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  • 用oracle来演示外键的使用

      在用外键进行表之间的数据关联的时候,如果外键没有定义级联删除,只能先删除有外键定义的子表,才能能删除有被外键引用的基表。
      如果外键定义了级联删除,删除了被外键引用的基表之后,对应的子表中的数据也没有了。如果只删除有外键定义的子表,则被外键引用的基表中的数据依旧存在。
    -- 先创建一个表sm_grade
    create table sm_grade(
    gradeId number(8) not null primary key,
    gradeName nvarchar2(20)
    );
    
    -- 再创建有外键的sm_student(和sm_grade的gradeId关联)
    create table sm_student(
    studentId number(8) not null primary Key,
    studentName Nvarchar2(20),
    gender Nvarchar2(2),
    gradeId Number(8)
    );
    
    -- 添加外键,这种外键不会级联删除数据
    alter table sm_student add constraint fk_gradeId foreign key(gradeId) references sm_grade(gradeId);
    
    -- 正常插入一条数据
    insert Into sm_grade select 1, 'grade1' from dual;
    insert Into sm_student select 1001, 'wanglc', 'm', 1 from dual;
    
    select * from sm_grade purge;
    select * from sm_student purge;
    
    -- 插入一条无外键引用的数据
    insert Into sm_student select 1002, 'baby', 'm', 2 from dual; -- ORA-02291: 违反完整约束条件 (SYSTEM.FK_GRADEID) - 未找到父项关键字
    
    -- 删除有外键的数据,删除的表有外键,可以正常删除
    delete from sm_student where studentId = 1001;
    -- 恢复有外键的数据
    insert Into sm_student select 1001, 'wanglc', 'm', 1 from dual;
    
    -- 删除存在外键引用的数据
    delete from sm_grade where gradeId=1; -- ORA-02292: 违反完整约束条件 (SYSTEM.FK_GRADEID) - 已找到子记录
    
    -- 删除的顺序很重要
    delete from sm_student purge;
    delete from sm_grade purge;
    
    COMMIT;
    
    -- 删除不会级联删除的外键,创建一个会级联删除的外键
    ALTER TABLE sm_student DROP CONSTRAINT fk_gradeId;
    alter table sm_student add constraint fk_gradeId foreign key(gradeId) references sm_grade(gradeId) ON DELETE CASCADE;
    
    -- 准备数据
    insert Into sm_grade select 1, 'grade1' from dual;
    insert Into sm_student select 1001, 'wanglc', 'm', 1 from dual;
    
    -- 因为有级联,可以删除基表,同时,引用表中也没有数据了
    delete from sm_grade where gradeId=1;
    COMMIT;
    select * from sm_grade purge;
    select * from sm_student purge;
    
    -- 准备数据
    insert Into sm_grade select 1, 'grade1' from dual;
    insert Into sm_student select 1001, 'wanglc', 'm', 1 from dual;
    
    -- 这种删除方式,基表中的数据依旧存在。
    delete from sm_student where studentId = 1001;
    COMMIT;
    select * from sm_grade purge;
    select * from sm_student purge;
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/babyha/p/15111691.html
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