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  • 201771010135 杨蓉庆《面对对象程序设计(java)》第十周学习总结

    1、实验目的与要求

    (1) 理解泛型概念;

    (2) 掌握泛型类的定义与使用;

    (3) 掌握泛型方法的声明与使用;

    (4) 掌握泛型接口的定义与实现;

    (5)了解泛型程序设计,理解其用途。

    一、理论知识

    泛型类的定义:

    (1)泛型:也称参数化类型(parameterized type),就是在定义类、接口和方法时,通过类型参数指示将要处理的对象型。

    (2)一个泛型类(generic class)就是具有一个或多个类型变量的类,即创建用类型作为参数的类。
    如一个泛型类定义格式如下:class Generics<K,V>

    (3)Pair类引入了一个类型变量T,用尖括号(<>)括起来,并放在类名的后面。

    泛型变量的限定:

    (1)extends关键字所声明的上界既可以是一个类,也可以是一个接口;

    (2)<T extends Bounding Type>表示T应该是绑定类型的子类型。

    泛型变量下界的说明:
    – 通过使用super关键字可以固定泛型参数的类型为某种
    类型或者其超类
    – 当程序希望为一个方法的参数限定类型时,通常可以使
    用下限通配符

    泛型类的约束与局限性:

    不能用基本类型实例化类型参数
    运行时类型查询只适用于原始类型
    不能抛出也不能捕获泛型类实例
    参数化类型的数组不合法不能实例化类型变量
    泛型类的静态上下文中类型变量无效
    注意擦除后的冲突

    通配符类型:

    “?”符号表明参数的类型可以是任何一种类型,它和参数T的含义是有区别的。T表示一种未知类型,而“?”表示任何一种类型.

    这种通配符一般有以下三种用法:
    单独的?,用于表示任何类型。
    ? extends type,表示带有上界。
    ? super type,表示带有下界。

    二、实验内容和步骤

    实验1: 导入第8章示例程序,测试程序并进行代码注释。

    测试程序1:

    l 编辑、调试、运行教材311、312页 代码,结合程序运行结果理解程序;

    l 在泛型类定义及使用代码处添加注释;

    l 掌握泛型类的定义及使用.

    package pair1;
    
    /**
     * @version 1.00 2004-05-10
     * @author Cay Horstmann
     */
    public class Pair<T>//Pair类引入了一个类型变量T 
    {
       private T first;//use the type variable
       private T second;
    
       public Pair() { first = null; second = null; }
       public Pair(T first, T second) { this.first = first;  this.second = second; }//构造方法的调用
        
       public T getFirst() { return first; }//返回值
       public T getSecond() { return second; }
    
       public void setFirst(T newValue) { first = newValue; }//入口参数
       public void setSecond(T newValue) { second = newValue; }
    }
    package pair1;
    
    /**
     * @version 1.01 2012-01-26
     * @author Cay Horstmann
     */
    public class PairTest1
    {
       public static void main(String[] args)
       {
          String[] words = { "Mary", "had", "a", "little", "lamb" };//定义常量
          Pair<String> mm = ArrayAlg.minmax(words);//类名调用方法名
          System.out.println("min = " + mm.getFirst());
          System.out.println("max = " + mm.getSecond());//输出最大值、最小值
       }
    }
    
    class ArrayAlg
    {
       /**
        * Gets the minimum and maximum of an array of strings.
        * @param a an array of strings
        * @return a pair with the min and max value, or null if a is null or empty
        */
       public static Pair<String> minmax(String[] a)//泛型类实例化
       {
          if (a == null || a.length == 0) return null;
          String min = a[0];
          String max = a[0];
          for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++)
          {
             if (min.compareTo(a[i]) > 0) min = a[i];//compareTo比较方法
             if (max.compareTo(a[i]) < 0) max = a[i];
          }
          return new Pair<>(min, max);//实例化后的调用对象
       }
    }

    结果如下:

    测试程序2:

    l 编辑、调试运行教材315页 PairTest2,结合程序运行结果理解程序;

    l 在泛型程序设计代码处添加相关注释;

    掌握泛型方法、泛型变量限定的定义及用途。

    package pair1;
    
