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  • DNG格式解析

    Author:Maddock

    Date:2015.04.22

    转载请注明出处:http://www.cnblogs.com/adong7639/p/4446828.html

    DNG格式基本概念

    DNG格式是在TIFF的基础上扩展出来的,要了解DNG,需要清楚TIFF, TIFF/EP, DNG,RAW之间的关系。

    TIFF/EP

    TIFF是一个灵活适应性强的文件格式。通过在文件标头中使用"标签",它能够在一个文件中处理多幅图像和数据。标签能够标明图像的如图像大小这样的基本几何尺寸,或者定义图像数据是如何排列的,或者是否使用了各种各样的图像压缩选项。

    TIFF/EP的全称是"Tag Image File Format / Electronic Photography "。 它是一个名为"Electronic still-picture imaging – Removable memory – Part 2: TIFF/EP image data format"ISO标准, 标准号为ISO 12234-2。TIFF/EP对TIFF文件扩展部分标记属性。

    RAW

    RAW文件包含创建一个可视图像所必须的相机传感器数据信息。RAW文件的结构,包括ISO标准的RAW图像格式ISO 12234-2 ,TIFF / EP,往往遵循一个共同的模式,那就是:

    1. 一个短的文件头,它通常包含文件的字节顺序,文件标识符和主数据的文件偏移量摄像传感器元数据,用来描述图像传感器的数据,包括传感器的尺寸, 颜色滤波矩阵(color filter array)的属性和它的颜色配置文件
    2. 列入任何CMS环境或数据库中需要的图像元数据。这些措施包括曝光设定,相机/扫描仪/镜头模型,拍摄/扫描日期(和可选的位置信息),创作信息和其他。一些原始文件包含可交换图像格式的标准化元数据节;
    3. 图像缩略图;
    4. 可选的JPEG格式缩小尺寸的图像,可用于快速预览;
    5. 在电影胶片扫描中,无论是文件序列的时间码,序列码或帧编号都代表在扫描卷轴中的帧顺序。这个项目允许文件被被按帧顺序排列(不依赖于它的文件名);
    6. 传感器图像数据;

    许多RAW格式, 包括 3FR (Hasselblad), DCR, K25, KDC (Kodak), IIQ (Phase One), CR2 (Canon), ERF (Epson), MEF (Mamiya), MOS (Leaf), NEF (Nikon), ORF (Olympus), PEF (Pentax), RW2 (Panasonic) and ARW, SRF, SR2 (Sony), 都是基于TIFF格式。 这些文件可能在许多方面偏离TIFF标准,包括使用一个非标准的文件头,列入额外的图像标记和一些标签的数据加密。

    DNG

    DNG(Digital Negative)是Adobe开发的一种开放的raw image file format,主要是为了统一不同厂商raw格式。里面使用的tag基本上都定义在TIFF或者TIFF/EP中, 在DNG Sepcification中只是定义或者建议了数据的组织方式,颜色空间的转换等等。

    TIFF, TIFF/EP, DNG, RAW之间的关系

    1. TIFF和DNG同为Specification,分别定义了后缀名为.tif/.tiff和.dng的文件格式同时在TIFF Specification也定义个baseline及部分扩展的tag。
    2. TIFF/EP则定义并规范了在电子影像中所使用的TAG。
    3. DNG同时与TIFF和TIFF/EP兼容,并包含了EXIF和XMP信息。DNG实际上就是扩张的TIFF, 把DNG的扩展名改成TIF就可以直接预览图片。

    在DNG出现以前,各个数码相机制造商都有自己的格式,比如Canon(cr2/crw), Nikon(nef), Olympus(orf), Pentex(pef)等等。之所以出现这么多格式,一方面的原因是在这之前没有统一的raw格式, 但更重要的是,各个厂商希望用这个只对自己公开的数据格式来保护自己的私密信息。Adobe推出DNG希望能一统raw的天下。

    DNG格式的结构

    TIFF6.0格式结构

    TIFF文件中的三个关键词是:图像文件头Image File Header(IFH); 图像文件目录Image File Directory(IFD)和目录项Directory Entry(DE)。每一幅图像是以8字节的IFH开始的, 这个IFH指向了第一个IFD。IFD包含了图像的各种信息, 同时也包含了一个指向实际图像数据的指针。

