1. 数据格式化相关类介绍
类 功能介绍
java.util.* Locale 表示一个语言和区域的特定组合
ResourceBundle ListResourceBundle
PropertyResourceBundle 获取本地化资源中(可以表现为类和资源文件)的信息
Calendar GregorianCalendar 日历的支持
TimeZone SimpleTimeZone 时区的支持
Currency 单独处理和货币相关的操作
java.text.* Format NumberFormat
DecimalFormat 格式化 格式化数字、货币以及百分数
ChoiceFormat 处理复数形式
DateFormat SimpleDateFormat 日期和时间的格式化
MessageFormat 消息的格式化
DecimalFormatSymbols、DateFormatSymbols 自定义格式化中的符号集
FieldPosition 被Format及其子类用来在格式化输出中标识字段
Collator RuleBasedCollator 字符串操作 比较字符串
CollationElementIterator 获得一个字符串中单个字符的枚举信息
CollationKey 优化比较性能
BreakIterator 获得文本中的个体信息,比如字符、单词、句子以及整行等信息
java.lang.* Character 检查字符属性
2. 国际化及MessageFormat类
MessageFormat 运行开发者输出文本中的变量的格式,它主要用于国际化。它是一个强大的类,就像下面的例子展示的那样:
String message =
"Once upon a time ({1,date}, around about {1,time,short}), there " +
"was a humble developer named Geppetto who slaved for " +
"{0,number,integer} days with {2,number,percent} complete user " +
"requirements. ";
Object[ ] variables =
new Object[ ] { new Integer(4), new Date( ), new Double(0.21) }
String output = MessageFormat.format( message, variables );
System.out.println(output);
隐藏在信息中的是描述输出的格式的一种短小的代码,范例的输出如下:
Once upon a time (Nov 3, 2002, around about 1:35 AM), there was a humble developer named Geppetto who slaved for 4 days with 21% complete user requirements.
如果相同的信息需要被重复输出但是变量的值不同,那么创建一个MessageFormat 对象并给出信息。下面是上面的例子的修正版:
// String output = MessageFormat.format( message, variables );
// 变为:
MessageFormat formatter = new MessageFormat(message);
String output = formatter.format(variables);
除了可以处理日期、时间、数字和百分数外,MessageFormat 也可以处理货币,运行更多的数字格式的控制并且允许指定ChoiceFormat。
MessageFormat 是一个极好的类,它应该经常被使用但是现在还没有。它的最大的缺点是数据是被作为变量传递而不是一个Properties对象。一个简单的解决办法是写一个封装类,它会预解析字符串为格式化的结果,将Properties的key转换为一个数组索引,顺序是Properties.keys( )返回的顺序。
3. 数值格式化
3.1. 有关numberformat
如果您来自美国,您会在较大的数值中间放置逗号来表示千和百万(等等,每三个数值使用一个逗号)。对于浮点数,您将在整数部分和小数部分之间放置小数点。对于金钱,货币符号 $ 放在金额的前面。如果 您从来没有到过美国以外的地方,可能就不会关心用英镑(£)来格式化的英国货币,或者用欧元(?)来表示的其他欧洲国家的货币。
对于那些我们确实关心的货币,我们可以使用 NumberFormat 及其相关的类来格式化它们。开发人员使用 NumberFormat 类来读取用户输入的数值,并格式化将要显示给用户看的输出。
在Java的I/O里,并没有所谓的型别,不管是int、long、double…最後都是以String输出,所以如果要让数字以特定格式输出,需透过Java提供的两个类别java.text.NumberFormat和java.text.DecimalFormat将数字格式化後再输出。
在开始使用NumberFormat时,应先用getInstance取得NumberFormat的实体,范例12中的setMaximumIntegerDigits和setMinimumFractionDigits是用来设定整数和小数的位数,另外还有setMinimumIntegerDigits和setMaximumFractionDigits也是同样功能。这些设定如有冲突,Java以最後设定的为准。
import java.text.*;
public class myFormat {
public myFormat() {
NumberFormat nf = NumberFormat.getInstance();
double dblNum = Math.PI;
System.out.println(dblNum);
nf.setMaximumIntegerDigits(5);
nf.setMinimumFractionDigits(4);
System.out.println("PI: " + nf.format(dblNum));
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
myFormat myFormat1 = new myFormat();
}
}
与 DateFormat 类似,NumberFormat 是一个抽象类。您永远不会创建它的实例??相反, 您总是使用它的子类。虽然可以通过子类的构造函数直接创建子类,不过NumberFormat 类提供了一系列 getXXXInstance() 方法,用以获得不同类型的数值类的特定地区版本。这样的方法共有五个:
• getCurrencyInstance()
• getInstance()
• getIntegerInstance()
• getNumberInstance()
• getPercentInstance()
具体使用哪一个方法取决于您想要显示的数值类型(或者想要接受的输入类型)。每个方法都提供了两个版本??一个版本适用于当前地区,另一个版本接受一个 Locale作为参数,以便可能地指定一个不同的地区。
