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  • flask框架-大结局

    flask-script

      用于实现类似于django中 python3 manage.py runserver ...类似的命令。

    安装

    pip3 install flask-script

    使用:

    from flask_script import Manager
    app = Flask(__name__)
    manager=Manager(app)
    @app.route("/")
    def index()
      return "hello world"
    if __name__ == '__main__': manager.run() #以后在执行,直接:python3 manage.py runserver #python3 manage.py runserver --help

    启动服务器

    自定义命令

    from flask_script import Manager
    from flask import Flask
    # 安装pip3 install flask-script
    
    app = Flask(__name__)
    manager = Manager(app)
    
    @app.route("/")
    def index():
        return "hello world"
    
    @manager.command
    def func(arg,a):
        print(arg,a)
    
    @manager.option('-n','--name',dest='name')
    @manager.option('-u','--url',dest='url')
    def cmd(name,url):
        """
        自定义命令(-n也可以写成--name)
        执行:python3 manage.py cmd -n jack -u http://www.baidu.com
        执行: python manage.py  cmd --name lqz --url http://www.oldboyedu.com
        :param name:
        :param url:
        :return:
        """
        print(name,url)
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        manager.run()

     参数传参注意事项:

    cmd终端输入命令:

     多app应用

    from werkzeug.wsgi import DispatcherMiddleware
    from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
    from flask import Flask, current_app
    app1 = Flask('app01')
    app2 = Flask('app02')
    
    @app1.route('/index')
    def index():
        return "app01"
    
    @app2.route('/index2')
    def index2():
        return "app2"
    
    # http://www.oldboyedu.com/index
    # http://www.oldboyedu.com/sec/index2
    dm = DispatcherMiddleware(app1, {
        '/sec': app2,
    })
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        run_simple('localhost', 5000, dm)

    分析

     路由的访问

    .wtforms

      表单验证

    安装:

    pip3 install wtforms

    使用:

    from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect
    from wtforms import Form
    from wtforms.fields import simple
    from wtforms import validators
    from wtforms import widgets
    
    app = Flask(__name__)
    
    app.debug = True
    
    
    class LoginForm(Form):
        # 字段(内部包含正则表达式)
        name = simple.StringField(
            label='用户名',
            validators=[
                validators.DataRequired(message='用户名不能为空.'),
                validators.Length(min=2, max=6, message='用户名长度必须大于%(min)d且小于%(max)d')
            ],
            widget=widgets.TextInput(), # 页面上显示的插件
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
        )
        # 字段(内部包含正则表达式)
        pwd = simple.PasswordField(
            label='密码',
            validators=[
                validators.DataRequired(message='密码不能为空.'),
                validators.Length(min=8, message='密码长度必须大于%(min)d'),
                # validators.Regexp(regex="^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*d)(?=.*[$@$!%*?&])[A-Za-zd$@$!%*?&]{8,}",
                #                   message='密码至少8个字符,至少1个大写字母,1个小写字母,1个数字和1个特殊字符')
    
            ],
            widget=widgets.PasswordInput(),
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
        )
    
    @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
    def login():
        if request.method == 'GET':
            form = LoginForm()
            return render_template('login.html', form=form)
        else:
            form = LoginForm(formdata=request.form)
            if form.validate():
                print('用户提交数据通过格式验证,提交的值为:', form.data)
            else:
                print(form.errors)
            return render_template('login.html', form=form)
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()

    login.html

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <h1>登录</h1>
    <form method="post">
        <p>{{form.name.label}} {{form.name}} {{form.name.errors[0] }}</p>
    
        <p>{{form.pwd.label}} {{form.pwd}} {{form.pwd.errors[0] }}</p>
        <input type="submit" value="提交">
    </form>
    </body>
    </html>

    效果:

     使用2:

      邮箱,单选框,多选框,下拉选框,全局钩子校验密码的实现。

    from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect
    from wtforms import Form
    from wtforms.fields import core
    from wtforms.fields import html5
    from wtforms.fields import simple
    from wtforms import validators
    from wtforms import widgets
    
    app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates')
    app.debug = True
    
    class RegisterForm(Form):
    
        def validate_pwd_confirm(self, field):
            """
            自定义pwd_confirm字段规则,例:与pwd字段是否一致
            :param field:
            :return:
            """
            # 最开始初始化时,self.data中已经有所有的值
            print(field.data)
            if field.data !="sb":
                #raise validators.ValidationError("sb")  # 继续后续验证
                raise validators.StopValidation("SB")  # 不再继续后续验证
    