    IFH的构成

    Byte 0-1: 字节顺序标志位, 值为II或者MM。II表示小字节在前, 又称为little-endian。MM表示大字节在前,又成为big-endian。在解析DNG文件时,读取图像数据需要根据ByteOrder来正确获取数据。

    Byte 2-3: TIFF的标志位,一般都是42,表示该图像为tiff格式。

    Byte 4-7: 第一个IFD的偏移量。可以在任意位置, 但必须是在一个字的边界,也就是说必须是2的整数倍。

     

    IFD的构成(0代表此IFD的起始位置)

    IFD是TIF图中最重要的数据结构,它包含了一个TIF文件中最重要的信息,一个TIF图可能有多个IFD,这说明文件中有多个图像,每个IFD标识1 个图像的基本属性。 IFD结构中包含了三类成员,Directory Entry Count指出该结构里面有多少个目录入口;接下来就是N个线性排列的DE序列,数量不定(这就是为什么称TIF格式文件为可扩充标记的文件,甚至用户可以添加自定义的标记属性),每个DE标识了图像的某一个属性;最后就是一个偏移量, 标识下一个文件目录相对于文件开始处的位置,当然,如果该TIF文件只包含了一幅图像,那么就只有一个IFD,显然,这个偏移量就等于0;

    Byte 0-1: 表示此IFD包含了多少个DE,假设数目为n

    Byte 2-(n*12+1): n个DE

    Byte (n*12+2)-(n*12+5): 下一个IFD的偏移量,如果没有则置为0

    图2-1 IFH的结构

    图2-2 IFD与DE的结构

    DE的构成

    简单说,一个DE就是一幅图像的某一个属性。例如图像的大小、分辨率、是否压缩、像素的行列数、一个像素由几位 表示(1位代表黑白两色,8位代表256色等等)等。其中:tag成员是该属性的编号,在图像文件目录中,它是按照升序排列的。我们可以通过读 这些编号,然后到TIF格式官方白皮书中查找相应的含义。属性是用数据来表示的,那么type就是代表着该数据的类型。每个DE共12个字节:

    Byte 0-1: 此TAG的唯一标识

    Byte 2-3: type数据类型。

    Byte 4-7: lenghts数量。通过类型和数量可以确定存储此TAG的数据需要占据的字节数

    Byte 8-11: valueOffset是tag标识的属性代表的变量值相对文件开始处的偏移量。如果占用的字节数少于4,那么该值就存放在 valueOffset中即可,没必要再另外指向一个地方了。如果超过4个,则这里存放的是指向实际数据的指针。

         对于valueOffset,这里有几个比较特殊的情况:

    1. 占用的字节对于4个,那么valueOffset存储的是文件指针的偏移量,通过文件指针可以索引到该属性的具体值。真正的数据,存储是按照文件顺序存储。

    1. 占用的字节不大于4字节,分为两种情况:
    2. 对于图像的真实数据,这里存放的是图像真实数据的偏移量,占4个字节,要通过索引才能正确访问图像数据。
    3. 对于其他的数据,如该type类型占用1个字节,lengths为4,那么总的字节为4个,这里有4个值,每个值占用1各字节,存储是按照文件顺序存储。

    如果type类型占用2个字节,lengths为1,那么总的字节为2个,这里有1个值,存储按照文件顺序存储,后面的数据为空。

    Value1 0

    对于type的数据类型,TIF官方指定的有5种数据类型。

    type=1就是BYTE类型(8位无标记整数)

    type=2是ASCII类型(7位ASCII码加1位二进制0)

    type=3是SHORT类型 (16位无标记整数)

    type=4是LONG 类型(32位无标记整数)

    type=5是RATIONAL类型(2个LONG,第一个是分子,第二个是分母)。

    之后新增了7种类型:

    6 = SBYTE An 8-bit signed (twos-complement) integer.

    7 = UNDEFINED An 8-bit byte that may contain anything, depending on

    the definition of the field.

    8 = SSHORT A 16-bit (2-byte) signed (twos-complement) integer.

    9 = SLONG A 32-bit (4-byte) signed (twos-complement) integer.

    10 = SRATIONAL Two SLONG's: the first represents the numerator of a

    fraction, the second the denominator.