使用 NumberFormat 的基本过程是获得一个实例并使用该实例。挑选恰当的实例的确需要费一番思量。通常 您不希望使用通用的 getInstance 或者 getNumberInstance() 版本,因为 您不确切知道您将会得到什么。相反,您会使用像 getIntegerInstance() 这样的方法,因为 您希望把某些内容显示为整数而不需要任何小数值。清单1展示了这一点,我们在其中把数值 54321 显示为适合于美国和德国的格式。
清单 1. 使用 NumberFormat
import java.text.*;
import java.util.*;
public class IntegerSample {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int amount = 54321;
NumberFormat usFormat =
NumberFormat.getIntegerInstance(Locale.US);
System.out.println(usFormat.format(amount));
NumberFormat germanFormat =
NumberFormat.getIntegerInstance(Locale.GERMANY);
System.out.println(germanFormat.format(amount));
}
}
运行该代码将产生如清单2所示的输出。注意第一种格式(美国)中的逗号分隔符和第二种格式中的点号分隔符。
清单 2. NumberFormat 输出
54,321
54.321
虽然 NumberFormat 是一个抽象类,并且您将通过像 getIntegerInstance() 这样的各种方法来使用它的实例,但是 DecimalFormat 类提供了该类的一个具体版本。 您可以显式地指定字符模式,用以确定如何显示正数、负数、小数和指数。如果不喜欢用于不同地区的预定义格式,您可以创建自己的格式。(在内部,或许 NumberFormat 使用的就是 DecimalFormat。)。
3.2. 使用 Currency 进行货币计算
前面提到过的 getCurrency() 和setCurrency() 方法返回新的 java.util.Currency 类的一个实例。这个类允许访问不同国家的 ISO 4217 货币代码。虽然自从 getCurrencyInstance() 引入以来您就能配合 NumberFormat 一起使用它,然而除了它们的数字显示外, 您永远不能获得或显示某个地区的货币符号。有了Currency 类,现在很容易就可以做到这一点。
正如前面提到过的,货币代码来自ISO 4217。通过传入某个国家的 Locale 或者货币的实际字母代码,Currency.getInstance() 将返回一个有效的 Currency 对象。NumberFormat 的 getCurrency() 方法将在创建特定地区的货币实例之后做同样的事情。 清单7显示了如何获得货币实例,以及如何格式化将要显示为货币的数值。记住这些转换仅用于显示。如果需要在货币之间转换金额,应该在确定如何显示值之前进行转换。
清单 7. 使用 getCurrencyInstance() 和 Currency
import java.text.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class CurrencySample {
public static void main(String args[]) {
StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer(100);
Currency dollars = Currency.getInstance("USD");
Currency pounds = Currency.getInstance(Locale.UK);
buffer.append("Dollars: ");
buffer.append(dollars.getSymbol());
buffer.append("");
buffer.append("Pound Sterling: ");
buffer.append(pounds.getSymbol());
buffer.append("-----");
double amount = 5000.25;
NumberFormat usFormat = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(Locale.US);
buffer.append("Symbol: ");
buffer.append(usFormat.getCurrency().getSymbol());
buffer.append("");
buffer.append(usFormat.format(amount));
buffer.append("");
NumberFormat germanFormat =
NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(Locale.GERMANY);
buffer.append("Symbol: ");
buffer.append(germanFormat.getCurrency().getSymbol());
buffer.append("");
buffer.append(germanFormat.format(amount));
JFrame frame = new JFrame("Currency");
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
JTextArea ta = new JTextArea(buffer.toString());
JScrollPane pane = new JScrollPane(ta);
frame.getContentPane().add(pane, BorderLayout.CENTER);
frame.setSize(200, 200);
frame.show();
}
}
遗憾的是,为欧元或者英镑返回的货币符号不是实际的符号,而是三位的货币代码(来自 ISO 4217)。然而在使用 getCurrencyInstance() 的情况下,实际的符号将会显示出来,
3.3. DecimalFormat
NumberFormat.getInstance()方法返回NumberFormat的一个实例(实际上是NumberFormat具体的一个子类,例如DecimalFormat), 这适合根据本地设置格式化一个数字。你也可以使用非缺省的地区设置,例如德国。然后格式化方法根据特定的地区规则格式化数字。这个程序也可以使用一个简单的形式:
NumberFormat.getInstance().format(1234.56)
但是保存一个格式然后重用更加有效。国际化是格式化数字时的一个大问题。
另一个是对格式的有效控制,例如指定小数部分的位数,下面是解决这个问题的一个简单例子:
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
