数论(毕达哥拉斯定理)：POJ 1305 Fermat vs. Pythagoras

Fermat vs. Pythagoras

Time Limit: 2000MS		Memory Limit: 10000K
Total Submissions: 1493		Accepted: 865

Description

Computer generated and assisted proofs and verification occupy a small niche in the realm of Computer Science. The first proof of the four-color problem was completed with the assistance of a computer program and current efforts in verification have succeeded in verifying the translation of high-level code down to the chip level.
This problem deals with computing quantities relating to part of Fermat's Last Theorem: that there are no integer solutions of a^n + b^n = c^n for n > 2.
Given a positive integer N, you are to write a program that computes two quantities regarding the solution of x^2 + y^2 = z^2, where x, y, and z are constrained(驱使) to be positive integers less than or equal to N. You are to compute the number of triples (x,y,z) such that x < y < z, and they are relatively prime, i.e., have no common divisor(除数) larger than 1. You are also to compute the number of values 0 < p <= N such that p is not part of any triple (not just relatively prime triples).

Input

The input consists of a sequence of positive integers, one per line. Each integer in the input file will be less than or equal to 1,000,000. Input is terminated by end-of-file

Output

For each integer N in the input file print two integers separated by a space. The first integer is the number of relatively prime triples (such that each component of the triple is <=N). The second number is the number of positive integers <=N that are not part of any triple whose components are all <=N. There should be one output line for each input line.

Sample Input

10
25
100

Sample Output

1 4
4 9
16 27
　　
　　题意：给定一个n,输出三元组(a,b,c)其中GCD（a，b，c）=1，且a²+b²=c²,以及1~n中没有在任何一个三元组中出现过的数的个数。
　　这道题需要知道勾股数的性质。
　　最最开始GCD（a,b,c）=1 ==> a,b,c两两互质，通过a²+b²=c²易证。
　　首先，对于一组勾股数，①a与b的奇偶性不同，②c一定为奇数。
　　证明①：若a与b同为偶数，则c也为偶数，与GCD（a，b，c）=1矛盾；若a与b同为奇数，c一定为偶数，设a=2*i+1，b=2*j+1，c=2*k -> a²+b²=c²->2*i²+2*i+2*j²+2*j+1=2*k²,这个式子是矛盾的。
　　证明②：a，b一奇一偶，显然。
　　
　　然后将 a²+b²=c² 变形，b为偶数时，a²=(c+b)*(c-b),容易发现c-b与c+b互质，所以c-b与c+b都是平方数，设x²=c-b，y²=c+b，得a=x*y，b=(y²-x²)/2,c=(y²+x²)/2.
　　易得x，y都为奇数,直接枚举x，y就好了。

　　

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
const int maxn=1000010;
bool vis[maxn];
long long Gcd(long long a,long long b){
    return b?Gcd(b,a%b):a;
}
int main(){
    int n,m,ans,tot;
    while(~scanf("%d",&n)){
        m=(int)sqrt(n+0.5);ans=tot=0;
        memset(vis,0,sizeof(vis));
        for(int t=1;t<=m;t+=2)
            for(int s=t+2;(s*s+t*t)/2<=n;s+=2)
                if(Gcd(s,t)==1){
                    int a=s*t;
                    int b=(s*s-t*t)/2;
                    int c=(s*s+t*t)/2
                    ans++;
                    for(int k=1;k*c<=n;k++){
                        vis[k*a]=true;
                        vis[k*b]=true;
                        vis[k*c]=true;
                    }
                }
        for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
            if(!vis[i])
                tot++;
        printf("%d %d
",ans,tot);        
    }
}