    11 = FLOAT Single precision (4-byte) IEEE format.

    12 = DOUBLE Double precision (8-byte) IEEE format.

    TIFF的基本tags属性

    表中的tags可以在http://www.awaresystems.be/imaging/tiff/tifftags/tileoffsets.html中查询。也可以参看TIFF6.0规范和adobe 提供的dng文档。

    比较重要的Tag属性:

    SubIFDs

    DNG规范中推荐使用子IFD的属性结构

    IFD0 {

    SubIFD0

    SubIFD1

    }

    IFD0通常是提供一个低分辨便于预览的缩略图,NewSubfileType = 1

    SubIFD通常提供高分辨的图像,如RAW数据或者YUV数据NewSubfileType = 0;

    Adobe的DNG规范中不支持链式的存储,因此用于预览的IFD中至少要有一个SubIFD

    PhotometricInterpretation

        颜色空间 SHORT 长度为1

    0 = WhiteIsZero. 应用于灰度或者二值图像, 0对应最亮灰度.
    1 = BlackIsZero.
    应用于灰度或者二值图像. 0对应最暗灰度。
    2 = RGB.
    正常RGB图像,存储顺序为RGB.
    3 = Palette color.
    索引图像, ColorMap必须定义,SamplesPerPixel必须1.

    32803 = CFA (Color Filter Array) 表征RAW图像数据

    CFA矩阵

    Filters 0x16161616:     0x61616161:    0x49494949:    0x94949494:

        Bayer模式1 Bayer模式2 Bayer模式3 Bayer模式4

         0 1 2 3 4 5     0 1 2 3 4 5     0 1 2 3 4 5     0 1 2 3 4 5

        0 B G B G B G    0 G R G R G R    0 G B G B G B    0 R G R G R G

        1 G R G R G R    1 B G B G B G    1 R G R G R G    1 G B G B G B

        2 B G B G B G    2 G R G R G R    2 G B G B G B    2 R G R G R G

        3 G R G R G R    3 B G B G B G    3 R G R G R G    3 G B G B G B

    CFAPlaneColor Default 0, 1, 2 (red, green, blue)

    R 0 G 1 B 2

    Bayer模式1

    B G B G 2 1 2 1

    G R G R 1 0 1 0

    B G B G 2 1 2 1

    CFAPattern利用cfa_pat矩阵来存储R G G B 4个像素点

        cfa_pat[0] cfa_pat[1]

        cfa_pat[2] cfa_pat[3]

        R 0 G 1 B 2

        filters = 0x16161616

        B G 2 1

        G R 1 0

        filters = 0x61616161

        G R 1 0

        B G 2 1

        filters = 0x49494949

        G B 1 2

        R G 0 1

        filters = 0x94949494

        R G 0 1

        G B 1 2

    表 2-1 TIFF文件IFD中的tag属性

    tag

    名称

    简短描述

    十进制码

    十六进制

    254

    00FE

    NewSubfileType

    新的子文件类型标识 LONG 长度为1

    用比特来标识图像的类型

    Bit0如果是1代表缩略图

    Bit1如果是1代表多页图像中的某一页

    Bit2如果是1代表它是透明度掩码图像

    其余的位数暂时没有定义。与SubfileType的是,此Tag用比特位来区分文件类型而不是用值来区分

    255

    00FF

    SubfileType

    子文件类型标识 SHORT 长度为1

    1 全分辨率图像

    2 缩小分辨率的图像

    3 多页图像的某一页

    过时的Tag,已不再使用。

    256

    0100

    ImageWidth

    图像宽度 SHORT或者LONG 长度为1

    257

    0101

    ImageLength

    图像高度 SHORT或者LONG 长度为1

    258

    0102

    BitsPerSample

    每个分量的Bit SHORT 长度为SamplesPerPixel

    259

    0103

    Compression

    压缩类型 SHORT 长度为1

    随着TIFF的不断扩张,目前支持多达几十种的压缩方式。最需要关注的有以下两个值:

    Compression1没有压缩

    Compression7JPEG压缩。如果是RGB图像并且SamplesPerPixel3,则是标准的有损JPEG压缩。如果是CFA图像,则是Lossless JPEG

    262

    0106

    PhotometricInterpretation

    颜色空间 SHORT 长度为1

    0 = WhiteIsZero. 应用于灰度或者二值图像, 0对应最亮灰度.
    1 = BlackIsZero.
    应用于灰度或者二值图像. 0对应最暗灰度。
    2 = RGB.
    正常RGB图像,存储顺序为RGB.
    3 = Palette color.
    索引图像, ColorMap必须定义,SamplesPerPixel必须1.

