Drf（DjangoRestFramewok）

 

第一部分 问题

　

1.前后端分离？

vue.js

后端给前段返回json数据

2.移动端盛行。

app

后端给app返回json数据

3.PC端应用？

crm项目，前段后端一起写，运行在浏览器上。 一般情况下都是PC端使用。

　

第二部分 任务

以前的我们 ：

http://127.0.0.1:8000/info/get/
http://127.0.0.1:8000/info/add/
http://127.0.0.1:8000/info/update/
http://127.0.0.1:8000/info/delete/
现在的我们：要遵循restful规范

http://127.0.0.1:8000/info/
    get,获取数据
    post，添加
    put，更新
    delete，删除
基于django可以实现遵循restful规范的接口开发：

FBV，可以实现比较麻烦。

CBV，相比较简答根据method做的了不同的区分。

　　

第三部分 初识drf

3.1 安装

pip3 install djangorestframework

　　

3.2 使用

注册app

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'rest_framework'
]
写路由

from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from api import views
​
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^drf/info/', views.DrfInfoView.as_view()),
]
​
写视图

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
​
class DrfInfoView(APIView):
​
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        data = [
            {'id': 1, 'title': '震惊了...王阳居然...', 'content': '...'},
            {'id': 2, 'title': '震惊了...王阳居然...', 'content': '...'},
            {'id': 3, 'title': '震惊了...王阳居然...', 'content': '...'},
            {'id': 4, 'title': '震惊了...王阳居然...', 'content': '...'},
        ]
        return Response(data)

DRF的应用场景

以后在公司参与前后端分离项目、参与为app写接口时，用drf会比较方便。

　　

 

总结

restful规范

1.给别人提供一个URL，根据URL请求方式的不同，做不同操作。
    get,获取
    post,增加
    put，全部更新
    patch,局部更新
    delete,删除
2.数据传输基于json格式。
drf框架

不基于drf也可以实现restful规范来开发接口程序。
​
使用了drf之后，可以快速帮我们开发restful规范来开发接口。

 

第四部分

4.1 创建程序并初始化数据库

4.2 接口：实现访问接口时，创建一个文章类型

from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from api import views
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^drf/category/', views.DrfCategoryView.as_view()),
]
​
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
class DrfCategoryView(APIView):
    pass
假设：我是前段，你是后端。

开发完毕之后告诉前端：

http://127.0.0.1:8000/drf/category/
用工具模拟前端发请求：postman

 

x-www-urlencoded

request.body: name=alex&age=19&gender=12
request.POST: {'name': ['alex'], 'age': ['19'], 'gender': ['12']}
json

request.body: b'{"ID":1,"name":"Alex","age":19}'
request.POST: 没有值
参考答案
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from api import views
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
    url(r'^info/', views.InfoView.as_view()),
    url(r'^drf/info/', views.DrfInfoView.as_view()),
    url(r'^drf/category/', views.DrfCategoryView.as_view()),
]
​
from api import models
class DrfCategoryView(APIView):
​
    def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        """增加一条分类信息"""
        models.Category.objects.create(**request.data)
        return Response('成功')

4.3 接口：获取所有文章类型

from api import models
class DrfCategoryView(APIView):
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        """获取所有文章分类"""
        queryset = models.Category.objects.all().values('id','name')
        data_list = list(queryset)
        return Response(data_list)
​
    def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        """增加一条分类信息"""
        models.Category.objects.create(**request.data)
        return Response('成功')

4.4 接口：获取一条文章类型的详细信息

from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from api import views
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^drf/category/$', views.DrfCategoryView.as_view()),
    url(r'^drf/category/(?P<pk>d+)/$', views.DrfCategoryView.as_view()),
]
​
from api import models
from django.forms.models import model_to_dict
class DrfCategoryView(APIView):
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        """获取所有文章分类/单个文章分类"""
        pk = kwargs.get('pk')
        if not pk:
            queryset = models.Category.objects.all().values('id','name')
            data_list = list(queryset)
            return Response(data_list)
        else:
            category_object = models.Category.objects.filter(id=pk).first()
            data = model_to_dict(category_object)
            return Response(data)
​
    def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        """增加一条分类信息"""
        models.Category.objects.create(**request.data)
        return Response('成功')

4.5 接口：文章分类的更新和删除

from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from api import views
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^drf/category/$', views.DrfCategoryView.as_view()),
    url(r'^drf/category/(?P<pk>d+)/$', views.DrfCategoryView.as_view()),
]
​
from api import models
from django.forms.models import model_to_dict
class DrfCategoryView(APIView):
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        """获取所有文章分类/单个文章分类"""
        pk = kwargs.get('pk')
        if not pk:
            queryset = models.Category.objects.all().values('id','name')
            data_list = list(queryset)
            return Response(data_list)
        else:
            category_object = models.Category.objects.filter(id=pk).first()
            data = model_to_dict(category_object)
            return Response(data)
​
    def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        """增加一条分类信息"""
        models.Category.objects.create(**request.data)
        return Response('成功')
​
    def delete(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        """删除"""
        pk = kwargs.get('pk')
        models.Category.objects.filter(id=pk).delete()
        return Response('删除成功')
​
    def put(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        """更新"""
        pk = kwargs.get('pk')
        models.Category.objects.filter(id=pk).update(**request.data)
        return Response('更新成功')

