TCP、HTTP协议的RPC
1.1 基于TCP协议的RPC
1.1.1 RPC名词解释
RPC的全称是Remote Process Call,即远程过程调用,RPC的实现包括客户端和服务端,即服务调用方和服务提供方。服务调用方发送RPC请求到服务提供方,服务提供方根据请求的参数执行请求方法,并将结果返回给服务调用方,一次RPC调用完成。
1.1.2 对象的序列化
在网络上传输的数据,无论何种类型,最终都需要转化为二进制流。在面向对象的程序设计中,客户端将对象转化为二进制流发送给服务端,服务端接收数据后将二进制流转化为对象,java中将这两种转化方式称为对象的序列化和反序列化。下面介绍java内置的序列化方式和基于java的Hessian序列化方式:
java内置的序列化和反序列化关键代码:
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1 //序列化操作
2 Person person = new Person();
3 ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
4 ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(os);
5 out.writeObject(person);
6 byte[] byteArray = os.toByteArray();
7
8 //反序列化操作
9 ByteArrayInputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(byteArray);
10 ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(is);
11 Person newPerson = new Person();
12 newPerson = (Person) in.readObject();
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基于java的Hessian序列化和反序列化关键代码:
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1 //序列化操作
2 ByteArrayOutputStream osH = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
3 HessianOutput outH = new HessianOutput(osH);
4 outH.writeObject(person);
5 byte[] byteArrayH = osH.toByteArray();
6
7 //反序列化操作
8 ByteArrayInputStream isH = new ByteArrayInputStream(byteArrayH);
9 HessianInput inH = new HessianInput(isH);
10 newPerson = (Person) inH.readObject();
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1.1.3 基于TCP协议实现RPC
我们利用java的SocketAPI实现一个简单的RPC调用,服务的接口和实现比较简单,根据传入的参数来判断返回"hello" or "bye bye"。
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1 public interface SayHelloService {
2
3 public String sayHello(String arg);
4 }
5
6 public class SayHelloServiceImpl implements SayHelloService {
7
8 public String sayHello(String arg) {
9 return "hello".equals(arg) ? "hello" : "bye bye";
10 }
11
12 }
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服务消费者Consumer类:
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1 /**
2 * 基于TCP协议实现RPC -- 服务消费者
3 * @author admin
4 *
5 */
6 public class Consumer {
7
8 public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
9 //接口名称
10 String interfaceName = SayHelloService.class.getName();
11 //需要执行远程的方法
12 Method method = SayHelloService.class.getMethod("sayHello", String.class);
13 //传递到远程的参数
14 Object [] arguments = {"hello"};
15 Socket socket = new Socket("127.0.0.1", 1234);
16 //将方法名和参数传递到远端
17 ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream());
18 out.writeUTF(interfaceName);//接口名称
19 out.writeUTF(method.getName());//方法名称
20 out.writeObject(method.getParameterTypes());//方法参数类型
21 out.writeObject(arguments);//传递的参数
22 System.out.println("发送信息到服务端,发送的信息为:" + arguments[0]);
23 //从远端读取返回结果
24 ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(socket.getInputStream());
25 String result = (String) in.readObject();
26 System.out.println("服务返回的结果为:" + result);
27 }
28 }
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服务提供者Provider类:
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1 /**
2 * 基于TCP协议实现RPC -- 服务提供者
3 * @author admin
4 *
5 */
6 public class Provider {
7
8 public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
9 ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(1234);
10 Map<Object, Object> services = new HashMap<Object, Object>();
11 services.put(SayHelloService.class.getName(), new SayHelloServiceImpl());
12 while(true) {
13 System.out.println("服务提供者启动,等待客户端调用…………");
14 Socket socket = server.accept();
15 //读取服务信息
16 ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(socket.getInputStream());
17 String interfaceName = in.readUTF();
18 String methodName = in.readUTF();
19 Class>[] parameterTypes = (Class>[]) in.readObject();
20 Object [] arguments = (Object[]) in.readObject();
21 System.out.println("客户端调用服务端接口" + interfaceName + "的" + methodName + "方法");
22 //执行调用
23 Class serviceClass = Class.forName(interfaceName);//得到接口的class
24 Object service = services.get(interfaceName);//取得服务实现的对象