    32803 = CFA (Color Filter Array)

    263

    0107

    Threshholding

    定义了转换成二值图像的阈值,忽略之

    264

    0108

    CellWidth

    The width of the dithering or halftoning matrix used to create a dithered or halftoned bilevel file.

    265

    0109

    CellLength

    The length of the dithering or halftoning matrix used to create a dithered or halftoned bilevel file.

    266

    010A

    FillOrder

    在同一字节中的逻辑顺序。一般不做定义,要定义的话建议用1

    270

    010E

    ImageDescription

    字符串,对图像的描述

    271

    010F

    Make

    字符串,生产厂商的描述

    272

    0110

    Model

    字符串

    273

    0111

    StripOffsets

    每个Strip的偏移量 SHORT或者LONG

    N = StripsPerImage for PlanarConfiguration equal to 1; N = SamplesPerPixel * StripsPerImage for PlanarConfiguration equal to 2

    274

    0112

    Orientation

    The orientation of the image with respect to the rows and columns.

    277

    0115

    SamplesPerPixel

    每个象素的通道数 SHORT 长度为1

    278

    0116

    RowsPerStrip

    每个Strip有多少行 SHORT或者LONG 长度为1Default是无限大

    StripsPerImage = floor ((ImageLength + RowsPerStrip - 1) / RowsPerStrip).

    279

    0117

    StripByteCounts

    每个Strip的长度 SHORT或者LONG

    N = StripsPerImage for PlanarConfiguration equal to 1; N = SamplesPerPixel * StripsPerImage for PlanarConfiguration equal to 2

    280

    0118

    MinSampleValue

    The minimum component value used.

    281

    0119

    MaxSampleValue

    The maximum component value used.

    282

    011A

    XResolution

    The number of pixels per ResolutionUnit in the ImageWidth direction.

    283

    011B

    YResolution

    The number of pixels per ResolutionUnit in the ImageLength direction.

    284

    011C

    PlanarConfiguration

    How the components of each pixel are stored.

    288

    0120

    FreeOffsets

    For each string of contiguous unused bytes in a TIFF file, the byte offset of the string.

    289

    0121

    FreeByteCounts

    For each string of contiguous unused bytes in a TIFF file, the number of bytes in the string.

    290

    0122

    GrayResponseUnit

    The precision of the information contained in the Gray Response Curve.

    291

    0123

    GrayResponseCurve

    For grayscale data, the optical density of each possible pixel value.

    296

    0128

    ResolutionUnit

    The unit of measurement for XResolution and YResolution.

    305

    0131

    Software

    Name and version number of the software package(s) used to create the image.

    306

    0132

    DateTime

    Date and time of image creation.

    315

    013B

    Artist

    Person who created the image.

    316

    013C

    HostComputer

    The computer and/or operating system in use at the time of image creation.

    320

    0140

    ColorMap

    调色板

    338

    0152

    ExtraSamples

    Description of extra components.

    33432

    8298

    Copyright

    Copyright notice.

    下面为扩展的tags(TIFF/EP)

    269

    010D

    DocumentName

    The name of the document from which this image was scanned.

    285

    011D

    PageName

    The name of the page from which this image was scanned.

    286

    011E

    XPosition

    X position of the image.

    287

    011F

    YPosition

    Y position of the image.

    292

    0124

    T4Options

    Options for Group 3 Fax compression

    293

    0125

    T6Options

    Options for Group 4 Fax compression

    297

    0129

    PageNumber

    The page number of the page from which this image was scanned.

    301

    012D

    TransferFunction

    Describes a transfer function for the image in tabular style.

    317

    013D

    Predictor

    A mathematical operator that is applied to the image data before an encoding scheme is applied.

    318

    013E

    WhitePoint

    The chromaticity of the white point of the image.

    319

    013F

    PrimaryChromaticities

    The chromaticities of the primaries of the image.

    321

    0141

    HalftoneHints

    Conveys to the halftone function the range of gray levels within a colorimetrically-specified image that should retain tonal detail.