            # if field.data != self.data['pwd']:
            #     raise validators.ValidationError("密码不一致") # 继续后续验证
                #raise validators.StopValidation("密码不一致")  # 不再继续后续验证
    
        name = simple.StringField(
            label='用户名',
            validators=[
                validators.DataRequired()
            ],
            widget=widgets.TextInput(),
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'},
            default='Eason'
        )
    
        pwd = simple.PasswordField(
            label='密码',
            validators=[
                validators.DataRequired(message='密码不能为空.')
            ],
            widget=widgets.PasswordInput(),
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
        )
    
        pwd_confirm = simple.PasswordField(
            label='重复密码',
            validators=[
                validate_pwd_confirm,
                validators.DataRequired(message='重复密码不能为空.'),
                #validators.EqualTo('pwd', message="两次密码输入不一致")
            ],
            widget=widgets.PasswordInput(),
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
        )
        email = html5.EmailField(
            label='邮箱',
            validators=[
                validators.DataRequired(message='邮箱不能为空.'),
                validators.Email(message='邮箱格式错误')
            ],
            widget=widgets.TextInput(input_type='email'),
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
        )
    
        gender = core.RadioField(
            label='性别',
            choices=(
                (1, ''),
                (2, ''),
            ),
            coerce=int # “1” “2”
         )
        city = core.SelectField(
            label='城市',
            choices=(
                ('bj', '北京'),
                ('sh', '上海'),
            )
        )
    
        hobby = core.SelectMultipleField(
            label='爱好',
            choices=(
                (1, '篮球'),
                (2, '足球'),
            ),
            coerce=int
        )
    
        favor = core.SelectMultipleField(
            label='喜好',
            choices=(
                (1, '篮球'),
                (2, '足球'),
            ),
            widget=widgets.ListWidget(prefix_label=False),
            option_widget=widgets.CheckboxInput(),
            coerce=int,
            default=[1, 2]
        )
    
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            super(RegisterForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
            self.favor.choices = ((1, '篮球'), (2, '足球'), (3, '羽毛球'))
            self.favor.data=[1,]
    
    @app.route('/register', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
    def register():
        if request.method == 'GET':
            form = RegisterForm(data={'gender': 2,'hobby':[1,]}) # initial
            return render_template('register.html', form=form)
        else:
            form = RegisterForm(formdata=request.form)
            if form.validate():
                print('用户提交数据通过格式验证,提交的值为:', form.data)
            else:
                print(form.errors)
            return render_template('register.html', form=form)
    
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()

    register.html

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <h1>用户注册</h1>
    <form method="post" novalidate style="padding:0  50px">
        {% for field in form %}
        <p>{{field.label}}: {{field}} {{field.errors[0] }}</p>
        {% endfor %}
        <input type="submit" value="提交">
    </form>
    </body>
    </html>

    前台渲染效果

    .SQLALlchemy

    学习内容:

    1、介绍

    2、简单使用(能创建表,删除表,不能修改表)

    3、一对多的关系

    4、多对多关系

    5、操作数据表

    6、基于scoped_session实现线程安全

    7、基本的增删改查

    8、常用的操作

    9、执行原生的mysql

    10、一对多

    11、多对多

    12、Flask-SQLAlchemy

    介绍

      SQLAlchemy是一个基于Python实现的ORM框架。该框架建立在 DB API之上,使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作,

    简言之便是:将类和对象转换成SQL,然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。

    安装

    pip3 install sqlalchemy

    重要的参数说明

    #Engine,框架的引擎
    #Connection Pooling ,数据库连接池
    #Dialect,选择连接数据库的DB API种类
    #Schema/Types,架构和类型
    #SQL Exprression Language,SQL表达式语言

      SQLAlchemy本身无法操作数据库,其必须以来pymsql等第三方插件,Dialect用于和数据API进行交流,

    根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API,从而实现对数据库的操作,如:

    MySQL-Python
        mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
        
    pymysql
        mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]
        
    MySQL-Connector
        mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>

    1、简单使用(能创建表,删除表,不能修改表)

     执行原生sql(不常用)

    import time
    import threading
    import sqlalchemy
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.engine.base import Engine
    
    engine = create_engine(
        "mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/test?charset=utf8",
        max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
        pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
        pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
        pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
    )
    def task(arg):
        conn = engine.raw_connection()
        cursor = conn.cursor()
        cursor.execute(
            "select * from app01_book"
        )
        result = cursor.fetchall()
        print(result)
        cursor.close()
        conn.close()
    
    for i in range(20):
        t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,))
        t.start()

    orm使用

      models.py

    import datetime
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index
    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
    Base = declarative_base()
    
    class Users(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'users'  # 数据库表名称
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)  # id 主键
        name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=False)  # name列,索引,不可为空
        #email = Column(String(32), unique=True)
        age = Column(Integer,default=0)
        #datetime.datetime.now不能加括号,加了括号,以后永远是当前时间
        #ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)
        #extra = Column(Text, nullable=True)
    
