Python处理Excel文档之openpyxl （三）简单的使用

使用样式

 简介

样式用于在屏幕上显示时更改数据的外观。它们还用于确定数字的格式。

样式可以应用于以下几个方面:

• 字体设置字体大小、颜色、下划线等。
• 填充以设置图案或颜色渐变
• 边框在单元格上设置边框
• 单元格排列
• 保护

以下是默认值：

>>> from openpyxl.styles import PatternFill, Border, Side, Alignment, Protection, Font
>>> font = Font(name='Calibri',
...                 size=11,
...                 bold=False,
...                 italic=False,
...                 vertAlign=None,
...                 underline='none',
...                 strike=False,
...                 color='FF000000')
>>> fill = PatternFill(fill_type=None,
...                 start_color='FFFFFFFF',
...                 end_color='FF000000')
>>> border = Border(left=Side(border_style=None,
...                           color='FF000000'),
...                 right=Side(border_style=None,
...                            color='FF000000'),
...                 top=Side(border_style=None,
...                          color='FF000000'),
...                 bottom=Side(border_style=None,
...                             color='FF000000'),
...                 diagonal=Side(border_style=None,
...                               color='FF000000'),
...                 diagonal_direction=0,
...                 outline=Side(border_style=None,
...                              color='FF000000'),
...                 vertical=Side(border_style=None,
...                               color='FF000000'),
...                 horizontal=Side(border_style=None,
...                                color='FF000000')
...                )
>>> alignment=Alignment(horizontal='general',
...                     vertical='bottom',
...                     text_rotation=0,
...                     wrap_text=False,
...                     shrink_to_fit=False,
...                     indent=0)
>>> number_format = 'General'
>>> protection = Protection(locked=True,
...                         hidden=False)
>>>

单元格样式和命名样式

有两种类型的样式:单元格样式和命名样式，也称为样式模板。

单元格样式

单元格样式在对象之间共享，一旦分配了单元格样式就不能更改。这样就可以避免不必要的副作用，比如改变很多单元格的样式，而不是只改变一个。

>>> from openpyxl.styles import colors
>>> from openpyxl.styles import Font, Color
>>> from openpyxl import Workbook
>>> wb = Workbook()
>>> ws = wb.active
>>>
>>> a1 = ws['A1']
>>> d4 = ws['D4']
>>> ft = Font(color=colors.RED)
>>> a1.font = ft
>>> d4.font = ft
>>>
>>> a1.font.italic = True # 斜体样式，没有在ft 中设置好， 当单元格a1 被赋予格式ft 后，就不允许额外设置格式。
>>>
>>> # 如果你想要改变字体格式的颜色，你需要重新设置它。
>>>
>>> a1.font = Font(color=colors.RED, italic=True) # 在ft中改变好，重新把格式赋给a1,同是，该格式只能影响a1 对象，不影响其他单元格

复制样式

样式也可以复制

>>> from openpyxl.styles import Font
>>> from copy import copy
>>>
>>> ft1 = Font(name='Arial', size=14)
>>> ft2 = copy(ft1)
>>> ft2.name = "Tahoma"
>>> ft1.name
'Arial'
>>> ft2.name
'Tahoma'
>>> ft2.size # copied from the
14.0

　基本的字体颜色

颜色通常是RGB或aRGB六边形。colors模块包含一些方便的常量

>>> from openpyxl.styles import Font
>>> from openpyxl.styles.colors import RED
>>> font = Font(color=RED)
>>> font = Font(color="FFBB00")

还支持遗留的索引颜色以及主题和色调

>>> from openpyxl.styles.colors import Color
>>> c = Color(indexed=32)
>>> c = Color(theme=6, tint=0.5)

应用样式

样式直接应用于单元格

>>> from openpyxl.workbook import Workbook
>>> from openpyxl.styles import Font, Fill
>>> wb = Workbook()
>>> ws = wb.active
>>> c = ws['A1']
>>> c.font = Font(size=12)

样式还可以应用于列和行，但请注意，这只适用于在文件关闭后(在Excel中)创建的单元格。如果要将样式应用于整个行和列，则必须自己将样式应用于每个单元格。这是对文件格式的限制:

>>> col = ws.column_dimensions['A']
>>> col.font = Font(bold=True)
>>> row = ws.row_dimensions[1]
>>> row.font = Font(underline="single")

样式合并单元格

有时，您希望将范围内的单元格格式化为单个对象（也叫：合并单元格）。Excel表面上通过合并单元格(实际上是删除除左上角单元格之外的所有单元格)实现了这种可能的，然后重新创建它们以应用伪样式。（这种表里不一的骚操作，让用户只需要看到自己需要看到的内容，内部的实际情况，用户不会关心。）

from openpyxl.styles import Border, Side, PatternFill, Font, GradientFill, Alignment
from openpyxl import Workbook


def style_range(ws, cell_range, border=Border(), fill=None, font=None, alignment=None):
    """
    Apply styles to a range of cells as if they were a single cell.