    322

    0142

    TileWidth

    The tile width in pixels. This is the number of columns in each tile.

    323

    0143

    TileLength

    The tile length (height) in pixels. This is the number of rows in each tile.

    324

    0144

    TileOffsets

    For each tile, the byte offset of that tile, as compressed and stored on disk.

    325

    0145

    TileByteCounts

    For each tile, the number of (compressed) bytes in that tile.

    326

    0146

    BadFaxLines

    Used in the TIFF-F standard, denotes the number of 'bad' scan lines encountered by the facsimile device.

    327

    0147

    CleanFaxData

    Used in the TIFF-F standard, indicates if 'bad' lines encountered during reception are stored in the data, or if 'bad' lines have been replaced by the receiver.

    328

    0148

    ConsecutiveBadFaxLines

    Used in the TIFF-F standard, denotes the maximum number of consecutive 'bad' scanlines received.

    330

    014A

    SubIFDs

    Offset to child IFDs.

    332

    014C

    InkSet

    The set of inks used in a separated (PhotometricInterpretation=5) image.

    333

    014D

    InkNames

    The name of each ink used in a separated image.

    334

    014E

    NumberOfInks

    The number of inks.

    336

    0150

    DotRange

    The component values that correspond to a 0% dot and 100% dot.

    337

    0151

    TargetPrinter

    A description of the printing environment for which this separation is intended.

    339

    0153

    SampleFormat

    Specifies how to interpret each data sample in a pixel.

    340

    0154

    SMinSampleValue

    Specifies the minimum sample value.

    341

    0155

    SMaxSampleValue

    Specifies the maximum sample value.

    342

    0156

    TransferRange

    Expands the range of the TransferFunction.

    343

    0157

    ClipPath

    Mirrors the essentials of PostScript's path creation functionality.

    344

    0158

    XClipPathUnits

    The number of units that span the width of the image, in terms of integer ClipPath coordinates.

    345

    0159

    YClipPathUnits

    The number of units that span the height of the image, in terms of integer ClipPath coordinates.

    346

    015A

    Indexed

    Aims to broaden the support for indexed images to include support for any color space.

    347

    015B

    JPEGTables

    JPEG quantization and/or Huffman tables.

    351

    015F

    OPIProxy

    OPI-related.

    400

    0190

    GlobalParametersIFD

    Used in the TIFF-FX standard to point to an IFD containing tags that are globally applicable to the complete TIFF file.

    401

    0191

    ProfileType

    Used in the TIFF-FX standard, denotes the type of data stored in this file or IFD.

    402

    0192

    FaxProfile

    Used in the TIFF-FX standard, denotes the 'profile' that applies to this file.

    403

    0193

    CodingMethods

    Used in the TIFF-FX standard, indicates which coding methods are used in the file.

    404

    0194

    VersionYear

    Used in the TIFF-FX standard, denotes the year of the standard specified by the FaxProfile field.

    405

    0195

    ModeNumber

    Used in the TIFF-FX standard, denotes the mode of the standard specified by the FaxProfile field.

    433

    01B1

    Decode

    Used in the TIFF-F and TIFF-FX standards, holds information about the ITULAB (PhotometricInterpretation = 10) encoding.

    434

    01B2

    DefaultImageColor

    Defined in the Mixed Raster Content part of RFC 2301, is the default color needed in areas where no image is available.

    512

    0200

    JPEGProc

    Old-style JPEG compression field. TechNote2 invalidates this part of the specification.

    513

    0201

    JPEGInterchangeFormat

    Old-style JPEG compression field. TechNote2 invalidates this part of the specification.

    514

    0202

    JPEGInterchangeFormatLength

    Old-style JPEG compression field. TechNote2 invalidates this part of the specification.

    515

    0203

    JPEGRestartInterval

    Old-style JPEG compression field. TechNote2 invalidates this part of the specification.

    517

    0205

    JPEGLosslessPredictors

    Old-style JPEG compression field. TechNote2 invalidates this part of the specification.

    518

    0206

    JPEGPointTransforms

    Old-style JPEG compression field. TechNote2 invalidates this part of the specification.

    519

    0207

    JPEGQTables

    Old-style JPEG compression field. TechNote2 invalidates this part of the specification.