import java.util.Locale;
public class DecimalFormat2 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
// 得到本地的缺省格式
DecimalFormat df1 = new DecimalFormat("####.000");
System.out.println(df1.format(1234.56));
// 得到德国的格式
Locale.setDefault(Locale.GERMAN);
DecimalFormat df2 = new DecimalFormat("####.000");
System.out.println(df2.format(1234.56));
}
}
在这个例子中设置了数字的格式,使用像"####.000"的符号。这个模式意味着在小数点前有四个数字,如果不够就空着,小数点后有三位数字,不足用0补齐。程序的输出:
1234.560
1234,560
相似的,也可以控制指数形式的格式,例如:
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
public class DecimalFormat3 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
DecimalFormat df = new DecimalFormat("0.000E0000");
System.out.println(df.format(1234.56));
}
}
输出:
1.235E0003
对于百分数:
import java.text.NumberFormat;
public class DecimalFormat4 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
NumberFormat nf = NumberFormat.getPercentInstance();
System.out.println(nf.format(0.47));
}
}
输出:
47%
至此,你已经看到了格式化数字的几个不同的技术。另一方面,如何读取并解析包含格式化的数字的字符串?解析支持包含在NumberFormat中。例如:
import java.util.Locale;
import java.text.NumberFormat;
import java.text.ParseException;
public class DecimalFormat5 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
// 本地格式
NumberFormat nf1 = NumberFormat.getInstance();
Object obj1 = null;
// 基于格式的解析
try {
obj1 = nf1.parse("1234,56");
}
catch (ParseException e1) {
System.err.println(e1);
}
System.out.println(obj1);
// 德国格式
NumberFormat nf2 =NumberFormat.getInstance(Locale.GERMAN);
Object obj2 = null;
// 基于格式的解析
try {
obj2 = nf2.parse("1234,56");
}
catch (ParseException e2) {
System.err.println(e2);
}
System.out.println(obj2);
}
}
这个例子分两部分,都是解析一个字符串:"1234,56"。第一部分使用本地格式解析,第二部分使用德国格式解析。当程序在美国运行,结果是:
123456
1234.56
换句话说,"1234,56"在美国被认为是一个巨大的整数"123456"而在德国被认为是一个小数"1234.56"。
3.4. DecimalFormat 和 NumberFormat的联系
在上面的例子中, DecimalFormat 和 NumberFormat 都被使用了。DecimalFormat 常用于获得很好的格式控制,而NumberFormat 常用于指定不同于本地的地区。如何结合两个类呢?
答案围绕着这样的事实:DecimalFormat是NumberFormat的一个子类,其实例被指定为特定的地区。因此,你可以使用NumberFormat.getInstance 指定一个地区,然后将结构强制转换为一个DecimalFormat对象。文档中提到这个技术可以在大多情况下适用,但是你需要用try/catch 块包围强制转换以防转换不能正常工作 (大概在非常不明显得情况下使用一个奇异的地区)。下面是一个这样的例子:
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
import java.text.NumberFormat;
import java.util.Locale;
public class DecimalFormat6 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
DecimalFormat df = null;
// 得到一个NumberFormat 对象并
// 强制转换为一个 DecimalFormat 对象
try {
df = (DecimalFormat)NumberFormat.getInstance(Locale.GERMAN);
}
catch (ClassCastException e) {
System.err.println(e);
}
// 设置格式模式
df.applyPattern("####.00000");
// format a number
System.out.println(df.format(1234.56));
}
}
getInstance() 方法获得格式,然后调用applyPattern()方法设置格式模式,输出:
1234,56000
如果你不关心国际化,可以直接使用DecimalFormat 。
其中v 为未处理的double,scale为需求精度,返回需要小数位数的double
public static double round(double v,int scale){
if(scale<0){
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"The scale must be a positive integer or zero");
}
BigDecimal b = new BigDecimal(Double.toString(v));
BigDecimal one = new BigDecimal("1");
return b.divide(one,scale,BigDecimal.ROUND_HALF_UP).doubleValue();
}
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