    /**
     * @version 1.00 2004-05-10
     * @author Cay Horstmann
     */
    public class Pair<T>//Pair类引入了一个类型变量T 
    {
       private T first;//use the type variable
       private T second;
    
       public Pair() { first = null; second = null; }
       public Pair(T first, T second) { this.first = first;  this.second = second; }//构造方法的调用
        
       public T getFirst() { return first; }//返回值
       public T getSecond() { return second; }
    
       public void setFirst(T newValue) { first = newValue; }//入口参数
       public void setSecond(T newValue) { second = newValue; }
    }
    package pair2;
    
    import java.time.*;
    
    /**
     * @version 1.02 2015-06-21
     * @author Cay Horstmann
     */
    public class PairTest2
    {
       public static void main(String[] args)
       {
          LocalDate[] birthdays = 
             { 
                LocalDate.of(1906, 12, 9), // G. Hopper
                LocalDate.of(1815, 12, 10), // A. Lovelace
                LocalDate.of(1903, 12, 3), // J. von Neumann
                LocalDate.of(1910, 6, 22), // K. Zuse
             };
          Pair<LocalDate> mm = ArrayAlg.minmax(birthdays);//实例化一个LocalDat类
          System.out.println("min = " + mm.getFirst());
          System.out.println("max = " + mm.getSecond());//得到min、max
       }
    }
    
    class ArrayAlg
    {
       /**
          Gets the minimum and maximum of an array of objects of type T.
          @param a an array of objects of type T
          @return a pair with the min and max value, or null if a is 
          null or empty
       */
       public static <T extends Comparable> Pair<T> minmax(T[] a) //将T限制为实现Comparable接口的类
       {
          if (a == null || a.length == 0) return null;
          T min = a[0];
          T max = a[0];
          for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++)//compareTo方法
          {
             if (min.compareTo(a[i]) > 0) min = a[i];
             if (max.compareTo(a[i]) < 0) max = a[i];
          }
          return new Pair<>(min, max);//返回新的pair类
       }
    }

    结果如下:

    测试程序3:

    用调试运行教材335页 PairTest3,结合程序运行结果理解程序;

    了解通配符类型的定义及用途。

    package pair3;
    
    /**
     * @version 1.01 2012-01-26
     * @author Cay Horstmann
     */
    public class PairTest3
    {
       public static void main(String[] args)
       {
           //定义Manager类
          Manager ceo = new Manager("Gus Greedy", 800000, 2003, 12, 15);
          Manager cfo = new Manager("Sid Sneaky", 600000, 2003, 12, 15);
          Pair<Manager> buddies = new Pair<>(ceo, cfo);      
          printBuddies(buddies);
    
          ceo.setBonus(1000000);
          cfo.setBonus(500000);
          Manager[] managers = { ceo, cfo };
    
          Pair<Employee> result = new Pair<>();//程序调用泛型方法
          minmaxBonus(managers, result);//泛型方法
          System.out.println("first: " + result.getFirst().getName() 
             + ", second: " + result.getSecond().getName());
          maxminBonus(managers, result);
          System.out.println("first: " + result.getFirst().getName() 
             + ", second: " + result.getSecond().getName());
       }
    
       public static void printBuddies(Pair<? extends Employee> p)
       {
          Employee first = p.getFirst();
          Employee second = p.getSecond();
          System.out.println(first.getName() + " and " + second.getName() + " are buddies.");
       }
    
       public static void minmaxBonus(Manager[] a, Pair<? super Manager> result)
       //任何泛型Pair类型,它的类型参数是Manager的子类
       {
          if (a.length == 0) return;
          Manager min = a[0];
          Manager max = a[0];
          for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++)
          {
             if (min.getBonus() > a[i].getBonus()) min = a[i];
             if (max.getBonus() < a[i].getBonus()) max = a[i];
          }
          result.setFirst(min);
          result.setSecond(max);
       }
    
       public static void maxminBonus(Manager[] a, Pair<? super Manager> result)//统配符限制为Manager的所有超类型
       {
          minmaxBonus(a, result);
          PairAlg.swapHelper(result); // OK--swapHelper captures wildcard type
       }
       // Can't write public static <T super manager> ...
    }
    
    class PairAlg
    {
       public static boolean hasNulls(Pair<?> p)//泛型类;类型变量的通配符“?”
       {
          return p.getFirst() == null || p.getSecond() == null;
       }
    
       public static void swap(Pair<?> p) { swapHelper(p); }
       //swap调用swapHelper
       public static <T> void swapHelper(Pair<T> p)
       {
          T t = p.getFirst();
          p.setFirst(p.getSecond());
          p.setSecond(t);
       }
    }

