WCF事务编程主要涉及到这么三个方面:通过服务(操作)契约确定TransactionFlow的策略;通过事务绑定实现事务流转;通过服务操作行为控制事务的自动登记(Enlistment)行为,以及对事务超时时限、隔离级别和实例行为的设定。那么,在WCF内部这三者之间究竟是如何通过相互协作实现分布式事务的呢?这就是本篇文章所要讲述的内容,先来看看应用于服务契约中的某个操作的TransactionFlowAttribute到底为我们作了什么。
一、TransactionFlowAttribute:将TransactionFlow选项存入绑定上下文(BindingContext)
通过前面的介绍,我们知道了通过将TransactionFlowAttribute特性应用于服务契约的某个操作,实际上是指定了基于该操作事务流转的策略(NotAllowed、Allowed和Mandatory)。绑定最终需要根据设置的TransactionFlow选项,决定是否对事务实施流转,即客户端是否需要将当前事务进行序列化并嵌入到出栈消息(Outgoing Message)中发送出去;服务端是否需要从入栈消息(Incoming Message)中提取事务相关信息并重新构建事务。那么两者是如何联系在一起的呢?
在介绍TransactionFlowAttribute特性的时候,我们说过TransactionFlowAttribute并不是一个简单的特性,它是一个实现了IOperationBehavior接口的操作行为。IOperationBehavior接口定义了4个方法(ApplyClientBehavior、ApplyDispatchBehavior、Validate和AddBindingParameters),处理AddBindingParameters,其余三个都是空操作。大体上,TransactionFlowAttribute的定义可以通过下面的伪代码表示。
1: [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Method)]
2: public sealed class TransactionFlowAttribute : Attribute, IOperationBehavior
3: {
4: public TransactionFlowAttribute(TransactionFlowOption transactions);
5: void IOperationBehavior.AddBindingParameters(OperationDescription description, BindingParameterCollection parameters)
6: {
7: //将TransactionFlow选项(NotAllwed、Allowed和Mandatory)存入绑定上下文
8: AddTransactionFlowOptionInBindingContext();
9: }
10: void IOperationBehavior.ApplyClientBehavior(OperationDescription description, ClientOperation proxy){ }
11: void IOperationBehavior.ApplyDispatchBehavior(OperationDescription description, DispatchOperation dispatch) { }
12: void IOperationBehavior.Validate(OperationDescription description) { }
13:
14: public TransactionFlowOption Transactions { get; }
15: }
也就是通过AddBindingParameters这个方法,将设置的TransactionFlow选项传入了绑定上下文(Binding Context),使得通过绑定创建的信道(Channel)可以获取该选项,并根据相应的值控制自身消息处理的行为。在这里,真正使用到该TransactionFlow选项的信道,就是通过事务绑定的TransactionFlowBindingElement创建的事务信道。关于绑定、绑定元素和信道之间的关系,在《WCF技术剖析(卷1)》的第3章有详细的介绍。
二、 事务绑定:实现事务的流转
由于消息交换是WCF进行通信的唯一手段,所以事务的流转最终需要将事务本身作为消息的一部分进行传输。WCF采用不同的事务处理协议(OleTx和WS-AT),反映在消息交换上就是采用怎样的格式对事务进行格式化,以及将格式化的事务信息与消息(主要是SOAP)进行绑定。在WCF的整个事务处理体系结构中,事务的格式化和消息绑定的操作通过事务绑定实现。
我们所说的事务绑定就是包含有TransactionFlowBindingElement绑定元素,并且TransactionFlow开关被开启的绑定。对于客户端来说,TransactionFlowBindingElement创建事务信道工厂(TransactionChannelFactory),而基于不同的信道形状(Channel Shape)和对会话的支持,事务信道工厂会创建相应的事务信道,比如事务输出信道(TransactionOutputChannel)、事务请求信道(TransactionRequestChannel)和事务双工信道(TransactionDuplexChannel)等等。对于服务端来说,TransactionFlowBindingElement会创建事务信道监听器(TransactionChannelListener),与客户端类似,事务信道监听器也会创建基于不同信道形状(Channel Shape)和对会话的支持的事务信道,比如事务输入信道(TransactionInputChannel)、事务回复信道(TransactionReplyChannel)和事务双工信道(TransactionDuplexChannel)等。事务流转相关的绑定元素、绑定管理器(信道工厂和信道监听器)和信道之间的关系如图1所示。
图1 事务流转相关的绑定元素、信道管理器和信道结构
客户端的事务信道需要将当前事务写入消息,而服务端的事务信道则需要将流入的事务从服务中读出来。WCF将事务的读写操作定义在一个称为TransactionFormatter的类型中。不过,这是一个内部(Internal)类型不能直接使用。TransactionFormatter的定义大体上如下面的代码所示,其中ReadTransaction和WriteTransaction分别实现对事务的读取和写入操作。事务通过TransactionInfo对象的形式被读取出来,TransactionInfo是也是一个内部对象,我们可以通过调用UnmarshalTransaction得到真正的Transaction对象。
