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  • sql初学者笔记 语法基础

    常见注释

    • -- 很少支持
    • 行内注释

    • /**/段落注释

    基础语法

    SELECT

    检索数据

    语法 作用 例子 释义
    select 查找列,并返回行 select prod_name from products;
    #可使用,分隔列名来查找多个列。
    查找prod_name列,并返回其下的所有行,在products表中。
    * 通配符 select * from products; 查找所有列并返回所有行,在products表中。
    distinct 返回不重复的值 select distinct vend_id from products;
    #不可配合通配符使用除非所有列完全相同
    查找vend_id列并返回其下所有行中不重复的值,在products表中。
    limit 限制 select prod_name from products limit 5,5; 查找prod_name列并返回其下第5行起5行的值,在products表中。

    排序检索数据

    语法 作用 例子 释义
    order by 排序 select prod_id,prod_price,prod_name
    from Products
    order by 2;
    #默认升序(ASC)排列
    #指定按多个列排列时:仅当指定的第一列中有重复元素时,才对其(存在重复值的)按指定的下一列进行排序。
    即按照查找的第二个列进行排序,也可指定列名(prod_price)
    desc 降序 select prod_id,prod_price,prod_name
    from Products
    order by 2 DESC,3 desc;
    即按照查找的第二个列进行降序排序,desc仅对其前的列有效;

    过滤数据

    语法 作用 例子 释义
    where 在客户端过滤数据 select *
    from Products
    where prod_price >= 5.99
    order by prod_price desc;
    #同排序操作一同使用时,不得位于排序操作之前#支持<>=!=等操作,其中<>操作等同于!=
    例:
    select *
    from Products
    where prod_id <>'fc'
    order by prod_price desc;
    #过滤字符串不区分大小写
    1.查找所有列,在Products表中,并返回prod_price >=5.99的所有行
    2.查找所有列,在Products表中,并返回除prod_id = "fc"之外的所有行
    between 值的范围过滤 select prod_name,prod_price
    from Products
    where prod_price between 4 and 10
    查找prod_name,prod_price两列在Products表中,并返回prod_price值为4-10范围内的的的所有行
    is 可用来检查null(空值) select prod_name,prod_price
    from Products
    where prod_price is null
    返回所有没有价格的商品
    and,or 逻辑操作符
    and且
    or与,这里是短路的
    select *
    from Products
    where vend_vend_id ='1001' and prod_price <=4;
    #and的优先级比or要高,and,or共同使用时为避免错误应用()明确分组,
    #也可使用in代替or,例:
    select prod_name,prod_price from products where vend_id in('1001','1002')
    order by prod_name
    等同于:
    select prod_name,prod_price from products where vend_id = '1001' or vend_id = '1002'
    order by prod_name
    返回所有vend_vend_id ='1001' 且 prod_price <=4;的行
    not 否定其后的条件 select prod_name,prod_price from products where not vend_id in('1001','1002')
    order by prod_name
    可与in连用,返回vend_id=1001 vend_id=1002外的所有行

    通配符搜索

    语法 作用 例子
    % 匹配0、1或多个字符包含空格。不会匹配到null select prod_name
    from products
    where prod_name like 'f%%'
    _ 匹配单个字符,包含空格 select prod_name
    from products
    where prod_name like 'fuse_'
    rtrim()ltrim() 去除右边、左边空格

    创建计算字段

    select prod_id ,quantity,item_price,quantity*item_price as expanded_price
    from orderitems
    where order_num = 20008;
    #如上创建了一个expanded_price字段(quantity*item_price的结果的别名),其仅在此时有效而不会存放到表中。
    

    使用函数

    select vend_name, upper(vend_name) as vend_name_upcase
    from vendors
    #将vend_name列下的所有行以大写形式返回
    select avg(prod_price) as avg_peice from products where vend_id ='1001'
    #返回平均值
    select count(*) as num_cust from customers
    #返回长度(数目),也可对列表中特定值进行计数
    
    

    分组

    select  vend_id,count(*) as num_prods from  products #对vend_id每行进行计数
    group by vend_id;#按照vend_id排序并分组
    
    select cust_id,count(*) as orders
    from orders 
    group by cust_id 
    having count(*)>=2#过滤分组中>=2的,having支持where的所有操作
    
    select order_num,count(*) as items
    from orderitems group by order_num
    having count(*) >=3
    order by items,order_num desc#对分组依照选定的列进行排序
    
    

    子句查询

    select cust_name,cust_contact from customers where cust_id =(select cust_id 
    from orders
    where order_num = (select order_num from orderitems where prod_id = 'jp2000'));
    #由内而外,哈哈
    等效于:
    select order_num 
    from orderitems
    where prod_id = 'jp2000';
    select cust_id 
    from orders
    where order_num =20006
    select cust_name,cust_contact from customers where cust_id =10003
    

