How To Compile A Kernel - The Ubuntu Way(http://www.howtoforge.com/kernel_compilation_ubuntu_p2)
Version 1.0
Author: Falko Timme <ft [at] falkotimme [dot] com>
Last edited 11/05/2006
Each distribution has some specific tools to build a custom kernel from the sources. This article is about compiling a kernel on Ubuntu systems. It describes how to build a custom kernel using the latest unmodified kernel sources fromwww.kernel.org (vanilla kernel) so that you are independent from the kernels supplied by your distribution. It also shows how to patch the kernel sources if you need features that are not in there.
I have tested this on Ubuntu 6.10 Server ("Edgy Eft") and Ubuntu 6.06 Desktop ("Dapper Drake").
I want to say first that this is not the only way of setting up such a system. There are many ways of achieving this goal but this is the way I take. I do not issue any guarantee that this will work for you!
1 Preliminary Note
I prefer to do all the steps here as the root user. So if you haven't already created a root login, you should do so now:
sudo passwd root
Afterwards, log in as root:
su
If you would like to work as a normal user instead of root, remember to put sudo in front of all the commands shown in this tutorial. So when I run
apt-get update
you should run
sudo apt-get update
instead, etc.
1.1 /bin/sh on Ubuntu 6.10 ("Edgy Eft")
On Ubuntu 6.10, /bin/sh is a symlink to /bin/dash by default. /bin/dash seems to make problems when you compile software from the sources, at least I had that impression. That's why I make/bin/sh a symlink to /bin/bash instead.
If you are on Ubuntu 6.10, you should do this now:
rm -f /bin/sh
ln -s /bin/bash /bin/sh
2 Install Required Packages For Kernel Compilation
First we update our package database:
apt-get update
Then we install all needed packages like this:
apt-get install kernel-package libncurses5-dev fakeroot wget bzip2
3 Download The Kernel Sources
Next we download our desired kernel to /usr/src. Go towww.kernel.org and select the kernel you want to install, e.g.linux-2.6.18.1.tar.bz2 (you can find all 2.6 kernels here:http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/). Then you can download it to/usr/src like this:
cd /usr/src
wget http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.18.1.tar.bz2
Then we unpack the kernel sources and create a symlink linux to the kernel sources directory:
tar xjf linux-2.6.18.1.tar.bz2
ln -s linux-2.6.18.1 linux
cd /usr/src/linux
4 Apply Patches To The Kernel Sources (Optional)
Sometimes you need drivers for hardware that isn't supported by the new kernel by default, or you need support for virtualization techniques or some other bleeding-edge technology that hasn't made it to the kernel yet. In all these cases you have to patch the kernel sources (provided there is a patch available...).
Now let's assume you have downloaded the needed patch (I call it patch.bz2 in this example) to /usr/src. This is how you apply it to your kernel sources (you must still be in the/usr/src/linux directory):
bzip2 -dc /usr/src/patch.bz2 | patch -p1 --dry-run
bzip2 -dc /usr/src/patch.bz2 | patch -p1
The first command is just a test, it does nothing to your sources. If it doesn't show errors, you can run the second command which actually applies the patch. Don't do it if the first command shows errors!
You can also apply kernel prepatches to your kernel sources. For example, if you need a feature that is available only in kernel 2.6.19-rc4, but the full sources haven't been released yet for this kernel. Instead, apatch-2.6.19-rc4.bz2 is available. You can apply that patch to the 2.6.18 kernel sources, but not to kernel 2.6.18.1 or 2.6.18.2, etc. This is explained onhttp://kernel.org/patchtypes/pre.html:
Prepatches are the equivalent to alpha releases for Linux; they live in the testing directories in the archives. They should be applied using the patch(1) utility to the source code of the previous full release with a 3-part version number (for example, the 2.6.12-rc4 prepatch should be applied to the 2.6.11 kernel sources, not, for example, 2.6.11.10.)
So if you want to compile a 2.6.19-rc4 kernel, you must download the 2.6.18 kernel sources (http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.18.tar.bz2) in step 3 instead of kernel 2.6.18.1!
This is how you apply the 2.6.19-rc4 patch to kernel 2.6.18:
cd /usr/src
wget http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/testing/patch-2.6.19-rc4.bz2
cd /usr/src/linux
bzip2 -dc /usr/src/patch-2.6.19-rc4.bz2 | patch -p1 --dry-run
bzip2 -dc /usr/src/patch-2.6.19-rc4.bz2 | patch -p1
5 Configure The Kernel
It's a good idea to use the configuration of your current working kernel as a basis for your new kernel. Therefore we copy the existing configuration to/usr/src/linux:
cp /boot/config-`uname -r` ./.config
Then we run
make menuconfig
which brings up the kernel configuration menu. Go to Load an Alternate Configuration File and choose.config (which contains the configuration of your current working kernel) as the configuration file:
Then browse through the kernel configuration menu and make your choices. When you are finished and selectExit, answer the following question (Do you wish to save your new kernel configuration?) withYes:
6 Build The Kernel
To build the kernel, execute these two commands:
make-kpkg clean
fakeroot make-kpkg --initrd --append-to-version=-custom kernel_image kernel_headers
After --append-to-version= you can write any string that helps you identify the kernel, but it must begin with a minus (-) and must not contain whitespace.
Now be patient, the kernel compilation can take some hours, depending on your kernel configuration and your processor speed.
7 Install The New Kernel
After the successful kernel build, you can find two .deb packages in the /usr/src directory.
cd /usr/src
ls -l
On my test system they were called linux-image-2.6.18.1-custom_2.6.18.1-custom-10.00.Custom_i386.deb (which contains the actual kernel) andlinux-headers-2.6.18.1-custom_2.6.18.1-custom-10.00.Custom_i386.deb (which contains files needed if you want to compile additional kernel modules later on). I install them like this:
dpkg -i linux-image-2.6.18.1-custom_2.6.18.1-custom-10.00.Custom_i386.deb
dpkg -i linux-headers-2.6.18.1-custom_2.6.18.1-custom-10.00.Custom_i386.deb
(You can now even transfer the two .deb files to other Ubuntu systems and install them there exactly the same way, which means you don't have to compile the kernel there again.)
That's it. You can check /boot/grub/menu.lst now, you should find two stanzas for your new kernel there:
vi /boot/grub/menu.lst
The stanzas that were added on my test system look like these:
title Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.18.1-custom root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18.1-custom root=/dev/sda1 ro quiet splash initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.18.1-custom savedefault boot title Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.18.1-custom (recovery mode) root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18.1-custom root=/dev/sda1 ro single initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.18.1-custom boot |
Now reboot the system:
shutdown -r now
If everything goes well, it should come up with the new kernel. You can check if it's really using your new kernel by running
uname -r
This should display something like
2.6.18.1-custom
If the system doesn't start, restart it, and when you see this:
press ESC to enter the GRUB menu:
Select your old kernel and start the system. You can now try again to compile a working kernel. Don't forget to remove the two stanzas of the not-working kernel from/boot/grub/menu.lst.