1: internal abstract class TransactionFormatter
2: {
3: //其他成员
4: public abstract TransactionInfo ReadTransaction(Message message);
5: public abstract void WriteTransaction(Transaction transaction, Message message);
6: }
7: internal abstract class TransactionInfo
8: {
9: //其他成员
10: public abstract Transaction UnmarshalTransaction();
11: }
如果采用不同事务处理协议,相同的事务需要按照不同的方式进行格式化,所以WCF事务体系内部创建了继承自TransactionFormatter的三个具体的TransactionFormatter类型:OleTxTransactionFormatter、WsatTransactionFormatter10和WsatTransactionFormatter11,它们分别对应于WCF支持的三种事务处理协议:OleTx、WS-AT 1.0和WS-AT 1.1。
我想很多人很想知道一个Transaction对象被不同的TransactionFormatter写入到Message对象后,Message具有怎样的格式呢?接下来我们通过一个简单的实例来演示。
三、实例演示:通过TransactionFormatter进行事务的写入
本实例是一个简单的控制台应用,我们将用它来演示模拟事务绑定是如何将当前事务写入消息。由于上面提到的TransactionFormatter和TransactionInfo都是内部类型,我们只能通过反射的方式使用它们。为此,我写了一个简单的工具类型ReflectUtil,用于通过反射的方式创建对象和调用某个方法,原理很简单,在这里就不多作介绍了。
1: internal static class ReflectUtil
2: {
3: public static object CreateInstance(string typeAssemblyQName, params object[] parameters)
4: {
5: Type typeofInstance = Type.GetType(typeAssemblyQName);
6: BindingFlags bindingFlags = BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic;
7: return Activator.CreateInstance(typeofInstance, bindingFlags, null, parameters, null);
8: }
9: public static object Invoke(string methodName, object targetInstance, params object[] parameters)
10: {
11: BindingFlags bindingFlags = BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Public;
12: return targetInstance.GetType().GetMethod(methodName, bindingFlags).Invoke(targetInstance, parameters);
13: }
14: }
然后我们创建我们自己的TransactionFormatter类型,它具有相同的方法ReadTransaction和WriteTransaction,ReadTransaction的返回类型直接使Transaction。相应的事务协议通过构造函数指定,事务协议决定了最终创建的真正TransactionFormatter的类型。真正的TransactionFormatter通过ReflectUtil创建,相应的方法也通过ReflectUtil调用。
1: public class TransactionFormatter
2: {
3: const string OleTxFormatterType = "System.ServiceModel.Transactions.OleTxTransactionFormatter,System.ServiceModel, Version=3.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089";
4: const string Wsat10FormatterType = "System.ServiceModel.Transactions.WsatTransactionFormatter10,System.ServiceModel, Version=3.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089";
5: const string Wsat11FormatterType = "System.ServiceModel.Transactions.WsatTransactionFormatter11,System.ServiceModel, Version=3.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089";
6:
7: public object InternalFormatter
8: { get; private set; }
9:
10: public TransactionFormatter(TransactionProtocol transactionProtocol)
11: {
12: if (transactionProtocol == TransactionProtocol.OleTransactions)
13: {
14: this.InternalFormatter = ReflectUtil.CreateInstance(OleTxFormatterType);
15: }
16: else if (transactionProtocol == TransactionProtocol.WSAtomicTransactionOctober2004)
17: {
18: this.InternalFormatter = ReflectUtil.CreateInstance(Wsat10FormatterType);