    520

    0208

    JPEGDCTables

    Old-style JPEG compression field. TechNote2 invalidates this part of the specification.

    521

    0209

    JPEGACTables

    Old-style JPEG compression field. TechNote2 invalidates this part of the specification.

    529

    0211

    YCbCrCoefficients

    The transformation from RGB to YCbCr image data.

    530

    0212

    YCbCrSubSampling

    Specifies the subsampling factors used for the chrominance components of a YCbCr image.

    531

    0213

    YCbCrPositioning

    Specifies the positioning of subsampled chrominance components relative to luminance samples.

    532

    0214

    ReferenceBlackWhite

    Specifies a pair of headroom and footroom image data values (codes) for each pixel component.

    559

    022F

    StripRowCounts

    Defined in the Mixed Raster Content part of RFC 2301, used to replace RowsPerStrip for IFDs with variable-sized strips.

    700

    02BC

    XMP

    XML packet containing XMP metadata

    32781

    800D

    ImageID

    OPI-related.

    34732

    87AC

    ImageLayer

    Defined in the Mixed Raster Content part of RFC 2301, used to denote the particular function of this Image in the mixed raster scheme.

     

    Private TIFF Tags for raw and DNG TAGS

    32932

    80A4

    Wang Annotation

    Annotation data, as used in 'Imaging for Windows'.

    33445

    82A5

    MD FileTag

    Specifies the pixel data format encoding in the Molecular Dynamics GEL file format.

    33446

    82A6

    MD ScalePixel

    Specifies a scale factor in the Molecular Dynamics GEL file format.

    33447

    82A7

    MD ColorTable

    Used to specify the conversion from 16bit to 8bit in the Molecular Dynamics GEL file format.

    33448

    82A8

    MD LabName

    Name of the lab that scanned this file, as used in the Molecular Dynamics GEL file format.

    33449

    82A9

    MD SampleInfo

    Information about the sample, as used in the Molecular Dynamics GEL file format.

    33450

    82AA

    MD PrepDate

    Date the sample was prepared, as used in the Molecular Dynamics GEL file format.

    33451

    82AB

    MD PrepTime

    Time the sample was prepared, as used in the Molecular Dynamics GEL file format.

    33452

    82AC

    MD FileUnits

    Units for data in this file, as used in the Molecular Dynamics GEL file format.

    33550

    830E

    ModelPixelScaleTag

    Used in interchangeable GeoTIFF files.

    33723

    83BB

    IPTC

    IPTC (International Press Telecommunications Council) metadata.

    33918

    847E

    INGR Packet Data Tag

    Intergraph Application specific storage.

    33919

    847F

    INGR Flag Registers

    Intergraph Application specific flags.

    33920

    8480

    IrasB Transformation Matrix

    Originally part of Intergraph's GeoTIFF tags, but likely understood by IrasB only.

    33922

    8482

    ModelTiepointTag

    Originally part of Intergraph's GeoTIFF tags, but now used in interchangeable GeoTIFF files.

    34264

    85D8

    ModelTransformationTag

    Used in interchangeable GeoTIFF files.

    34377

    8649

    Photoshop

    Collection of Photoshop 'Image Resource Blocks'.

    34665

    8769

    Exif IFD

    A pointer to the Exif IFD.

    34675

    8773

    ICC Profile

    ICC profile data.

    34735

    87AF

    GeoKeyDirectoryTag

    Used in interchangeable GeoTIFF files.

    34736

    87B0

    GeoDoubleParamsTag

    Used in interchangeable GeoTIFF files.

    34737

    87B1

    GeoAsciiParamsTag

    Used in interchangeable GeoTIFF files.

    34853

    8825

    GPS IFD

    A pointer to the Exif-related GPS Info IFD.

    34908

    885C

    HylaFAX FaxRecvParams

    Used by HylaFAX.

    34909

    885D

    HylaFAX FaxSubAddress

    Used by HylaFAX.

    34910

    885E

    HylaFAX FaxRecvTime

    Used by HylaFAX.

    37724

    935C

    ImageSourceData

    Used by Adobe Photoshop.

    40965

    A005

    Interoperability IFD

    A pointer to the Exif-related Interoperability IFD.