    Employee:

    package pair3;
    
    import java.time.*;
    
    public class Employee
    //构造一个Employee类
    {  
       private String name;
       private double salary;
       private LocalDate hireDay;
    
       public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)
       {
          this.name = name;//this直接引用
          this.salary = salary;
          hireDay = LocalDate.of(year, month, day);
       }
        //访问器方法
       public String getName()
       {
          return name;
       }
    
       public double getSalary()
       {  
          return salary;
       }
    
       public LocalDate getHireDay()
       {  
          return hireDay;
       }
    
       public void raiseSalary(double byPercent)
       {  
          double raise = salary * byPercent / 100;
          salary += raise;
       }
    }

    Manager:

    package pair3;
    
    public class Manager extends Employee//Manager类的父类是Employee类
    {  
       private double bonus;
    
       /**
          @param name the employee's name
          @param salary the salary
          @param year the hire year
          @param month the hire month
          @param day the hire day
       */
       public Manager(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)
       {  
          super(name, salary, year, month, day);
          bonus = 0;
       }
    
       public double getSalary()
       { 
          double baseSalary = super.getSalary();
          return baseSalary + bonus;
       }
    
       public void setBonus(double b)
       {  
          bonus = b;
       }
    
       public double getBonus()
       {  
          return bonus;
       }
    }l

     结果如下:

    实验2编程练习:

    编程练习1:实验九编程题总结

    •  实验九编程练习1总结(从程序总体结构说明、模块说明,目前程序设计存在的困难与问题三个方面阐述)。
    package ID;
    import java.io.BufferedReader;
    import java.io.File;
    import java.io.FileInputStream;
    import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.io.InputStreamReader;
    import java.util.ArrayList;
    import java.util.Arrays;
    import java.util.Collections;
    import java.util.Scanner;
    
    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
    public class Main{
        private static ArrayList<Person> Personlist;
        @SuppressWarnings("resource")
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            Personlist = new ArrayList<>();
            Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
            File file = new File("E:\新建文件夹\身份证号.txt");
              //捕获代码
            try {
                FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file);
                BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(fis));
                String temp = null;
                while ((temp = in.readLine()) != null) {
                    
                    Scanner linescanner = new Scanner(temp);
                    
                    linescanner.useDelimiter(" ");    
                    String name = linescanner.next();
                    String ID = linescanner.next();
                    String sex = linescanner.next();
                    String age = linescanner.next();
                    String place =linescanner.nextLine();
                    Person Person = new Person();
                    Person.setname(name);
                    Person.setID(ID);
                    Person.setsex(sex);
                    int a = Integer.parseInt(age);
                    Person.setage(a);
                    Person.setbirthplace(place);
                    Personlist.add(Person);
    
                }
            } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
                System.out.println("查找不到信息");
                e.printStackTrace();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                System.out.println("信息读取有误");
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            boolean isTrue = true;
            while (isTrue) {
                System.out.println("————————————————————————————————————————");
                System.out.println("1:按姓名字典序输出人员信息");
                System.out.println("2:查询最大年龄人员信息和最小年龄人员信息");
                System.out.println("3:输入你的年龄,查询年龄与你最近人的所有信息");
                System.out.println("4:查询人员中是否有你的同乡");
               
                int nextInt = scanner.nextInt();
                switch (nextInt) {
                case 1:
                    Collections.sort(Personlist);
                    System.out.println(Personlist.toString());
                    break;
                case 2:
                    
                    int max=0,min=100;int j,k1 = 0,k2=0;
                    for(int i=1;i<Personlist.size();i++)
                    {
                        j=Personlist.get(i).getage();
                       if(j>max)
                       {
                           max=j; 
                           k1=i;
                       }
                       if(j<min)
                       {
                           min=j; 
                           k2=i;
                       }
    
                    }  
                    System.out.println("年龄最大:"+Personlist.get(k1));
                    System.out.println("年龄最小:"+Personlist.get(k2));
                    break;
                case 3:
                    System.out.println("place?");
                    String find = scanner.next();        
                    String place=find.substring(0,3);
                    String place2=find.substring(0,3);
                    for (int i = 0; i <Personlist.size(); i++) 
                    {
                        if(Personlist.get(i).getbirthplace().substring(1,4).equals(place)) 
                            System.out.println(""+Personlist.get(i));
    