19: }
20: else
21: {
22: this.InternalFormatter = ReflectUtil.CreateInstance(Wsat11FormatterType);
23: }
24: }
25:
26: public Transaction ReadTransaction(Message message)
27: {
28: object transInfo = ReflectUtil.Invoke("ReadTransaction", this.InternalFormatter, message);
29: return ReflectUtil.Invoke("UnmarshalTransaction", transInfo) as Transaction;
30: }
31:
32: public void WriteTransaction(Transaction transaction, Message message)
33: {
34: ReflectUtil.Invoke("WriteTransaction", this.InternalFormatter, transaction, message);
35: }
36: }
然后我们基于三种不同的事务处理协议创建了相应的TransactionFormatter对象,并将相同的Transaction对象写入到一个Message对象中,并且Message的主体部分为Transaction对象本身。最终的Message对象被写入到3个XML文文件中。
1: static void Main(string[] args)
2: {
3: using (TransactionScope transactionScope = new TransactionScope())
4: {
5: WriteTransaction(TransactionProtocol.OleTransactions, Transaction.Current, "oletx.xml");
6: WriteTransaction(TransactionProtocol.WSAtomicTransactionOctober2004, Transaction.Current, "wsat10.xml");
7: WriteTransaction(TransactionProtocol.WSAtomicTransaction11, Transaction.Current, "wsat11.xml");
8: }
9: }
10:
11: static void WriteTransaction(TransactionProtocol transactionProtocol, Transaction transaction, string fileName)
12: {
13: string action = string.Format("http://www.artech.com/transactionformat/{0}", transactionProtocol.GetType().Name);
14: Message message = Message.CreateMessage(MessageVersion.Default, action, Transaction.Current);
15: TransactionFormatter formatter = new TransactionFormatter(transactionProtocol);
16: formatter.WriteTransaction(Transaction.Current, message);
17: using (XmlWriter writer = new XmlTextWriter(fileName, Encoding.UTF8))
18: {
19: message.WriteMessage(writer);
20: }
21: Process.Start(fileName);
22: }
程序成功运行后,你将会得到三个表示Message对象的XML文件,它们的内容如下。有兴趣的读者可以结合相应事务处理协议规范,认真分析一下对应消息的结构,相信可以加深你对事务处理协议的理解。
OleTx.xml(OleTx)
1: <s:Envelope xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing" xmlns:s="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope">
2: <s:Header>
3: <a:Action s:mustUnderstand="1">http://www.artech.com/transactionformat/OleTransactionsProtocol</a:Action>
4: <OleTxTransaction s:mustUnderstand="1" d3p1:Expires="59392" xmlns:d3p1="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wscoor" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2006/02/tx/oletx">
5: <PropagationToken>AQAAAAMAAADknHb/v0zMQKhDZHfsF0Y1AAAQAAAAAACEAAAAAMW2bRzFtm00W6xnBOMYAHfXuW00W6xnTOQYADi1JADAu1YAkOMYADg5YjE0NzZkLTE2ZmYtNGI4MS05ZjEwLTE5MDE3ZTkwYjU1MgBiWWwMAAAAZM1kzSEAAABKSU5OQU4tVklTVEEAAAAAHAAAAEoASQBOAE4AQQBOAC0AVgBJAFMAVABBAAAAAAABAAAAAAAAABMAAAB0aXA6Ly9KaW5uYW4tVmlzdGEvAA==</PropagationToken>
6: </OleTxTransaction>
7: </s:Header>
8: <s:Body>
9: <Transaction xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:x="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:d3p3="http://schemas.datacontract.org/2004/07/System.Transactions.Oletx" z:FactoryType="d3p3:OletxTransaction" xmlns:z="http://schemas.microsoft.com/2003/10/Serialization/" xmlns="http://schemas.datacontract.org/2004/07/System.Transactions">
