[转]Building a Basic Fuzzer with GDB: The Five Minute GDB Scripting Tutorial

link：http://www.praetorian.com/blog/building-a-basic-fuzzer-with-gdb-the-five-minute-gdb-scripting-tutorial

A few weeks ago, I built a basic fuzzer in GDB for an iPhone application I was testing and I thought it would be worthwhile to share.  Before I get started, I should point out two very useful resources concerning Mac OSX and iOS reversing.  First, nemo’s article is a very informative piece, that helps shed a little light on how easy it is to reverse engineering Objective-C (Obj-C) code [1].  Then there is another site, “Reverse Engineering Mac OS X”, which offers some useful information and a very handy gdbinitrc script [2].

Building a basic fuzzer in GDB is quite trivial once you understand how to leverage all the GDB commands and define GDB commands.  I must mention that even though the current GDB does support Python, the version of GDB on my MacBook was only 6.3, so there was no Python support built in.

 

First, lets familiarize ourselves with the commands we will use:

gdb$ help call
Call a function in the program.
The argument is the function name and arguments, in the notation of the
current working language.  The result is printed and saved in the value
history, if it is not void.
call, as you can presume, is going to be used to call several functions, malloc, srand, random, and time.  One item to note is assigning values after gdb calls a function.  I was not sure how to perform a traditional assignment, so I had perform call (return_type) function(parameters, …), then grab the result using the $ operator.  For example:

call (char *)malloc($size)
set $buf = $

Now, lets briefly touch on the define command.

gdb$ help define
Define a new command name.  Command name is argument.
Definition appears on following lines, one command per line.
End with a line of just “end”.
Use the “document” command to give documentation for the new command.
Commands defined in this way may have up to ten arguments.

The next command we are going to use is define, shown above.  The define command is used to create commands that execute as a gdb command, they start with define and end with end.  An important caveat is naming convention.  The gdb scripting environment lacks scope, so everything is accessible every where.  For example:

gdb$ set $blah = 10d
gdb$ define test
>set $blah = 0xbaad
>p $blah
>end
gdb$ test
$2 = 0xbaad
gdb$ p $blah
$3 = 0xbaad
gdb$

Arguments are passed in like so:

gdb$ define control_flow
>set $end = $arg1
>set $beg = $arg0
>set $ret_value = 0
>while $beg < $end
>set $counter = $beg + $ret_value
>set $beg = $beg + 1
>end
>end
gdb$ control_flow 1 10
gdb$ p $ret_value
$5 = 0x78

Also note above that there is some rudimentary control flow (e.g. while … end).  gdb does not support fancy logic statements, so keep it basic. Now lets write our basic random fuzzer.

define build_fuzz_buf
set $size = $arg0
call (char *)malloc($size)
set $buf = $
set $i = 0
call (int)time(0)
set $time = $
call (int) srand($time)
while $i < $size
call (char) rand()
set *(char *)($buf + $i) = $
set $i = $i+1
end
printf “buf: 0xx len: %d ”, $buf, $size
p $buf
end

First, we are going to pass in our argument, which will contain the size of the buffer.  Then we call malloc to create the buffer, and assign it to the $buf variable.  Next we initialize our array counter $i, and then we initialize random with a call to time to get the basic time and srand with our $time value as a parameter.  In the loop, we call rand and then assign the char value to the ith array element. After the loop completes, we print a formatted string with the basic info from the script and we print the address for our buffer with p $buf.

Now lets apply this to building an Obj-C object.  In this case we will look at a referenced NSString.  Basically, we are going to create an Obj-C NSString to pass on to a function.  Now some of the values were taken at run-time, so they may not reflect the values on your system.

define get_mem
call (void*) malloc($arg0)
set $MALLOC_R = (int)$
printf “Allocated memory.  $MALLOC_R: 0x%0x ”, $MALLOC_R
end

get_mem is a helper function, and I am just using it to allocate memory.  $MALLOC_R is the global return value that I use.  I mention this separately as a courtesy for the reader.  Below is the real magic:

set $STRING_TYPE_VAL = 0x01393fc0
set $STRING_REF_VAL = 0x010007ad
set $STRING_DIRECT_VAL = 0x0100078c

 

define build_ref_fuzz_string
get_mem 0x28
set $STRING_R = $MALLOC_R
set *$STRING_R = $STRING_TYPE_VAL
set *($STRING_R+4) = $STRING_REF_VAL
build_fuzz_buf $arg0
set *($STRING_R+8) = $
set $STRING_DATA = *($STRING_R+8)
printf “Done setting up a direct string. $STRING_R: 0x%0x and data goes here: $STRING_DATA 0x%0x ”, $STRING_R, $STRING_DATA
end

In this command, I create a shell Obj-C NSString with the data elements, and it worked for my purposes.  I am sure I missed a few details, which would have caused a crash in the client later down the line, but it worked great against the server.  So basically I allocate a buffer for my NSString object, and then I set the OBJ-C typing information which, $STRING_TYPE_VAL points to the class information and $STRING_REF_VAL is the type of string it is.  Don’t quote me on it, that was just my best guess.  Next, I call my build_fuzz_buf command and then assign the resulting address to the place where the data pointer needs to go.

A couple of comments related to this script.  I spent a little while staring at the memory dumps trying to make sense of the information, and the pointers and type values were the sum of my effort.  What I mean by this, is my explanation may be wrong but it worked for me.

Now for context.  As I mentioned a few months ago, I was performing an iPhone assessment, and the client did an awesome job at locking everything down.  Given this fact, I resorted to attacking their server through the iPhone Application.  Truth be told, many people don’t expect to have this happen, but the debugger can be a very powerful tool.  I like to think of it as my Mega Man Arm Cannon, and when I knock down bosses, I get to put another type of ammo into it.  Hope you enjoyed the post.

[1] nemo. “The Objective-C Runtime:  Understanding and Abusing”, Phrack Vol. 66 File 4.
[2] fG. “Reverse Engineering Mac OS X”.