                    } 
    
                    break;
                case 4:
                    System.out.println("年龄:");
                    int yourage = scanner.nextInt();
                    int near=agenear(yourage);
                    int d_value=yourage-Personlist.get(near).getage();
                    System.out.println(""+Personlist.get(near));
               /*     for (int i = 0; i < Personlist.size(); i++)
                    {
                        int p=Personlist.get(i).getage()-yourage;
                        if(p<0) p=-p;
                        if(p==d_value) System.out.println(Personlist.get(i));
                    }   */
                    break;
                case 5:
               isTrue = false;
               System.out.println("退出程序!");
                    break;
                default:
                    System.out.println("输入有误");            }
            }
        }
        public static int agenear(int age) {
         
           int j=0,min=53,d_value=0,k=0;
            for (int i = 0; i < Personlist.size(); i++)
            {
                d_value=Personlist.get(i).getage()-age;
                if(d_value<0) d_value=-d_value; 
                if (d_value<min) 
                {
                   min=d_value;
                   k=i;
                }
    
             }    return k;
            }
    }
    Main

    程序总体结构:总体分为Main类和Person类

    Main类:

    1、将人员身份信息导入代码中

    2、编辑了查找人员信息的方法

    3、分5个case来分别说年龄大小、同乡等消息

    Person类:

    package ID;
    public class Person implements Comparable<Person> {
    private String name;
    private String ID;
    private int age;
    private String sex;
    private String birthplace;
    
    public String getname() {
    return name;
    }
    public void setname(String name) {
    this.name = name;
    }
    public String getID() {
    return ID;
    }
    public void setID(String ID) {
    this.ID= ID;
    }
    public int getage() {
    
    return age;
    }
    public void setage(int age) {
        // int a = Integer.parseInt(age);
    this.age= age;
    }
    public String getsex() {
    return sex;
    }
    public void setsex(String sex) {
    this.sex= sex;
    }
    public String getbirthplace() {
    return birthplace;
    }
    public void setbirthplace(String birthplace) {
    this.birthplace= birthplace;
    }
    
    public int compareTo(Person o) {
       return this.name.compareTo(o.getname());
    
    }
    
    public String toString() {
        return  name+"	"+sex+"	"+age+"	"+ID+"	"+birthplace+"
    ";
    
    }
    }
    Person

    对各个小模块进行具体的分析

    程序设计存在的困难与问题:

    1、编写时基础错误还是很多

    2、Main类和Person类的变量名有时不能统一

    • 实验九编程练习2总结(从程序总体结构说明、模块说明,目前程序设计存在的困难与问题三个方面阐述)。

    程序总体结构:Demo主类和Counter类

    模块说明:Demo主类

    import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
    import java.io.PrintWriter;
    import java.util.Scanner;
    
    
    public class Demo {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
    
            Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
            jf counter=new jf();
            PrintWriter out = null;
            try {
                out = new PrintWriter("text.txt");
            } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
                // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            int sum = 0;
    
            
            
            for (int i = 1; i <=10; i++) {
                int a = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100);
                int b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100);
                int m= (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 3);
    
                
               switch(m)
               {
               case 0:
                   System.out.println(i+": "+a+"/"+b+"=");
                   
                   while(b==0){  b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); }
                   
                int c0 = in.nextInt();
                out.println(a+"/"+b+"="+c0);
                if (c0 == jf.division(a, b)) {
                    sum += 10;
                    System.out.println("恭喜答案正确");
                }
                else {
                    System.out.println("抱歉,答案错误");
                }
                
                break;
                
               case 1:
                   System.out.println(i+": "+a+"*"+b+"=");
                   int c = in.nextInt();
                   out.println(a+"*"+b+"="+c);
                   if (c == counter.multiplication(a, b)) {
                       sum += 10;
                       System.out.println("恭喜答案正确");
                   }
                   else {
                       System.out.println("抱歉,答案错误");
                   }
                   break;
               case 2:
                   System.out.println(i+": "+a+"+"+b+"=");
                   int c1 = in.nextInt();
                   out.println(a+"+"+b+"="+c1);
                   if (c1 == counter.add(a, b)) {
                       sum += 10;
                       System.out.println("恭喜答案正确");
                   }
                   else {
                       System.out.println("抱歉,答案错误");
                   }
                   
                   break ;
               case 3:
                   System.out.println(i+": "+a+"-"+b+"=");
                   int c2 = in.nextInt();
                   out.println(a+"-"+b+"="+c2);
                   if (c2 == counter.reduce(a, b)) {
                       sum += 10;
                       System.out.println("恭喜答案正确");
                   }
                   else {
                       System.out.println("抱歉,答案错误");
                   }
                   break ;
    