10: <OletxTransactionPropagationToken i:type="x:base64Binary" xmlns="">AQAAAAMAAADknHb/v0zMQKhDZHfsF0Y1AAAQAAAAAACEAAAAAMW2bRzFtm00W6xnBOMYAHfXuW00W6xnTOQYADi1JADAu1YAkOMYADg5YjE0NzZkLTE2ZmYtNGI4MS05ZjEwLTE5MDE3ZTkwYjU1MgDRiGgMAAAAZM1kzSEAAABKSU5OQU4tVklTVEEAAAAAHAAAAEoASQBOAE4AQQBOAC0AVgBJAFMAVABBAAAAAAABAAAAAAAAABMAAAB0aXA6Ly9KaW5uYW4tVmlzdGEvAA==</OletxTransactionPropagationToken>
11: </Transaction>
12: </s:Body>
13: </s:Envelope>
Wsat10.xml(WS-AT 1.0):
1: <s:Envelope xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing" xmlns:s="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope">
2: <s:Header>
3: <a:Action s:mustUnderstand="1">http://www.artech.com/transactionformat/ WSAtomicTransactionOctober2004Protocol</a:Action>
4: <CoordinationContext s:mustUnderstand="1" xmlns:mstx="http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2006/02/transactions" xmlns="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wscoor">
5: <wscoor:Identifier xmlns:wscoor="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wscoor">urn:uuid:ff769ce4-4cbf-40cc-a843-6477ec174635</wscoor:Identifier>
6: <Expires>59392</Expires>
7: <CoordinationType>http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wsat</CoordinationType>
8: <RegistrationService>
9: <Address xmlns="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/08/addressing">https://jinnan-vista/WsatService/Registration/Coordinator/ /</Address>
10: <ReferenceParameters xmlns="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/08/addressing">
11: <mstx:RegisterInfo>
12: <mstx:LocalTransactionId>ff769ce4-4cbf-40cc-a843-6477ec174635</mstx:LocalTransactionId>
13: </mstx:RegisterInfo>
14: </ReferenceParameters>
15: </RegistrationService>
16: <mstx:IsolationLevel>0</mstx:IsolationLevel>
17: <mstx:LocalTransactionId>ff769ce4-4cbf-40cc-a843-6477ec174635</mstx:LocalTransactionId>
18: <PropagationToken xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2006/02/tx/oletx">AQAAAAMAAADknHb/v0zMQKhDZHfsF0Y1AAAQAAAAAACEAAAAAMW2bRzFtm00W6xnBOMYAHfXuW00W6xnTOQYADi1JADAu1YAkOMYADg5YjE0NzZkLTE2ZmYtNGI4MS05ZjEwLTE5MDE3ZTkwYjU1MgDtiGgMAAAAZM1kzSEAAABKSU5OQU4tVklTVEEAAAAAHAAAAEoASQBOAE4AQQBOAC0AVgBJAFMAVABBAAAAAAABAAAAAAAAABMAAAB0aXA6Ly9KaW5uYW4tVmlzdGEvAA==</PropagationToken>
19: </CoordinationContext>
20: </s:Header>
21: <s:Body>
22: <Transaction xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:x="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:d3p3="http://schemas.datacontract.org/2004/07/System.Transactions.Oletx" z:FactoryType="d3p3:OletxTransaction" xmlns:z="http://schemas.microsoft.com/2003/10/Serialization/" xmlns="http://schemas.datacontract.org/2004/07/System.Transactions">
