent byte alignment warnings from the compiler. */
                        pxNewBlockLink = ( void * ) ( ( ( uint8_t * ) pxBlock ) + xWantedSize );
     
                        /* Calculate the sizes of two blocks split from the single
                        block. */
                        pxNewBlockLink->xBlockSize = pxBlock->xBlockSize - xWantedSize;
                        pxBlock->xBlockSize = xWantedSize;
     
                        /* Insert the new block into the list of free blocks. */
                        prvInsertBlockIntoFreeList( ( pxNewBlockLink ) );
                    }
     
                    xFreeBytesRemaining -= pxBlock->xBlockSize;
                }
            }
     
            traceMALLOC( pvReturn, xWantedSize );
        }
        ( void ) xTaskResumeAll();
     
        #if( configUSE_MALLOC_FAILED_HOOK == 1 )
        {
            if( pvReturn == NULL )
            {
                extern void vApplicationMallocFailedHook( void );
                vApplicationMallocFailedHook();
            }
        }
        #endif
     
        return pvReturn;
    }
    /*-----------------------------------------------------------*/

    首先调用 vTaskSuspendAll(); 来挂起所有任务,不允许进程调度;

    接着调用 prvHeapInit(); 来初始化相关的内存管理的链表结构:

    static void prvHeapInit( void )
    {
    BlockLink_t *pxFirstFreeBlock;
    uint8_t *pucAlignedHeap;
     
        /* Ensure the heap starts on a correctly aligned boundary. */
        pucAlignedHeap = ( uint8_t * ) ( ( ( portPOINTER_SIZE_TYPE ) &ucHeap[ portBYTE_ALIGNMENT ] ) & ( ~( ( portPOINTER_SIZE_TYPE ) portBYTE_ALIGNMENT_MASK ) ) );
     
        /* xStart is used to hold a pointer to the first item in the list of free
        blocks.  The void cast is used to prevent compiler warnings. */
        xStart.pxNextFreeBlock = ( void * ) pucAlignedHeap;
        xStart.xBlockSize = ( size_t ) 0;
     
        /* xEnd is used to mark the end of the list of free blocks. */
        xEnd.xBlockSize = configADJUSTED_HEAP_SIZE;
        xEnd.pxNextFreeBlock = NULL;
     
        /* To start with there is a single free block that is sized to take up the
        entire heap space. */
        pxFirstFreeBlock = ( void * ) pucAlignedHeap;
        pxFirstFreeBlock->xBlockSize = configADJUSTED_HEAP_SIZE;
        pxFirstFreeBlock->pxNextFreeBlock = &xEnd;
    }

    在初始化内存相关的结构的时候,首先将 ucHeap 的地址进行对齐操作,得到可以对齐后用于真实的内存管理的起始地址为:

    pucAlignedHeap

    然后初始化 xStart 和 xEnd,这两个 marker,然后将整个可用的内存视为一块,可用的内存的开始地方,放置了一个 BlockLink_t 结构体并初始化它的 xBlockSize 为之前调整过的 configADJUSTED_HEAP_SIZE;

    我们在回到 pvPortMalloc 的地方,继续分析;

    prvHeapInit() 初始化完成后,便可用分配内存了;分配内存的时候,需要对每一个内存块分配一个标志它的描述符,也就是 BlockLink_t 结构体,所以如果要分配 xWantedSize,那么就要分配 :

    xWantedSize += heapSTRUCT_SIZE;

    然后,对 xWantedSize 进行字节对齐操作;

    接下来便进行链表搜寻,找到 Size 合适的地方,将其分配出来;

    值得注意的是,内存块链表是有排序的,开始是 xStart 后面跟的内存块,内存块由小到大,最后是 xEnd;

    /*
     * Insert a block into the list of free blocks - which is ordered by size of
     * the block.  Small blocks at the start of the list and large blocks at the end
     * of the list.
     */
    #define prvInsertBlockIntoFreeList( pxBlockToInsert )                                
    {                                                                                    
    BlockLink_t *pxIterator;                                                            
    size_t xBlockSize;                                                                    
                                                                                        
        xBlockSize = pxBlockToInsert->xBlockSize;                                        
                                                                                        