 

第五部分 drf的序列化

drf的 serializers帮助我们提供了

数据校验

序列化

from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from api import views
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
    url(r'^info/$', views.InfoView.as_view()),
    url(r'^drf/info/$', views.DrfInfoView.as_view()),
    url(r'^drf/category/$', views.DrfCategoryView.as_view()),
    url(r'^drf/category/(?P<pk>d+)/$', views.DrfCategoryView.as_view()),
​
​
    url(r'^new/category/$', views.NewCategoryView.as_view()),
    url(r'^new/category/(?P<pk>d+)/$', views.NewCategoryView.as_view()),
]
​
from rest_framework import serializers
​
class NewCategorySerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.Category
        # fields = "__all__"
        fields = ['id','name']
​
class NewCategoryView(APIView):
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        pk = kwargs.get('pk')
        if not pk:
            queryset = models.Category.objects.all()
            ser = NewCategorySerializer(instance=queryset,many=True)
            return Response(ser.data)
        else:
            model_object = models.Category.objects.filter(id=pk).first()
            ser = NewCategorySerializer(instance=model_object, many=False)
            return Response(ser.data)
​
    def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        ser = NewCategorySerializer(data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            ser.save()
            return Response(ser.data)
        return Response(ser.errors)
​
    def put(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        pk = kwargs.get('pk')
        category_object = models.Category.objects.filter(id=pk).first()
        ser = NewCategorySerializer(instance=category_object,data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            ser.save()
            return Response(ser.data)
        return Response(ser.errors)
​
    def delete(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        pk = kwargs.get('pk')
        models.Category.objects.filter(id=pk).delete()
        return Response('删除成功')

 

 

总结

 

什么是前后端分离？

drf组件

帮助们在django框架基础上快速搭建遵循restful规范接口的程序。
drf组件的功能

解析器，解析请求体中的数据，将其变成我们想要的格式。request.data

序列化，对对象或对象列表（queryset）进行序列化操作以及表单验证的功能。

视图，继承APIView（在内部apiview继承了django的View）

postman

模拟浏览器进行发送请求
查找模板的顺序

优先根目录下：templates
根据app的注册顺序去每个app的templates目录中找。
在URL的最后添加终止符

 

对文章表做增删改查

from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from api import views
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
    url(r'^info/$', views.InfoView.as_view()),
    url(r'^drf/info/$', views.DrfInfoView.as_view()),
    url(r'^drf/category/$', views.DrfCategoryView.as_view()),
    url(r'^drf/category/(?P<pk>d+)/$', views.DrfCategoryView.as_view()),
​
​
    url(r'^new/category/$', views.NewCategoryView.as_view()),
    url(r'^new/category/(?P<pk>d+)/$', views.NewCategoryView.as_view()),
​
    # get获取列表
    # post增加数据
    url(r'^drf/article/$', views.ArticleView.as_view()),
    url(r'^drf/article/(?P<pk>d+)/$', views.ArticleView.as_view()),
]
​
class ArticleView(APIView):
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        pk = kwargs.get('pk')
        if not pk:
            queryset = models.Article.objects.all()
            ser = serializer.ArticleSerializer(instance=queryset,many=True)
            return Response(ser.data)
        article_object = models.Article.objects.filter(id=pk).first()
        ser = serializer.ArticleSerializer(instance=article_object, many=False)
        return Response(ser.data)
​
    def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        ser = serializer.ArticleSerializer(data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            ser.save()
            return Response(ser.data)
        return Response(ser.errors)
​
    def put(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        """全部更新"""
        pk = kwargs.get('pk')
        article_object = models.Article.objects.filter(id=pk).first()
        ser = serializer.ArticleSerializer(instance=article_object,data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            ser.save()
            return Response(ser.data)
        return Response(ser.errors)
​
    def patch(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        """局部"""
        pk = kwargs.get('pk')
        article_object = models.Article.objects.filter(id=pk).first()
        ser = serializer.ArticleSerializer(instance=article_object, data=request.data,partial=True)
        if ser.is_valid():
            ser.save()
            return Response(ser.data)
        return Response(ser.errors)
​
    def delete(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        pk = kwargs.get('pk')
        models.Article.objects.filter(id=pk).delete()
        return Response('删除成功')
from rest_framework import serializers
from api import models
class ArticleSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    category_txt = serializers.CharField(source='category.name',required=False)
    x1 = serializers.SerializerMethodField()
​
    status_txt = serializers.CharField(source='get_status_display',required=False)
​
    x2 = serializers.SerializerMethodField()
    class Meta:
        model = models.Article
        # fields = "__all__"
        fields = ['id','title','summary','content','category','category_txt','x1','status','status_txt','x2']
        # depth = 1
​
    def get_x1(self,obj):
        return obj.category.name
​
    def get_x2(self,obj):
        return obj.get_status_display()