                   } 
        
              }
            System.out.println("成绩"+sum);
            out.println("成绩:"+sum);
             out.close();
    
             
        }
        }
    Demo

    1、判断答案的正确性代码

    2、文件的读取

    3、四则运算代码的具体呈现

    Counter类

    public class Counter {
       private int a;
       private int b;
        public int  add(int a,int b)
        {
            return a+b;
        }
        public int   reduce(int a,int b)
        {
            return a-b;
        }
        public int   multiplication(int a,int b)
        {
            return a*b;
        }
        public int   division(int a,int b)
        {
            if(b!=0)
            return a/b;
            else return 0;
        }
    
        
    }
    Counter

    四则运算的计算过程及返回值

    程序设计存在的困难与问题:

    1、数值过大,无法口算

    2、运算复杂,不符合基础运算难度

    编程练习2:采用泛型程序设计技术改进实验九编程练习2,使之可处理实数四则运算,其他要求不变。 

    package C;
    
    import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
    import java.io.PrintWriter;
    import java.util.Random;
    import java.util.Scanner;
    
    public class Main {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
            Suanfa counter = new Suanfa();
            PrintWriter out = null;
            try {
                out = new PrintWriter("test.txt");
            } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
                System.out.println("文件夹输出失败");
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
    
            int sum = 0;
            
            for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
                int a = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100);
                int b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100);
                int m;
                Random rand = new Random();
                m = (int) rand.nextInt(4) + 1;
                System.out.println("随机生成的四则运算类型:" + m);
    
                switch (m) {
                case 1:
                    a = b + (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100);
                    while(b == 0){
                        b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100);
                    }
                    while(a % b != 0){
                        a = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100);
                        }
                  //若生成的除法式子必须能整除,且满足分母为0的条件,则a一定要大于b,且a模b的结果要为0。
                    System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "/" + b + "=");
                    int c0 = in.nextInt();
                    out.println(a + "/" + b + "=" + c0);
                    if (c0 == counter.d(a, b)) {
                        sum += 10;
                        System.out.println("正确!");
                    } else {
                        System.out.println("错误!");
                    }
     break;
    
                case 2:
                    System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "*" + b + "=");
                    int c = in.nextInt();
                    out.println(a + "*" + b + "=" + c);
                    if (c == counter.m(a, b)) {
                        sum+= 10;
                        System.out.println("正确!");
                    } else {
                        System.out.println("错误!");
                    }
                    break;
                case 3:
                    System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "+" + b + "=");
                    int c1 = in.nextInt();
                    out.println(a + "+" + b + "=" + c1);
                    if (c1 == counter.add(a, b)) {
                        sum += 10;
                        System.out.println("正确!");
                    } else {
                        System.out.println("错误!");
                    }
                    break;
                case 4:
                    while (a < b) {
                        b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100);
                    }
                  //因为不能产生运算结果为负数的减法式子,所以a一定要大于b。若a<b,则重新生成b。
                    System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "-" + b + "=");
                    int c2 = in.nextInt();
                    out.println(a + "-" + b + "=" + c2);
                    if (c2 == counter.r(a, b)) {
                        sum += 10;
                        System.out.println("正确!");
                    } else {
                        System.out.println("错误!");
                    }
                    break;
                }
            }
            System.out.println("成绩" + sum);
            out.println("成绩:" + sum);
            out.close();
        }
    }
    Main
    package C;
    public class Suanfa<T> {
        private T a;
        private T b;
       public int add(int a,int b) {
            return a + b;
        }
    
        public int r(int a, int b) {
            return a - b;
        }
    
        public int m(int a, int b) {
            return a * b;
        }
    
        public int d(int a, int b) {
            if (b != 0 && a%b==0)
                return a / b;
            else
                return 0;
        }
    }
    Suanfa

     结果如下:

    三、总结如下:

    本章我们学习了泛型程序设计技术,首先理解了泛型概念,掌握泛型类的定义与使用,泛型方法的声明与使用,最后感觉了解泛型程序设计及其用途,在验证实验中,通过对代码的解读,更深的学习了泛型程序<T>的使用,还复习了实验九的两个编程题目,感觉依旧存在些小问题,在接下来的实验中要更好的解决,编程实验中,在实验九的四则运算基础上,加入了本章泛型程序的概念,虽然不是很熟练,但还是勉强做出来了。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/YRQY/p/9891016.html
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