25 Method method = serviceClass.getMethod(methodName, parameterTypes);//获得要调用的方法
26 Object result = method.invoke(service, arguments);
27 ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream());
28 out.writeObject(result);
29 System.out.println("服务端返回结果为:" + result);
30 }
31 }
32 }
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在真实的生产环境中往往是多个客户端同时请求服务端,服务端则需要同时接收和处理多个客户端请求消息,涉及并发处理、服务路由、负载均衡等现实问题,以上代码显然不能完成。
1.2 基于HTTP协议的RPC
1.2.1 HTTP协议栈
HTTP的全称是HyperText Transfer Protocol,即超文本传输协议,当今普遍采用的版本是HTTP1.1。HTTP协议属于应用层协议,它构建在TCP和IP协议之上,处于TCP/IP架构的顶端,为了更好的理解HTTP协议,我们基于java的SocketAPI设计一个简单的应用层通信协议,来窥探协议实现的一些过程与细节。
客户端向服务端发送一条命令,服务端接收到命令后,会判断命令是否为"HELLO",若是则返回客户端"hello!",否则返回客户端"bye bye"。
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1 /**
2 * 协议请求
3 *
4 * @author admin
5 *
6 /
7 public class Request {
8
9 /*
10 * 协议编码 0:GBK;1:UTF-8
11 /
12 private byte encode;
13 /*
14 * 命令
15 /
16 private String command;
17 /*
18 * 命令长度
19 /
20 private int commandLength;
21
22 public byte getEncode() {
23 return encode;
24 }
25
26 public void setEncode(byte encode) {
27 this.encode = encode;
28 }
29
30 public String getCommand() {
31 return command;
32 }
33
34 public void setCommand(String command) {
35 this.command = command;
36 }
37
38 public int getCommandLength() {
39 return commandLength;
40 }
41
42 public void setCommandLength(int commandLength) {
43 this.commandLength = commandLength;
44 }
45
46 }
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1 /*
2 * 协议响应
3 *
4 * @author admin
5 *
6 /
7 public class Response {
8 /*
9 * 编码
10 /
11 private byte encode;
12 /*
13 * 响应
14 /
15 private String response;
16 /*
17 * 响应长度
18 */
19 private int responseLength;
20
21 public byte getEncode() {
22 return encode;
23 }
24
25 public void setEncode(byte encode) {
26 this.encode = encode;
27 }
28
29 public String getResponse() {
30 return response;
31 }
32
33 public void setResponse(String response) {
34 this.response = response;
35 }
36
37 public int getResponseLength() {
38 return responseLength;
39 }
40
41 public void setResponseLength(int responseLength) {
42 this.responseLength = responseLength;
43 }
44
45 @Override
46 public String toString() {
47 return "Response [encode=" + encode + ", response=" + response + ", responseLength=" + responseLength + "]";
48 }
49
50 }
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客户端发送以及服务端响应处理代码:
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1 /**
2 * 服务端
3 * @author admin
4 *
5 /
6 public class Server {
7
8 public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
9 ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(1234);
10 while(true) {
11 Socket client = server.accept();
12 //读取请求数据
13 Request request = ProtocolUtil.readRequest(client.getInputStream());
14 //封装响应数据
15 Response response = new Response();
16 response.setEncode(Encode.UTF8.getValue());
17 response.setResponse(request.getCommand().equals("HELLO") ? "hello!" : "bye bye");
18 response.setResponseLength(response.getResponse().length());
19 //响应到客户端
20 ProtocolUtil.writeResponse(client.getOutputStream(), response);
21 }
22 }
23 }
24
25 /*
26 * 客户端
27 * @author admin
28 *
29 */
30 public class Client {
31
32 public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
33 //组装请求数据
34 Request request = new Request();
35 request.setCommand("HELLO");
36 request.setCommandLength(request.getCommand().length());
37 request.setEncode(Encode.UTF8.getValue());
38 Socket client = new Socket("127.0.0.1", 1234);
39 //发送请求
40 ProtocolUtil.writeRequest(client.getOutputStream(), request);
41 //读取相应
42 Response response = ProtocolUtil.readResponse(client.getInputStream());
43 System.out.println(response);
44 }
45 }
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ProtocolUtil 类:
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1 public class ProtocolUtil {
2
3 public static void writeRequest(OutputStream out, Request request) {
4 try {
5 out.write(request.getEncode());
6 //write一个int值会截取其低8位传输,丢弃其高24位,因此需要将基本类型转化为字节流