        # __table_args__ = (
        #     UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'), #联合唯一
        #     Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'email'), #索引
        # )
        def __repr__(self):
            return self.name
    
    class Hobby(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'hobby'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        caption = Column(String(50), default='篮球')
    
    class Person(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'person'
        nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
        # hobby指的是tablename而不是类名,
        hobby_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("hobby.id"))
        # 跟数据库无关,不会新增字段,只用于快速链表操作
        # 类名,backref用于反向查询,uselist=False
        hobby = relationship('Hobby', backref='pers')
        def __repr__(self):
            return self.name
    
    
    class Boy2Girl(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'boy2girl'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
        girl_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('girl.id'))
        boy_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('boy.id'))
    
    
    class Girl(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'girl'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
    
    class Boy(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'boy'
    
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
        hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
    
        # 与生成表结构无关,仅用于查询方便,放在哪个单表中都可以
        girl = relationship('Girl', secondary='boy2girl', backref='boys')
    
    
    def init_db():
        """
        根据类创建数据库表
        :return:
        """
        engine = create_engine(
            "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/flask?charset=utf8",
            max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
            pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
            pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
            pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
        )
    
        Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
    
    def drop_db():
        """
        根据类删除数据库表
        :return:
        """
        engine = create_engine(
            "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/flask?charset=utf8",
            max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
            pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
            pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
            pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
        )
    
        Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        #drop_db()
        init_db()

    app.py

      操作数据库

    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from models import Users
    #"mysql+pymysql://root@127.0.0.1:3306/aaa"
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/flask", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
    Connection = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    
    # 每次执行数据库操作时,都需要创建一个Connection
    con = Connection()
    
    # ############# 执行ORM操作 #############
    obj1 = Users(name="jack",age=20)
    con.add(obj1)
    # 提交事务
    con.commit()
    
    # 关闭session,其实是将连接放回连接池
    con.close()

    基于scoped_session实现线程安全

      关于数据库连接时每次都要提交commint带来的线程安全问题

    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.orm import scoped_session
    from models import Users
    
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/flask", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
    Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    
    """
    # 线程安全,基于本地线程实现每个线程用同一个session
    # 特殊的:scoped_session中有原来方法的Session中的一下方法:
    
    public_methods = (
        '__contains__', '__iter__', 'add', 'add_all', 'begin', 'begin_nested',
        'close', 'commit', 'connection', 'delete', 'execute', 'expire',
        'expire_all', 'expunge', 'expunge_all', 'flush', 'get_bind',
        'is_modified', 'bulk_save_objects', 'bulk_insert_mappings',
        'bulk_update_mappings',
        'merge', 'query', 'refresh', 'rollback',
        'scalar'
    )
    """
    #scoped_session类并没有继承Session,但是却又它的所有方法
    session = scoped_session(Session)
    # ############# 执行ORM操作 #############
    obj1 = Users(name="jason")
    session.add(obj1)
    
    # 提交事务
    session.commit()
    # 关闭session
    session.close()

    单表操作,简单的增删改查

    import time
    import threading
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.sql import text
    
    from models import Users
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/flask", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
    Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    
    session = Session()
    
    # ################ 添加 ################
    # obj1 = Users(name="Eason",age=20)
    # session.add(obj1)
    #
    # # session.add_all([
    # #     Users(name="tank"),
    # #     Users(name="jason"),
    # #     #Hosts(name="c1.com"),
    # ])
    # session.commit()
    
    # ################ 删除 ################
    # session.query(Users).filter(Users.id == 5).delete()
    # session.commit()
    # ################ 修改 ################
    
    #传字典
    #session.query(Users).filter(Users.id ==4 ).update({"age" : 30,})
    #类似于django的F查询
    #session.query(Users).filter(Users.id == 3).update({Users.name: Users.name + "sb"}, synchronize_session=False)
    #session.query(Users).filter(Users.id == 7).update({"age": Users.age + 16}, synchronize_session="evaluate")
    # session.commit()
    
    # ################ 查询 ################
    
    # r1 = session.query(Users).all()
    # print(r1)
    #只取age列,把name重命名为xx
    # r2 = session.query(Users.name.label('sb'), Users.age).filter(Users.id==8).first()
    # print(r2.sb)
    #filter传的是表达式,filter_by传的是参数
    # r3 = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name == "jason").all()
    # print(r3)
    # r4 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='jason').all()
    # print(r4)
    # r5 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='lqz').first()
    #:value 和:name 相当于占位符,用params传参数
    #r6 = session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=224, name='fred').order_by(Users.id).all()
    #自定义查询sql
    #r7 = session.query(Users).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name='ed').all()
    
    #增,删,改都要commit()
    session.close()

    一对多关系

    import time
    import threading
    
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.sql import text
    from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
    from models import Users, Hobby, Person
    
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/flask?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
    Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    session = Session()
    # 添加
    
