Oracle学习系列6
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删除约束(重点):
格式:
alter table person drop constraint constraint_name ;
创建person表:
create table person(
UID varchar(18)
name varchar(200) not null, //非空约束
age number(3) not null, //非空约束
birthday date,
sex varchar(2) default '男',
) ;
/**
主键约束:主键字段_PK
唯一约束:字段_UK
检查约束:字段_CK
外键约束:父字段_子字段_FK
*/
ex:为表添加若干个约束,
格式:
alter table tab_name add constraint constraint_name constraint_type(constrain_colx) ;
ex:添加约束
alter table person add constraint person_uid_PK primary key(uid);//增加主键约束
alter talbe person add constraint person_name_UK unique(uid); //增加唯一约束
alter table person add constraint person_age_CK checke(age between 0 and 150) ;
alter table person add constraint person_sex_CK check(sex in ('男','女','中')) ;
ex:删除约束
alter table person drop constraint person_uid_PK ;//删除主键约束
alter talbe person drop constraint person_name_UK ; //删除唯一约束
alter table person drop constraint person_age_CK ; //删除检查约束
alter table person drop constraint person_sex_CK ; //删除检查约束
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rownum(重点):
rownum: 表示行号,实际上是一个伪列,可在每张表中出现
select rownum, empno, ename ,job,sal,hiredate
from emp ; // ROWNUM 采用自动编号的方式呈现
ex:
select rownum, empno, ename, job, sal hiredate
from emp
where rownum <=5 ;
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建表、约束、查询综合练习:
题目背景:
有某个学生运动会比赛信息的数据库,保存了如下的表:
运动员sporter(运动员编号sporterid, 运动员姓名name, 运动员性别sex, 所属系好department)
项目item (项目编号itemid, 项目名称itemname, 项目比赛地点location)
成绩grade(运动员编号sportid,项目编号itemid, 积分mark)
1建表要求:
a,定义各个表的主键外码约束
b,运动员的姓名和所属系别不能为空值
c,积分要么为null,要么为6,4,2,0,分别代表第一二三和其他名词的积分
create table sporter(
sporterid nummber(4) primary key not null,
name varchar2(50) not null,
sex varchar2(2) not null,
department varchar2(30) not null,
constraint sporter_sex_CK check(sex in('男','女'))
);
create table item(
itemid varchar2(4) primary key not null,
itemname varchar2(50) not null,
location varchar2(50) not null
);
create table grade(
sporterid number(4),
itemid varchar2(4),
mark number(2),
constraint sporter_grade_sporterid_FK foreign key(sporterid)
references sporter(sporterid) on delete cascade
constraint item_grade_itemid_FK foreign key(itemid)
references item(itemid) on delete cascade
constraint grade_mark_CK check(mark in (6,4,2,0))
);
测试数据:
insert into sporter(sportid, name, sex, department )
values(1101,'黎明','男','计算机系');
insert into sporter(sportid, name, sex, department )
values(1102,'张三','男','数学系系');
insert into sporter(sportid, name, sex, department )
values(1103,'李四','男','计算机系');
insert into sporter(sportid, name, sex, department )
values(1104,'王五','男','物理系');
insert into sporter(sportid, name, sex, department )
values(1105,'李楠','女','心理系');
insert into sporter(sportid, name, sex, department )
values(1106,'孙俪','女','艺术系');
---------------------------------------------------------
insert into item(itemid ,itemname, location)
values('x001','男子五千米','一操场') ;
insert into item(itemid ,itemname, location)
values('x002','男子标枪','一操场') ;
insert into item(itemid ,itemname, location)
values('x003','男子跳远','二操场') ;
insert into item(itemid ,itemname, location)
values('x004','女子跳高','二操场') ;
insert into item(itemid ,itemname, location)
values('x005','女子三千米','三操场') ;
---------------------------------------------------------
insert into grade(sporterid, itemid,mark)
