LaTeX排版设置图表的位置 Positioning images and tables

Positioning images and tables

LATEX is an editing tool that takes care of the format so you only have to worry about the contents of your document. Nevertheless, sometimes a better control of floating elements is necessary. This article explains how to position images and tables in a LATEX document.

Contents

• 1 Introduction
• 2 Positioning images
  • 2.1 Basic positioning
  • 2.2 The figure environment
  • 2.3 Multiple images in one figure
  • 2.4 Wrapping text around a figure
• 3 Positioning tables
  • 3.1 Basic positioning
  • 3.2 The table environment
  • 3.3 Wrapping text around a table
• 4 Reference guide
• 5 Further reading

Introduction

The default alignment for images and tables is set to left

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. 
Etiam lobortis facilisis sem. Nullam nec mi et neque pharetra
sollicitudin.
 
includegraphics[width=0.5textwidth]{lion-logo}
 
Praesent imperdiet mi nec
ante. Donec ullamcorper, felis non sodales commodo, lectus velit
ultrices augue, a dignissim nibh lectus placerat pede.
 Vivamus nunc nunc, molestie ut, ultricies
vel, semper in, velit. Ut porttitor.

 

This is a simple example, for a description of this and other ways to include images in your LATEX file see the article Inserting Images.

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Positioning images

Basic positioning

To change the default alignment of a image from left or right an easy manner is to add

usepackage[export]{adjustbox}

to the preamble of your file and then use an additional option in your image importing statement

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. 
Etiam lobortis facilisis sem. Nullam nec mi et neque 
pharetra sollicitudin.
 
includegraphics[width=0.5textwidth, right]{lion-logo}
 
Praesent imperdiet mi necante. Donec ullamcorper, felis 
non sodales commodo, lectus velit ultrices augue,
a dignissim nibh lectus placerat pede. Vivamus nunc nunc, 
molestie ut, ultriciesvel, semper in, velit. Ut porttitor.

 

The package adjustbox enables an additional option in the includegraphics command, in the example the picture is aligned to right. The available values are: left, right, center, outer and inner, the last two are intended for two-sided documents.

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The figure environment

The figure environment (see Inserting Images) is intended to provide automatic positioning.

Praesent in sapien. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing 
elit. Duis fringilla tristique neque. Sed interdum libero ut metus. 
Pellentesque placerat. Nam rutrum augue a leo. Morbi sed elit sit amet 
ante lobortis sollicitudin.
 
egin{figure}[h]
includegraphics[width=0.5textwidth, inner]{lion-logo}
caption{Caption}
label{fig:figure2}
end{figure}

 

This environment uses a positioning parameter passed inside brackets, it can take the next values:

Parameter	Position
h	Place the float here, i.e., approximately at the same point it occurs in the source text (however, not exactly at the spot)
t	Position at the top of the page.
b	Position at the bottom of the page.
p	Put on a special page for floats only.
!	Override internal parameters LaTeX uses for determining "good" float positions.
H	Places the float at precisely the location in the LATEX code. Requires the float package. This is somewhat equivalent to h!.

You can put more than one value in the parameter, for instance, if you write [ht] LATEX will try to position the figure here, but if it's not possible (the space may be insufficient) then the figure will appear at the topof the page. It is recommended to use more than one positioning parameter to prevent unexpected results.

  Open an example in ShareLaTeX

Multiple images in one figure

It is possible to insert several images in one figure, each one with its own reference and label

Praesent in sapien. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer 
adipiscing elit. Duis fringilla tristique neque... 
 
egin{figure}[h]
 
egin{subfigure}{0.5textwidth}
includegraphics[width=0.9linewidth, height=5cm]{lion-logo} 
caption{Caption1}
label{fig:subim1}
end{subfigure}
egin{subfigure}{0.5textwidth}
includegraphics[width=0.9linewidth, height=5cm]{mesh}
caption{Caption 2}
label{fig:subim2}
end{subfigure}
 
caption{Caption for this figure with two images}
label{fig:image2}
end{figure}
 
Praesent blandit blandit mauris. Praesent
lectus tellus, aliquet aliquam, luctus a, egestas a, turpis. Mauris 
lacinia loremsit amet ipsum. Nunc quis urna dictum turpis accumsan 
semper.

 

First, you must import the package subcaption by adding to the preamble

usepackage{subcaption}

then you can use the environment subfigure that takes one parameter, the width of the figure. This environment must be used inside a figure environment, captions and labels can be set to each subfigure.

Note:The subfigure</cont> command doesn't work with Beamer nor Beamerposter

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Wrapping text around a figure

The package wrapfig provides a useful feature, text can be floated around the images.

Praesent in sapien. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer 
adipiscing elit. Duis fringilla tristique neque. Sed interdum 
libero ut metus. Pellentesque placerat.
 
egin{wrapfigure}{l}{0.25textwidth}
includegraphics[width=0.9linewidth]{lion-logo} 
caption{Caption1}
label{fig:subim1}
end{wrapfigure}
 
Praesent in sapien. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer 
adipiscing elit. Duis fringilla tristique neque. Sed interdum

 

First import the package wrapfig by adding

usepackage{wrapfig}

to the preamble.

After that you can use the environment <code>wrapfig, it takes two parameters that are passed inside braces: the alignement that can be l, r, c, i or o; this letters stand for left, right, centre, inner and outer (the last two intended for two-sided documents). The second parameter is the width of the figure, in the example is 0.25 the width of the text. See the reference guide for a list of possible length units.