    42112

    A480

    GDAL_METADATA

    Used by the GDAL library, holds an XML list of name=value 'metadata' values about the image as a whole, and about specific samples.

    42113

    A481

    GDAL_NODATA

    Used by the GDAL library, contains an ASCII encoded nodata or background pixel value.

    50215

    C427

    Oce Scanjob Description

    Used in the Oce scanning process.

    50216

    C428

    Oce Application Selector

    Used in the Oce scanning process.

    50217

    C429

    Oce Identification Number

    Used in the Oce scanning process.

    50218

    C42A

    Oce ImageLogic Characteristics

    Used in the Oce scanning process.

    50706

    C612

    DNGVersion

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50707

    C613

    DNGBackwardVersion

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50708

    C614

    UniqueCameraModel

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50709

    C615

    LocalizedCameraModel

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50710

    C616

    CFAPlaneColor

    Used in Raw IFD of DNG files.

    50711

    C617

    CFALayout

    Used in Raw IFD of DNG files.

    50712

    C618

    LinearizationTable

    Used in Raw IFD of DNG files.

    50713

    C619

    BlackLevelRepeatDim

    Used in Raw IFD of DNG files.

    50714

    C61A

    BlackLevel

    Used in Raw IFD of DNG files.

    50715

    C61B

    BlackLevelDeltaH

    Used in Raw IFD of DNG files.

    50716

    C61C

    BlackLevelDeltaV

    Used in Raw IFD of DNG files.

    50717

    C61D

    WhiteLevel

    Used in Raw IFD of DNG files.

    50718

    C61E

    DefaultScale

    Used in Raw IFD of DNG files.

    50719

    C61F

    DefaultCropOrigin

    Used in Raw IFD of DNG files.

    50720

    C620

    DefaultCropSize

    Used in Raw IFD of DNG files.

    50721

    C621

    ColorMatrix1

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50722

    C622

    ColorMatrix2

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50723

    C623

    CameraCalibration1

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50724

    C624

    CameraCalibration2

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50725

    C625

    ReductionMatrix1

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50726

    C626

    ReductionMatrix2

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50727

    C627

    AnalogBalance

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50728

    C628

    AsShotNeutral

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50729

    C629

    AsShotWhiteXY

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50730

    C62A

    BaselineExposure

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50731

    C62B

    BaselineNoise

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50732

    C62C

    BaselineSharpness

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50733

    C62D

    BayerGreenSplit

    Used in Raw IFD of DNG files.

    50734

    C62E

    LinearResponseLimit

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50735

    C62F

    CameraSerialNumber

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50736

    C630

    LensInfo

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50737

    C631

    ChromaBlurRadius

    Used in Raw IFD of DNG files.

    50738

    C632

    AntiAliasStrength

    Used in Raw IFD of DNG files.

    50740

    C634

    DNGPrivateData

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50741

    C635

    MakerNoteSafety

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50778

    C65A

    CalibrationIlluminant1

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50779

    C65B

    CalibrationIlluminant2

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    50780

    C65C

    BestQualityScale

    Used in Raw IFD of DNG files.

    50784

    C660

    Alias Layer Metadata

    Alias Sketchbook Pro layer usage description.

     

    DNG数据获取

    1. 利用文件指针打开.DNG文件,读取DNG的IFH信息,获取dng数据的字节顺序byteorder和第一个IFD的字节偏移。
    2. 定位到第一个IFD位置,获取DE的数目。依次遍历DE,获取每一个DE的tags,type,count,valueOffsets.
    3. 根据文档的说明查询对应的tags属性,获取该IFD图像的相关信息。根据需要处理的数据,主要获取以下tags数据:

    imagewidth

    imagehight

    TileOffsets

    BitsPerSample

    Compaession

    PhotometricInterpretation

    CFAPlaneColor

    SubIFDs

        WhiteBalance

    TIFF Tag AsShotNeutral

    IFD

    Image

    Code

     

    50728 (hex 0xC628)

    Name

     

    AsShotNeutral

    LibTiff name

     

    TIFFTAG_ASSHOTNEUTRAL

    Type

     

    SHORT or RATIONAL

    Count

     

    ColorPlanes

    Default

     

    None

    Used in IFD 0 of DNG files.