    :param ws:  Excel worksheet instance
    :param range: An excel range to style (e.g. A1:F20)
    :param border: An openpyxl Border
    :param fill: An openpyxl PatternFill or GradientFill
    :param font: An openpyxl Font object
    """

    top = Border(top=border.top)
    left = Border(left=border.left)
    right = Border(right=border.right)
    bottom = Border(bottom=border.bottom)

    first_cell = ws[cell_range.split(":")[0]]
    if alignment:
        ws.merge_cells(cell_range)
        first_cell.alignment = alignment

    rows = ws[cell_range]
    if font:
        first_cell.font = font

    for cell in rows[0]:
        cell.border = cell.border + top
    for cell in rows[-1]:
        cell.border = cell.border + bottom

    for row in rows:
        l = row[0]
        r = row[-1]
        l.border = l.border + left
        r.border = r.border + right
        if fill:
            for c in row:
                c.fill = fill

wb = Workbook()
ws = wb.active
my_cell = ws['B2']
my_cell.value = "My Cell"
thin = Side(border_style="thin", color="000000")
double = Side(border_style="double", color="ff0000")

border = Border(top=double, left=thin, right=thin, bottom=double)
fill = PatternFill("solid", fgColor="DDDDDD")
fill = GradientFill(stop=("000000", "FFFFFF"))
font = Font(b=True, color="FF0000")
al = Alignment(horizontal="center", vertical="center")


style_range(ws, 'B2:F4', border=border, fill=fill, font=font, alignment=al)
wb.save("styled.xlsx")

编辑页面设置

>>> from openpyxl.workbook import Workbook
>>>
>>> wb = Workbook()
>>> ws = wb.active
>>>
>>> ws.page_setup.orientation = ws.ORIENTATION_LANDSCAPE
>>> ws.page_setup.paperSize = ws.PAPERSIZE_TABLOID
>>> ws.page_setup.fitToHeight = 0
>>> ws.page_setup.fitToWidth = 1

命名样式

相对于单元格样式，命名样式是可变的。当您想一次对许多不同的单元格应用格式时，它们是有意义的。

将命名样式分配给单元格后，对样式的额外更改不会影响单元格。

一旦命名样式注册到工作簿中，就可以通过名称来引用它。

创建一个指定样式

>>> from openpyxl.styles import NamedStyle, Font, Border, Side
>>> highlight = NamedStyle(name="highlight")
>>> highlight.font = Font(bold=True, size=20)
>>> bd = Side(style='thick', color="000000")
>>> highlight.border = Border(left=bd, top=bd, right=bd, bottom=bd)

一旦创建了命名样式，就可以在工作簿中注册:

wb.add_named_style(highlight)

　　但是命名样式在第一次分配给单元格时也会自动注册:

>>> ws['A1'].style = highlight

　　一旦注册使用名称分配样式:

>>> ws['D5'].style = 'highlight'

采用内置样式

该规范还包括一些可以使用的内置样式。不幸的是，这些样式的名称存储在它们的本地化表单中。openpyxl将只识别英语名称，并且只完全按照这里所写。这些都是如下:

• ‘Normal’ # same as no style

数值 格式化

• ‘Comma’
• ‘Comma [0]’
• ‘Currency’
• ‘Currency [0]’
• ‘Percent’

Informative      ###

• ‘Calculation’
• ‘Total’
• ‘Note’
• ‘Warning Text’
• ‘Explanatory Text’

文字样式

• ‘Title’
• ‘Headline 1’
• ‘Headline 2’
• ‘Headline 3’
• ‘Headline 4’
• ‘Hyperlink’
• ‘Followed Hyperlink’
• ‘Linked Cell’

Comparisons

• ‘Input’
• ‘Output’
• ‘Check Cell’
• ‘Good’
• ‘Bad’
• ‘Neutral’

Highlights  高亮

• ‘Accent1’
• ‘20 % - Accent1’
• ‘40 % - Accent1’
• ‘60 % - Accent1’
• ‘Accent2’
• ‘20 % - Accent2’
• ‘40 % - Accent2’
• ‘60 % - Accent2’
• ‘Accent3’
• ‘20 % - Accent3’
• ‘40 % - Accent3’
• ‘60 % - Accent3’
• ‘Accent4’
• ‘20 % - Accent4’
• ‘40 % - Accent4’
• ‘60 % - Accent4’
• ‘Accent5’
• ‘20 % - Accent5’
• ‘40 % - Accent5’
• ‘60 % - Accent5’
• ‘Accent6’
• ‘20 % - Accent6’
• ‘40 % - Accent6’
• ‘60 % - Accent6’
• ‘Pandas’

有关内置样式的更多信息，请参阅 openpyxpath .styles.builtin