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Positioning tables

Options for table positioning are similar to those available for figures

Basic positioning

Default position of the tabular environment is centre.

Praesent in sapien. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Duis fringilla tristique neque. Sed interdum libero ut metus. Pellentesque placerat. Nam rutrum augue a leo. Morbi sed elit sit amet ante lobortis sollicitudin.
 
arrayrulecolor[HTML]{DB5800}
egin{tabular}{ |s|p{2cm}|p{2cm}|  }
hline

owcolor{lightgray} multicolumn{3}{|c|}{Country List} \
hline
Country Name     or Area Name& ISO ALPHA 2 Code &ISO ALPHA 3 \
hline
Afghanistan & AF &AFG \

owcolor{gray}
Aland Islands & AX  & ALA \
Albania    &AL & ALB \
Algeria   &DZ & DZA \
American Samoa & AS & ASM \
Andorra & AD & cellcolor[HTML]{AA0044} AND \
Angola & AO & AGO \
hline
end{tabular}
 
Praesent in sapien. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing 
elit. Duis fringilla tristique neque. Sed interdum libero ut metus. 
Pellentesque placerat. Nam rutrum augue a leo. Morbi sed elit sit 
amet ante lobortis sollicitudin.

 

To learn about how to create tables see the Tables article.

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The table environment

The table environment is intended to automatically position tables so they fit nicely in the flow of your document.

Praesent in sapien. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer 
adipiscing elit. Duis fringilla tristique neque. Sed interdum 
libero ut metus. Pellentesque placerat. Nam rutrum augue a leo.
Morbi sed elit sit amet ante lobortis sollicitudin.
 
egin{table}[ht]
arrayrulecolor[HTML]{DB5800}
centering
egin{tabular}{ |s|p{2cm}|p{2cm}|  }
hline

owcolor{lightgray} multicolumn{3}{|c|}{Country List} \
hline
Country Name     or Area Name& ISO ALPHA 2 Code &ISO ALPHA 3 \
hline
Afghanistan & AF &AFG \

owcolor{gray}
Aland Islands & AX  & ALA \
Albania    &AL & ALB \
Algeria   &DZ & DZA \
American Samoa & AS & ASM \
Andorra & AD & cellcolor[HTML]{AA0044} AND \
Angola & AO & AGO \
hline
end{tabular}
caption{Table inside a floating element}
label{table:ta}
end{table}
 
Praesent in sapien. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer 
adipiscing elit. Duis fringilla tristique neque. Sed interdum 
libero ut metus. Pellentesque placerat. Nam rutrum augue a leo. 
Morbi sed elit sit amet ante lobortis sollicitudin.

 

A position parameter, inside brackets, can be passed to the table environment. This parameter can take the next values:

Parameter	Position
h	Place the float here, i.e., approximately at the same point it occurs in the source text (however, not exactly at the spot)
t	Position at the top of the page.
b	Position at the bottom of the page.
p	Put on a special page for floats only.
!	Override internal parameters LaTeX uses for determining "good" float positions.
H	Places the float at precisely the location in the LATEX code. Requires the float package. This is somewhat equivalent to h!.

You can set more than one value in the parameter, for instance, if you write [ht] LATEX will try to position the table here, but if it's not possible (the space may be insufficient) then the table will appear at the top of the page. It is recommended to use more than one positioning parameter to prevent unexpected results.

Notice also the command centering. This changes the alignment of the table within its container to centreinstead of the default left.

  Open an example in ShareLaTeX

Wrapping text around a table

If your table don't take all available space and you want to put text next or before it, is possible with the package wraptable.

Praesent in sapien. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer 
adipiscing elit. Duis fringilla tristique neque. Sed interdum 
libero ut metus. Pellentesque placerat. Nam rutrum augue a leo. 
Morbi sed elit sit amet ante lobortis sollicitudin.
 
egin{wraptable}{r}{8cm}
arrayrulecolor[HTML]{DB5800}
centering
egin{tabular}{ |s|p{2cm}|  }
hline

owcolor{lightgray} multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Country List} \
hline
Country Name     or Area Name& ISO ALPHA 2 Code \
hline
Afghanistan & AF \

owcolor{gray}
Aland Islands & AX \
Albania    &AL  \
Algeria   &DZ \
American Samoa & AS \
Andorra & cellcolor[HTML]{AA0044} AD   \
Angola & AO \
hline
end{tabular}
caption{Table inside a floating element}
label{table:ta}
end{wraptable}
 
Praesent in sapien. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer 
adipiscing elit. Duis fringilla tristique neque. Sed interdum 
libero ut metus. Pellentesque placerat. Nam rutrum augue a leo. 
Morbi sed elit sit amet ante lobortis sollicitudin...

 

First, import the package

usepackage{wraptable}

then you can use the environment wraptable which takes two parameters: The first one is the alignment that can be l, r, c, i or o for left, right, centre, inner and outer respectively. The second one is the width of the table container, keep in mind that this latter parameter must be the same as the width of the table, otherwise things may not be properly aligned.

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Reference guide

LATEX units and lengths

Abbreviation	Definition
pt	A point, is the default length unit. About 0.3515mm
mm	a millimetre
cm	a centimetre
in	an inch
ex	the height of an x in the current font
em	the width of an m in the current font
columnsep	distance between columns
columnwidth	width of the column
linewidth	width of the line in the current environment
paperwidth	width of the page
paperheight	height of the page
extwidth	width of the text
extheight	height of the text
unitleght	units of length in the picture environment.

from: https://www.sharelatex.com/learn/Positioning_images_and_tables