values(1001,'x001',6);
insert into grade(sporterid, itemid,mark)
values(1002,'x001',4);
insert into grade(sporterid, itemid,mark)
values(1003,'x001',2);
insert into grade(sporterid, itemid,mark)
values(1004,'x003',2);
insert into grade(sporterid, itemid,mark)
values(1005,'x006',6);
insert into grade(sporterid, itemid,mark)
values(1006,'x004',0);
insert into grade(sporterid, itemid,mark)
values(1003,'x005',2);
insert into grade(sporterid, itemid,mark)
values(1003,'x003',4);
insert into grade(sporterid, itemid,mark)
values(1003,'x002',6);
要求:
求出目前总积分最高的系名,及其积分:
select * from (
select s.department , sum(g.mark) sum
from sporter s, grade g
where s.sporterid=g.sporterid
group by s.department
order by sum desc
)
where rownum=1
找出在一操场进行比赛的各项目名称及其冠军的姓名:
select i.itemname, s.name, g.mark
from item i, grade g,sporter s
where i.location='一操场'
and i.itemid=g.itemid
and s.sporterid=g.sporterid
and g.mark=6 ;
找出参加了张三所参加过的项目的其他同学的姓名:
select distinct s.name
from sporter s, grade g
where s.sporterid=g.sporterid and s.name <>'张三'
and g.itemid IN (
select g.itemid from sporter s ,grade g
where s.sporterid=g.sporterid
and s.name='张三'
) ;
经查张三使用了违禁药品,其成绩都记0分,请在数据库中做出相依修改:
update grade
set mark=0
where sporterid =(
select sportid from sporter where name ='张三'
) ;
经组委会协商,需要删除女子跳高比赛项目:
delete from item
where itemname='女子跳高' ;
------------------------------------------------------------
删除顺序: //先删子表,再删主表
drop table grade;
drop table sporter;
drop table item ;
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集合操作:
分类:
并(UNION) :将多个查询的结果组合到一个查询结果中,无重复值 //UNIONALL:包含重复值
交(INTERSECT):返回多个查询结果相同的部分
差(MINUS) :返回两个结果的差集
复制emp表,将部门20的雇员信息取出来:
create table emp20
as select * from emp
where deptno=20 ;
验证UNION:
select * from emp
union
select * from emp20 ;
验证UNIONALL:
select * from emp
unionall
select * from emp20 ;
验证INTERSECT:
select * from emp
INTERSECT
select * from emp20 ;
验证MINUS:
select * from emp
minus
select * from emp20 ;
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SQL查询最终格式:
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
select { distinct } * | col1 别名1 col2 别名2 ...
from tab1 别名1 , tab2 别名2 ,
(
select { distinct } * | col1 别名1 col2 别名2 ...
from tab1 别名1 , tab2 别名2 , tab3 别名3 ,...
{where 条件s }
{group by 分组条件 { having 分组条件 } }
{ order by col1 ASC | DESC , col2 ASC | DESC, ...} ;
)别名x tab3 别名3 ,...
{where 条件s
(
select { distinct } * | col1 别名1 col2 别名2 ...
from tab1 别名1 , tab2 别名2 , tab3 别名3 ,...
{where 条件s }
{group by 分组条件 { having 分组条件 } }
{ order by col1 ASC | DESC , col2 ASC | DESC, ...} ;
)
}
{group by 分组条件 { having 分组条件 } }
{ order by col1 ASC | DESC , col2 ASC | DESC, ...} ;
{UNION | INTERSECT |MINUS}
select { distinct } * | col1 别名1 col2 别名2 ...
from tab1 别名1 , tab2 别名2 ,
(
select { distinct } * | col1 别名1 col2 别名2 ...
from tab1 别名1 , tab2 别名2 , tab3 别名3 ,...
{where 条件s }
{group by 分组条件 { having 分组条件 } }
{ order by col1 ASC | DESC , col2 ASC | DESC, ...} ;
)别名x tab3 别名3 ,...
{where 条件s
(
select { distinct } * | col1 别名1 col2 别名2 ...
from tab1 别名1 , tab2 别名2 , tab3 别名3 ,...
{where 条件s }
{group by 分组条件 { having 分组条件 } }
{ order by col1 ASC | DESC , col2 ASC | DESC, ...} ;
)
}
{group by 分组条件 { having 分组条件 } }
{ order by col1 ASC | DESC , col2 ASC | DESC, ...} ;
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////