    # session.add_all([
    #     Hobby(caption='乒乓球'),
    #     Hobby(caption='羽毛球'),
    #     Person(name='张三', hobby_id=1),
    #     Person(name='李四', hobby_id=2),
    # ])
    
    # person = Person(name='张九', hobby=Hobby(caption='姑娘'))
    # session.add(person)
    #添加二
    # hb = Hobby(caption='人妖')
    # hb.pers = [Person(name='文飞'), Person(name='博雅')]
    # session.add(hb)
    #
    # session.commit()
    """
    
    # 使用relationship正向查询
    """
    # v = session.query(Person).first()
    # print(v.name)
    # print(v.hobby.caption)
    """
    
    # 使用relationship反向查询
    """
    # v = session.query(Hobby).first()
    # print(v.caption)
    # print(v.pers)
    
    #方式一,自己链表
    # person_list=session.query(Person).join(Hobby,isouter=True)
    # print(person_list)
    # person_list=session.query(Person,Hobby).join(Hobby,isouter=True)
    # print(person_list)
    # for row in person_list:
    #     # print(row.name,row.caption)
    #     print(row[0].name,row[1].caption)
    #
    # #方式二:通过relationship
    #
    person_list=session.query(Person).all()
    for row in person_list:
        print(row.name,row.hobby.caption)
    # #查询喜欢姑娘的所有人
    # obj=session.query(Hobby).filter(Hobby.id==1).first()
    # persons=obj.pers
    # print(persons)
    # session.close()
    #如果没有建立外键
    
    # ret = session.query(Person).join(Hobby,Person.nid==Hobby.id, isouter=True)
    # print(ret)

    多对多关系

    import time
    import threading
    
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.sql import text
    from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
    from models import Users,  Hobby, Person, Girl, Boy2Girl, Boy
    
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/flask?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
    Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    session = Session()
    # 添加
    # session.add_all([
    #     Girl(name='c1.com'),
    #     Girl(name='c2.com'),
    #     Boy(hostname='A组'),
    #     Boy(hostname='B组'),
    # ])
    # session.commit()
    
    # s2g = Boy2Girl(girl_id=1,boy_id=1)
    # session.add(s2g)
    # session.commit()
    #
    # gp = Girl(name='C组')
    # gp.boys = [Boy(hostname='c3.com'),Boy(hostname='c4.com')]
    # session.add(gp)
    # session.commit()
    #
    # ser = Boy(hostname='c6.com')
    # ser.girl = [Girl(name='F组'),Girl(name='G组')]
    # session.add(ser)
    # session.commit()
    
    # 使用relationship正向查询
    
    # v = session.query(Boy).first()
    # print(v.hostname)
    # print(v.girl)
    
    # 使用relationship反向查询
    
    # v = session.query(Girl).first()
    # print(v.name)
    # print(v.boys)
    
    # session.close()

    Flask-SQLAlchemy

    flask和SQLAchemy的管理者,通过它吧他们连接起来。

    flask多依赖于第三方软件,想使用就先安装:

    安装:

    pip3 install flask-sqlalchemy/flask-migrate   

    项目结构:

    重要参数:

    """
    db = SQLAlchemy()
        - 包含配置
        - 包含ORM基类
        - 包含create_all
        - engine
        - 创建连接
    
    """

    通过配置设置实现和Django一样,可以用命令makegirations来迁移数据库数据。

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    class BaseConfig(object):
        # SESSION_TYPE = 'redis'  # session类型为redis
        # SESSION_KEY_PREFIX = 'session:'  # 保存到session中的值的前缀
        # SESSION_PERMANENT = True  # 如果设置为False,则关闭浏览器session就失效。
        # SESSION_USE_SIGNER = False  # 是否对发送到浏览器上 session:cookie值进行加密
        SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/flask01?charset=utf8"
        SQLALCHEMY_POOL_SIZE = 5
        SQLALCHEMY_POOL_TIMEOUT = 30
        SQLALCHEMY_POOL_RECYCLE = -1
    
        # 追踪对象的修改并且发送信号
        SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS = False
    
    class ProductionConfig(BaseConfig):
        pass
    
    class DevelopmentConfig(BaseConfig):
        pass
    
    class TestingConfig(BaseConfig):
        pass

    操作区别

    flask-migrate
    #python3 manage.py db init 初始化:只执行一次
    
    #python3 manage.py db migrate 等同于 makemigartions
    #python3 manage.py db upgrade 等同于migrate
    __repr__() 
        是一个非常特殊的方法,它是一个“自我描述”的方法,
    该方法通常用于实现这样一个功能:当程序员直接打印该对象时,
    系统将会输出该对象的“自我描述”信息,
    用来告诉外界该对象具有的状态信息。

     

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/Gaimo/p/11863287.html
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