MySQL记录操作
概览
MySQL数据操作： DML
在MySQL管理软件中，可以通过SQL语句中的DML语言来实现数据的操作，包括
- 使用INSERT实现数据的插入
- UPDATE实现数据的更新
- 使用DELETE实现数据的删除
- 使用SELECT查询数据以及。
插入数据insert
1. 插入完整数据（顺序插入）
语法一：
INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) VALUES(值1,值2,值3…值n);
语法二：
INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES (值1,值2,值3…值n);
2. 指定字段插入数据
语法：
INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…) VALUES (值1,值2,值3…);
3. 插入多条记录
语法：
INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES
(值1,值2,值3…值n),
(值1,值2,值3…值n),
(值1,值2,值3…值n);
4. 插入查询结果
语法：
INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n)
SELECT (字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) FROM 表2
WHERE …;
更新数据update
语法：
UPDATE 表名 SET
字段1=值1,
字段2=值2,
WHERE CONDITION;
示例：
UPDATE mysql.user SET password=password(‘123’)
where user=’root’ and host=’localhost’;
删除数据delete
语法：
DELETE FROM 表名
WHERE CONITION;
示例：
DELETE FROM mysql.user
WHERE password=’’;
练习：
更新MySQL root用户密码为mysql123
删除除从本地登录的root用户以外的所有用户
查询数据 search
1.单表查询
关键字执行的优先级:
from
where
group by
select
distinct
having
order by
limit
1.找到表:from
2.拿着where指定的约束条件，去文件/表中取出一条条记录
3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by，如果没有group by，则整体作为一组
4.执行select（去重）
5.将分组的结果进行having过滤
6.将结果按条件排序：order by
7.限制结果的显示条数
简单查询
#创建表
create table employee(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
emp_name varchar(20) not null,
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date not null,
post varchar(50),
post_comment varchar(100),
salary double(15,2),
office int, #一个部门一个屋子
depart_id int
);
#查看表结构
mysql> desc employee;
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| emp_name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | |
| age | int(3) unsigned | NO | | 28 | |
| hire_date | date | NO | | NULL | |
| post | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
| post_comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
| salary | double(15,2) | YES | | NULL | |
| office | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| depart_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
#插入记录
#三个部门：教学，销售，运营
insert into employee(emp_name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
('egon','male',18,'20170301','办事处',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
('anwen','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('wudi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('liwen','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('成龙','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),
('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),
('张xx','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
;
#ps：如果在windows系统中，插入中文字符，select的结果为空白，可以将所有字符编码统一设置成gbk
准备表和记录
#简单查询
SELECT id,emp_name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id
FROM employee;
SELECT * FROM employee;
SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee;
#避免重复DISTINCT
SELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee;
#通过四则运算查询
SELECT emp_name, salary*12 FROM employee;
SELECT emp_name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee;
SELECT emp_name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM employee;
#定义显示格式
CONCAT() 函数用于连接字符串
SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',emp_name,' 年薪: ', salary*12) AS Annual_salary
FROM employee;
CONCAT_WS() 第一个参数为分隔符
SELECT CONCAT_WS(':',emp_name,salary*12) AS Annual_salary
FROM employee;
结合CASE语句：
SELECT
(
CASE
WHEN emp_name = 'jingliyang' THEN
emp_name
WHEN emp_name = 'alex' THEN
CONCAT(emp_name,'_BIGSB')
ELSE
concat(emp_name, 'SB')
END
) as new_name
FROM
employee;
小练习：
1 查出所有员工的名字，薪资,格式为
<名字:egon> <薪资:3000>
2 查出所有的岗位（去掉重复）
3 查出所有员工名字，以及他们的年薪,年薪的字段名为annual_year
select concat('<名字:',emp_name,'> ','<薪资:',salary,'>') from employee;
select distinct depart_id from employee;
select emp_name,salary*12 annual_salary from employee;
where约束
where字句中可以使用：
- 比较运算符：> < >= <= <> !=
- between 80 and 100 值在80到100之间
- in(80,90,100) 值是80或90或100
- like 'e%'
通配符可以是%或_，
%表示任意多字符
_表示一个字符 - 逻辑运算符：在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not
#1:单条件查询
SELECT emp_name FROM employee
WHERE post='sale';
#2:多条件查询
SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee
WHERE post='teacher' AND salary>10000;
#3:关键字BETWEEN AND
SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
#4:关键字IS NULL(判断某个字段是否为NULL不能用等号，需要用IS)
SELECT emp_name,post_comment FROM employee
WHERE post_comment IS NULL;
SELECT emp_name,post_comment FROM employee
WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL;
SELECT emp_name,post_comment FROM employee
WHERE post_comment=''; 注意''是空字符串，不是null
ps：
执行
update employee set post_comment='' where id=2;
再用上条查看，就会有结果了
#5:关键字IN集合查询
SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;
SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
#6:关键字LIKE模糊查询
通配符’%’
SELECT * FROM employee
WHERE emp_name LIKE 'eg%';
通配符’_’
SELECT * FROM employee
WHERE emp_name LIKE 'al__';
小练习：
1. 查看岗位是teacher的员工姓名、年龄
2. 查看岗位是teacher且年龄大于30岁的员工姓名、年龄
3. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资在9000-1000范围内的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
4. 查看岗位描述不为NULL的员工信息
5. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
6. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资不是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
7. 查看岗位是teacher且名字是jin开头的员工姓名、年薪
select emp_name,age from employee where post = 'teacher';
select emp_name,age from employee where post='teacher' and age > 30;
select emp_name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary between 9000 and 10000;
select * from employee where post_comment is not null;
select emp_name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary in (10000,9000,30000);
select emp_name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary not in (10000,9000,30000);
select emp_name,salary*12 from employee where post='teacher' and emp_name like 'jin%';
group by
单独使用GROUP BY关键字分组
SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post;
注意：我们按照post字段分组，那么select查询的字段只能是post，想要获取组内的其他相关信息，需要借助函数
GROUP BY关键字和GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用
SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(emp_name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照岗位分组，并查看组内成员名
SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(emp_name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post;
GROUP BY与聚合函数一起使用
select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照岗位分组，并查看每个组有多少人
强调：
如果我们用unique的字段作为分组的依据，则每一条记录自成一组，这种分组没有意义
多条记录之间的某个字段值相同，该字段通常用来作为分组的依据
聚合函数
#强调：聚合函数聚合的是组的内容，若是没有分组，则默认一组
示例：
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee;
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1;
SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee;
SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee;
SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee;
SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee;
SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;
小练习：
1. 查询岗位名以及岗位包含的所有员工名字
2. 查询岗位名以及各岗位内包含的员工个数
3. 查询公司内男员工和女员工的个数
4. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的平均薪资
5. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最高薪资
6. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最低薪资
7. 查询男员工与男员工的平均薪资，女员工与女员工的平均薪资
#题1：分组
mysql> select post,group_concat(emp_name) from employee group by post;
#题目2：
mysql> select post,count(id) from employee group by post;
#题目3：
mysql> select sex,count(id) from employee group by sex;
#题目4：
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post;
#题目5
mysql> select post,max(salary) from employee group by post;
#题目6
mysql> select post,min(salary) from employee group by post;
#题目七
mysql> select sex,avg(salary) from employee group by sex;
HAVING过滤
HAVING与WHERE不一样的地方在于!!!!!!
#！！！执行优先级从高到低：where > group by > having
#1. Where 发生在分组group by之前，因而Where中可以有任意字段，但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。
#2. Having发生在分组group by之后，因而Having中可以使用分组的字段，无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数
select * from emp where salary > 100000;
mysql> select post,group_concat(emp_name) from emp group by post having salary > 10000;#错误，分组后无法直接取到salary字段
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'salary' in 'having clause'
mysql> select post,group_concat(emp_name) from emp group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
小练习：
1. 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数
3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资
4. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资
select post,group_concat(emp_name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id) < 2;
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 and avg(salary) <20000;
ORDER BY 查询排序
按单列排序
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary;
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC;
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC;
按多列排序:先按照age排序，如果年纪相同，则按照薪资排序
SELECT * from employee
ORDER BY age,
salary DESC;
小练习：
1. 查询所有员工信息，先按照age升序排序，如果age相同则按照hire_date降序排序
2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资升序排列
3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资降序排列
select * from employee ORDER BY age asc,hire_date desc;
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) asc;
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) desc;
LIMIT 限制查询的记录数
示例：
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 3; #默认初始位置为0
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始，即先查询出第一条，然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始，即先查询出第6条，然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
小练习：
select * from employee limit 0,5;
select * from employee limit 5,5;
select * from employee limit 10,5;
使用正则表达式查询
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP '^ale';
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP 'on$';
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP 'm{2}';
小结：对字符串匹配的方式
WHERE emp_name = 'egon';
WHERE emp_name LIKE 'yua%';
WHERE emp_name REGEXP 'on$';