    AsShotNeutral specifies the selected white balance at time of capture, encoded as the coordinates of a perfectly neutral color in linear reference space values. The inclusion of this tag precludes the inclusion of the AsShotWhiteXY tag.

    DNG数据的第一个IFD提供了预览图,在这个IFD中包含了其他IFD的偏移位置,存储在SubIFDs的信息中。因此要获取原始大图的RAW数据,需要通过第一个IFD的SubIFDs,索引到大图的IFD。

     

    数据处理伪代码

    FILE *fp = fopen("test.dng",wb);

    byteorder = fread(fp,2);

    firstifdpos = fread(fp,4);

    firstifd = fseek(fp, firstifdpos);

    denum = fread(fp,2);

    //解析DNG头文件

    for i = 1 : denum

    {

        tags = fread(fp,2);

    type = fread(fp,2);

        count = fread(fp,4);

        value = fread(fp,4);

        switch(tags)

        {

            case 256:

                get imgwidht;

            case 257:

                get imgheigh;

                ......

            Case 324:

                Get dataoffsets;

            …….

            Case 330:

                Process subIFD1 ,subIFD2

            ……

        }

    }

     

    Rawimg = fread(fp, dataoffsets);

    ……

    //数据后处理

    ……

    原始的RAW数据存储形式

      主流的数码相机传感器,主要有CCD、CMOS和Foveon X3。CCD或CMOS这些图像传感器都几乎归类为Mosaic Sensor(马赛克感光元件),或称为Color Filter Array(彩色滤镜阵列)元件。Foveon X3成像技术的图像传感器,不属于上述的类别。,这里主要只简单地讲一下CCD/ CMOS的工作方式,对我们使用raw就已经足够了。 
        数码相机传感器是由横竖两个方向密集排列的感光元件(CCD或CMOS)组成的一个二维矩阵,常见的有图2-3示的4种Bayer模式的排列方式,每个CCD就对应一个像素。其中R感应红光、G感应绿光、B感应蓝光,而在Bayer模式中G是R和B的两倍(因为我们的眼睛对绿色更敏感)
     

    图2-3 四种Bayer矩阵排列形式

    在矩阵内的每个CCD或CMOS只是用来感受光子的能量,因应进入光线的强度而产生对应比例的电荷,然后将这些电荷信息汇集并经过放大,储存起来,我们可以这样去想象一下充满电荷的CCD/CMOS,就像下图一样:。而应当知道的是,RAW纪录的只是每个像素位置的电荷值,它是没有记录任何的颜色信息的。所以CCD是"色盲"的,也就是说: RAW文件只是灰度文件而已,如图2-5所示。

    当Image Sensor往外逐行输出数据时,像素的序列为GRGRGR.../BGBGBG...(顺序RGB)。这样阵列的Sensor设计,使得RGB传感器减少到了全色传感器的1/3,如下所示。

    图 2-4 CMOS光子感应示意图

    因此任何一个RAW Converter(如Photoshop的Camera RAW Plugin,Bibble、Phrase One C1 Pro、RawShooter essentials 2005,各厂商自带的Raw转换软件等)的作用就是将这些像素所记录的亮度信息转换成为肉眼所能看见的颜色信息。由于现在的CCD/CMOS与Foveon X3的原理不一样,所以对于CCD/CMOS而言,要获得一个像素上的颜色值,必须从邻近的像素中获取信息来进行一种叫做"反马赛克"的运算 (Foveon X3不需要这样),从而得到该位置的颜色值,如图2-6所示的效果。

    图2-5 原始的RaW数据

                                        图2-6 插值颜色后的彩色数据

    参考文档

    dng_spec_1.4.0.0.pdf

    TIFF6.pdf

    http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIFF

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIFF/EP

    http://blog.csdn.net/pkeel/article/details/1490823

    http://blog.csdn.net/han_jiang_xue/article/details/8266207

    http://www.siliconimaging.com/RGB%20Bayer.htm

    http://www.awaresystems.be/imaging/tiff/tifftags/search.html

    http://wenku.baidu.com/link?url=f1TyjVTjtbGEiZk9LhBdNVup42xBx35iRlU_pnm5NtxwXJtAt1uiX4SzxWRd86GyKtbl72ofSFwNrBGRcEOEzlTuDnanC7XTQE_gNGf3-wC

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/adong7639/p/4446828.html
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