    联结(返回不在同一个表中的行)

    /*等值语法*/
    select vend_name, prod_name,prod_price
    from vendors,products
    where vendors.vend_id=products.vend_id;#此处过滤联结条件。
    #如没有联结条件过滤,将检索出“笛卡尔积”:表1行数*表2行数
    /*规范语法*/
    select vend_name, prod_name,prod_price
    from vendors inner join products
    on vendors.vend_id=products.vend_id
    
    自联结(比子查询更快)
    /*子查询*/
    select cust_id, cust_name, cust_contact
    from customers
    where cust_name = (select cust_name from customers where cust_contact ='jim jones');
    /*自联结*/
    select c1.cust_id, c1.cust_name,c1.cust_contact
    from customers as c1,customers as c2#不以别名进行会引发错误
    where c1.cust_name=c2.cust_name and c2.cust_contact='jim jones'#联结cust_name与c2.cust_name ,并过滤cust_contact='jim jones'的行
    /*(c1的cust_name同c2相同,找到了c2的cust_contact='jim jones'也就相当于找到了c1cust_contact='jim jones',知道了cust_contact='jim jones'就可知道cust_id)*/
    

    组合查询

    select cust_name,cust_contact,cust_email,cust_state
    from customers
    where cust_state in('il','in','mi')
    union  #组合上下select多个select之间需要多个union分隔,union默认排除重复,union all则不排除
    select cust_name,cust_contact,cust_email,cust_state#union中每个查询必须包含相同的列、表达式、或聚集函数
    from customers
    where cust_name ='wascals'
    order by cust_name;#不能分别对每条union指定不同的排序
    

    INSERT

    依赖于次序的插入

    /*在得知列的次序后才可使用此方式添加,若发生了列的次序变动此添加方式将不安全*/
    insert into customers
    values('1000000006','toy land','123 any street','new york','ny', '11111','usa',null, null);
    #依赖于次序的插入,必须为每一列提供一个值,如某列无添加则应写上null
    

    提供列名的插入

    insert into customers(cust_id,cust_contact,cust_email,cust_name,cust_address,cust_city,cust_state,cust_zip)
    #必须为提供了列名的列给出一个值
    values(null, null,'1000000006','toy land','123 any street','new york','ny', '11111');
    

    从另一个表插入

    insert into 表名(列名)
    select 列名
    from 表名
    where 过滤
    

    复制一个表

    /*sql*/
    select * 
    into custcopy 
    from customers;
    /* mysql*/
    create table custcopy as
    select * 
    from customers;
    

    UPDATE

    更新单个列

    update customers
    set cust_email = 'kim@@thetoystore.com'
    where cust_id = '100000000005'#如不指定,将更新customers表cust_email列下的所有行
    

    更新多个列

    update customers
    set cust_email = 'kim@@thetoystore.com',cust_contact='sam roberts'
    where cust_id = '100000000006'
    

    DELLETE

    delete from customers
    where cust_id = '1000000006'#删除此行,不过滤则删除所有行
    #update删除列
    #truncate删除表
    

    添加删除列&&表

    添加表

    /*添加表时为防止覆盖,应删除表后再进行添加*/
    create table orderitems
    (order_num integer not null,
    order_item integer not null,
    prod_id char(10) not null,
    quantity integer not null default 1,#设置quantity列下的行默认值为1
    item_price decimal(8,2) not null);#not null即不允许填入null,默认可填入null,只有为 not null的列方可为主键及唯一标识
    
    /*add列*/
    alter table vendors
    add vend_phone char (20);
    /*del列*/
    alter table vendors
    drop column vend_phone;#此操作不可逆
    /*删除表*/
    drop table custcopy;#此操作不可逆
    

    视图

    create view#创建视图
    drop view 视图名#删除视图
    /*以视图简化联结,创建视图*/
    create view productcustomers as
    select cust_name , cust_contact,prod_id
    from customers,orders,orderitems
    where customers.cust_id=orders.cust_id
    and orderitems.order_num=orders.order_num;
    /*可对视图采取与表相同的查询操作*/
    select *
    from productcustomers;
    /*一个视图过滤查询例子*/
    create view customeremaillist as
    select cust_id, cust_name,cust_email
    from customers
    where cust_email is not null;#返回查询中所有cust_email不为空的,并将其添加到视图中
    /*视图计算字段例子*/
    create view orderitemsexpanded as 
    select order_num,prod_id,quantity,item_price,quantity*item_price,quantity*item_price as
    expanded_price
    from orderitems
    

    事务管理

    /*撤销整体*/
    start transaction ;
    -- 标识事务处理块,块中内容未执行完则整体撤销
    /*撤销部分操作*/
    savepoint delete1;#标识
    rollback to delete1;返回标识delete1
    
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/MR---Zhao/p/13190123.html
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