7 //java采用Big Endian字节序,而所有的网络协议也都是以Big Endian字节序来进行传输,所以再进行数据的传输和接收时,需要先将数据转化成Big Endian字节序
8 //out.write(request.getCommandLength());
9 out.write(int2ByteArray(request.getCommandLength()));
10 out.write(Encode.GBK.getValue() == request.getEncode() ? request.getCommand().getBytes("GBK") : request.getCommand().getBytes("UTF8"));
11 out.flush();
12 } catch (Exception e) {
13 System.err.println(e.getMessage());
14 }
15 }
16
17 /**
18 * 将响应输出到客户端
19 * @param os
20 * @param response
21 */
22 public static void writeResponse(OutputStream out, Response response) {
23 try {
24 out.write(response.getEncode());
25 out.write(int2ByteArray(response.getResponseLength()));
26 out.write(Encode.GBK.getValue() == response.getEncode() ? response.getResponse().getBytes("GBK") : response.getResponse().getBytes("UTF8"));
27 out.flush();
28 } catch (Exception e) {
29 System.err.println(e.getMessage());
30 }
31 }
32
33 public static Request readRequest(InputStream is) {
34 Request request = new Request();
35 try {
36 //读取编码
37 byte [] encodeByte = new byte[1];
38 is.read(encodeByte);
39 byte encode = encodeByte[0];
40 //读取命令长度
41 byte [] commandLengthByte = new byte[4];//缓冲区
42 is.read(commandLengthByte);
43 int commandLength = byte2Int(commandLengthByte);
44 //读取命令
45 byte [] commandByte = new byte[commandLength];
46 is.read(commandByte);
47 String command = Encode.GBK.getValue() == encode ? new String(commandByte, "GBK") : new String(commandByte, "UTF8");
48 //组装请求返回
49 request.setEncode(encode);
50 request.setCommand(command);
51 request.setCommandLength(commandLength);
52 } catch (Exception e) {
53 System.err.println(e.getMessage());
54 }
55 return request;
56 }
57
58 public static Response readResponse(InputStream is) {
59 Response response = new Response();
60 try {
61 byte [] encodeByte = new byte[1];
62 is.read(encodeByte);
63 byte encode = encodeByte[0];
64 byte [] responseLengthByte = new byte[4];
65 is.read(responseLengthByte);
66 int commandLength = byte2Int(responseLengthByte);
67 byte [] responseByte = new byte[commandLength];
68 is.read(responseByte);
69 String resContent = Encode.GBK.getValue() == encode ? new String(responseByte, "GBK") : new String(responseByte, "UTF8");
70 response.setEncode(encode);
71 response.setResponse(resContent);
72 response.setResponseLength(commandLength);
73 } catch (Exception e) {
74 System.err.println(e.getMessage());
75 }
76 return response;
77 }
78
79 public static int byte2Int(byte [] bytes) {
80 int num = bytes[3] & 0xFF;
81 num |= ((bytes[2] << 8) & 0xFF00);
82 num |= ((bytes[1] << 16) & 0xFF0000);
83 num |= ((bytes[0] << 24) & 0xFF000000);
84 return num;
85 }
86
87 public static byte[] int2ByteArray(int i) {
88 byte [] result = new byte[4];
89 result[0] = (byte) ((i >> 24) & 0xFF);
90 result[1] = (byte) ((i >> 16) & 0xFF);
91 result[2] = (byte) ((i >> 8) & 0xFF);
92 result[3] = (byte) (i & 0xFF);
93 return result;
94 }
95
96 }
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1.2.2 HTTP请求与响应
下图是HTTP请求与响应的过程步骤,在此不详细赘述。
1.2.3 通过HttpClient发送HTTP请求
HttpClient对HTTP协议通信的过程进行了封装,下面是简单的通过HttpClient发送HTTP GET请求,并获取服务端响应的代码:
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1 //url前加上http协议头,标明该请求为http请求
2 String url = "https://www.baidu.com";
3 //组装请求
4 HttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient();
5 HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url);
6 //接收响应
7 HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpGet);
8 HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
9 byte[] byteArray = EntityUtils.toByteArray(entity);
10 String result = new String(byteArray, "utf8");
11 System.out.println(result);
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1.2.4 使用HTTP协议的优势
随着请求规模的扩展,基于TCP协议的RPC的实现,需要考虑多线程并发、锁、I/O等复杂的底层细节,在大流量高并发的压力下,任何一个小的错误都可能被无限放大,最终导致程序宕机。而对于基于HTTP协议的实现来说,很多成熟的开源web容易已经帮其处理好了这些事情,如Apache,Tomcat,Jboss等,开发人员可将更多的精力集中在业务实现上,而非处理底层细节。
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