        /* Iterate through the list until a block is found that has a larger size */    
        /* than the block we are inserting. */                                            
        for( pxIterator = &xStart; pxIterator->pxNextFreeBlock->xBlockSize < xBlockSize; pxIterator = pxIterator->pxNextFreeBlock )    
        {                                                                                
            /* There is nothing to do here - just iterate to the correct position. */    
        }                                                                                
                                                                                        
        /* Update the list to include the block being inserted in the correct */        
        /* position. */                                                                    
        pxBlockToInsert->pxNextFreeBlock = pxIterator->pxNextFreeBlock;                    
        pxIterator->pxNextFreeBlock = pxBlockToInsert;                                    
    }

    继续看代码;

    如果 pxBlock 不是 xEnd 的话,那么说明找到有 Size 大于期望分配的 Size 的 Block 了;

    那么就将返回值:

    /* Return the memory space - jumping over the BlockLink_t structure at its start. */
    pvReturn = ( void * ) ( ( ( uint8_t * ) pxPreviousBlock->pxNextFreeBlock ) + heapSTRUCT_SIZE );

    这里,分配内存,能够实际给调用这个 API 接口使用的内存要从起始的 Block 地址加上 heapSTRUCT_SIZE 开始算,因为 heapSTRUCT_SIZE 已经用来表示这个 Block 的信息了;

    然后判断剩余的 SIZE 是否大于最小的可用的空间分配的阈值 heapMINIMUM_BLOCK_SIZE :

    #define heapMINIMUM_BLOCK_SIZE    ( ( size_t ) ( heapSTRUCT_SIZE * 2 ) )

    如果剩余的内存空间还足够那么:

    /* If the block is larger than required it can be split into two. */
    if( ( pxBlock->xBlockSize - xWantedSize ) > heapMINIMUM_BLOCK_SIZE )
    {
        /* This block is to be split into two.  Create a new block
        following the number of bytes requested. The void cast is
        used to prevent byte alignment warnings from the compiler. */
        pxNewBlockLink = ( void * ) ( ( ( uint8_t * ) pxBlock ) + xWantedSize );
     
        /* Calculate the sizes of two blocks split from the single block. */
         pxNewBlockLink->xBlockSize = pxBlock->xBlockSize - xWantedSize;
         pxBlock->xBlockSize = xWantedSize;
     
        /* Insert the new block into the list of free blocks. */
        prvInsertBlockIntoFreeList( ( pxNewBlockLink ) );
    }

    使用新的 pxNewBlockLink 结构表示摘除 pxBlock 内存块后的下一个内存块,并将其初始化,然后按照排序(从小到大的顺序)插入到以 xStart 开始的地方;

    所以,被初始化后的内存

    分配一次的结果是:

    5、释放内存

    heap2 支持释放内存:

    void vPortFree( void *pv )
    {
    uint8_t *puc = ( uint8_t * ) pv;
    BlockLink_t *pxLink;
     
        if( pv != NULL )
        {
            /* The memory being freed will have an BlockLink_t structure immediately
            before it. */
            puc -= heapSTRUCT_SIZE;
     
            /* This unexpected casting is to keep some compilers from issuing
            byte alignment warnings. */
            pxLink = ( void * ) puc;
     
            vTaskSuspendAll();
            {
                /* Add this block to the list of free blocks. */
                prvInsertBlockIntoFreeList( ( ( BlockLink_t * ) pxLink ) );
                xFreeBytesRemaining += pxLink->xBlockSize;
                traceFREE( pv, pxLink->xBlockSize );
            }
            ( void ) xTaskResumeAll();
        }
    }

    来自用户释放的指针 pv 是实际的数据指针,代表这个内存的结构体在他前面 heapSTRUCT_SIZE 的位置,所以该 pv 的 BlockLink_t 结构体指针 pxLink = ( void * )(puc - heapSTRUCT_SIZE);

    调用  prvInsertBlockIntoFreeList  将其插入到链表中;并且更新当前剩余的内存量;

    释放后的内存如下所示:

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/FZLGYZ/p/13784837.html
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