23: <OletxTransactionPropagationToken i:type="x:base64Binary" xmlns="">AQAAAAMAAADknHb/v0zMQKhDZHfsF0Y1AAAQAAAAAACEAAAAAMW2bRzFtm00W6xnBOMYAHfXuW00W6xnTOQYADi1JADAu1YAkOMYADg5YjE0NzZkLTE2ZmYtNGI4MS05ZjEwLTE5MDE3ZTkwYjU1MgAAAAAMAAAAZM1kzSEAAABKSU5OQU4tVklTVEEAJVwAHAAAAEoASQBOAE4AQQBOAC0AVgBJAFMAVABBAAAA//8BAAAAAAAAABMAAAB0aXA6Ly9KaW5uYW4tVmlzdGEvAA==</OletxTransactionPropagationToken>
24: </Transaction>
25: </s:Body>
26: </s:Envelope>
Wsat11.xml(WS-AT 1.1)
1: <s:Envelope xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing" xmlns:s="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope">
2: <s:Header>
3: <a:Action s:mustUnderstand="1">http://www.artech.com/transactionformat/WSAtomicTransaction11Protocol</a:Action>
4: <CoordinationContext s:mustUnderstand="1" xmlns:mstx="http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2006/02/transactions" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-tx/wscoor/2006/06">
5: <wscoor:Identifier xmlns:wscoor="http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-tx/wscoor/2006/06">urn:uuid:ff769ce4-4cbf-40cc-a843-6477ec174635</wscoor:Identifier>
6: <Expires>59392</Expires>
7: <CoordinationType>http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-tx/wsat/2006/06</CoordinationType>
8: <RegistrationService>
9: <a:Address>https://jinnan-vista/WsatService/Registration/Coordinator11</a:Address>
10: <a:ReferenceParameters>
11: <mstx:RegisterInfo>
12: <mstx:LocalTransactionId>ff769ce4-4cbf-40cc-a843-6477ec174635</mstx:LocalTransactionId>
13: </mstx:RegisterInfo>
14: </a:ReferenceParameters>
15: </RegistrationService>
16: <mstx:IsolationLevel>0</mstx:IsolationLevel>
17: <mstx:LocalTransactionId>ff769ce4-4cbf-40cc-a843-6477ec174635</mstx:LocalTransactionId>
18: <PropagationToken xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2006/02/tx/oletx">AQAAAAMAAADknHb/v0zMQKhDZHfsF0Y1AAAQAAAAAACEAAAAAMW2bRzFtm00W6xnBOMYAHfXuW00W6xnTOQYADi1JADAu1YAkOMYADg5YjE0NzZkLTE2ZmYtNGI4MS05ZjEwLTE5MDE3ZTkwYjU1MgAAMAAMAAAAZM1kzSEAAABKSU5OQU4tVklTVEEAAGwAHAAAAEoASQBOAE4AQQBOAC0AVgBJAFMAVABBAAAAbgABAAAAAAAAABMAAAB0aXA6Ly9KaW5uYW4tVmlzdGEvAA==</PropagationToken>
19: </CoordinationContext>
20: </s:Header>
21: <s:Body>
22: <Transaction xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:x="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:d3p3="http://schemas.datacontract.org/2004/07/System.Transactions.Oletx" z:FactoryType="d3p3:OletxTransaction" xmlns:z="http://schemas.microsoft.com/2003/10/Serialization/" xmlns="http://schemas.datacontract.org/2004/07/System.Transactions">
23: <OletxTransactionPropagationToken i:type="x:base64Binary" xmlns="">AQAAAAMAAADknHb/v0zMQKhDZHfsF0Y1AAAQAAAAAACEAAAAAMW2bRzFtm00W6xnBOMYAHfXuW00W6xnTOQYADi1JADAu1YAkOMYADg5YjE0NzZkLTE2ZmYtNGI4MS05ZjEwLTE5MDE3ZTkwYjU1MgDRiGgMAAAAZM1kzSEAAABKSU5OQU4tVklTVEEAAAAAHAAAAEoASQBOAE4AQQBOAC0AVgBJAFMAVABBAAAAAAABAAAAAAAAABMAAAB0aXA6Ly9KaW5uYW4tVmlzdGEvAA==</OletxTransactionPropagationToken>
24: </Transaction>
25: </s:Body>
26: </s:Envelope>
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