zoukankan      html  css  js  c++  java
  • 数据库之单表查询

    阅读目录

    一、单表查询的语法

    SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
                      WHERE 条件
                      GROUP BY field
                      HAVING 筛选
                      ORDER BY field
                      LIMIT 限制条数

    二、关键字的执行优先级

    #重点中的重点:关键字的执行优先级
    from
    where
    group by
    having
    select
    distinct
    order by
    limit

    1.找到表:from

    2.拿着where指定的约束条件,去文件/表中取出一条条记录

    3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by,如果没有group by,则整体作为一组

    4.将分组的结果进行having过滤

    5.执行select

    6.去重

    7.将结果按条件排序:order by

    8.限制结果的显示条数

    三、简单查询

    #创建表
    create table emp(
      id int not null unique auto_increment,
      name varchar(20) not null,
      sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
      age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
      hire_date date not null,
      post varchar(50),
      post_comment varchar(100),
      salary double(15,2),
      office int, #一个部门一个屋子
      depart_id int
    );
    
    #插入记录
    #三个部门:教学,销售,运营
    insert into emp(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
    ('jason','male',18,'20170301','张江第一帅形象代言',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
    ('tom','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
    ('kevin','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
    ('tony','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
    ('owen','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
    ('jack','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
    ('jenny','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
    ('sank','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),
    ('哈哈','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
    ('呵呵','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
    ('西西','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
    ('乐乐','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
    ('拉拉','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),
    ('僧龙','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
    ('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
    ('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
    ('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
    ('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3);
    
    # 当表字段特别多 展示的时候错乱 可以使用G分行展示
    select * from empG;
    
    #查看表结构
    mysql> desc emp;
    +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field        | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
    +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id           | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
    | name         | varchar(20)           | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
    | sex          | enum('male','female') | NO   |     | male    |                |
    | age          | int(3) unsigned       | NO   |     | 28      |                |
    | hire_date    | date                  | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
    | post         | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | post_comment | varchar(100)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | salary       | double(15,2)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | office       | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | depart_id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    10 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    准备表和记录
    #ps:如果在windows系统中,插入中文字符,select的结果为空白,可以将所有字符编码统一设置成gbk
    #简单查询
        SELECT id,name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id 
        FROM emp;
    
        SELECT * FROM emp;
    
        SELECT name,salary FROM emp;
    
    #避免重复DISTINCT(去重)
        SELECT DISTINCT post FROM emp;    
    
    #通过四则运算查询(只能是数值字段)
        SELECT name, salary*12 FROM emp;
        SELECT name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM emp;
        SELECT name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM emp;
    
    #定义显示格式(as 临时给字段取别名)
       CONCAT() 函数用于连接字符串
       SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',name,'  年薪: ', salary*12)  AS Annual_salary 
       FROM emp;
       
    #CONCAT_WS() 第一个参数为分隔符,指定分隔符
       SELECT CONCAT_WS(':',name,salary*12)  AS Annual_salary 
       FROM emp;
    
    #结合CASE语句:
       SELECT
           (
               CASE
               WHEN NAME = 'jason' THEN
                   NAME
               WHEN NAME = 'tom' THEN
                   CONCAT(name,'_BIGSB')
               ELSE
                   concat(NAME, 'SB')
               END
           ) as new_name
       FROM
           emp;

    四、where筛选条件

    # 作用:是对整体数据的一个筛选操作

    #where字句中可以使用:
    
    1. 比较运算符:> < >= <= <> !=
    2. between 80 and 100 值在10到20之间
    3. in(80,90,100) 值是10或20或30
    4. 模糊查询like '%egon%'%表示任意多字符
        _表示一个字符
    5. 逻辑运算符:在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not
    #1:单条件查询
        SELECT name FROM emp
            WHERE post='sale';
            
    #2:多条件查询
        # 查询id大于等于3小于等于6的数据
           select id,name,age from emp where id>=3 and id<=6;
           select id,name from emp where id between 3 and 6;  两者等价
    
    #3:关键字BETWEEN AND
        SELECT name,salary FROM emp 
            WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
    
        SELECT name,salary FROM emp 
            WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
        
    #4:关键字IS NULL(判断某个字段是否为NULL不能用等号,需要用IS)
        SELECT name,post_comment FROM emp
            WHERE post_comment IS NULL;
    
        SELECT name,post_comment FROM emp
            WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL;
            
        SELECT name,post_comment FROM emp
            WHERE post_comment=''; 注意''是空字符串,不是null
        ps:
            执行
            update emp set post_comment='' where id=2;
            再用上条查看,就会有结果了
    
    #5:关键字IN集合查询
        SELECT name,salary FROM emp 
            WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;
        
        SELECT name,salary FROM emp 
            WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
    
        SELECT name,salary FROM emp 
            WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
    
    #6:关键字LIKE模糊查询
        通配符’%#找出name中带有"o"字母的name、salary
        select name,salary from emp where name like '%o%';
    
        通配符’_’
        #查询员工姓名是由四个字符组成的 姓名和薪资  可以使用char_length() 或模糊查找的通配符_
        select name,salary from emp where name like '____';
        select name,salary from emp where char_length(name) = 4;

    五、分组查询:group by

    什么是分组?为什么要分组?

    #1、首先明确一点:分组发生在where之后,即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的
    
    #2、分组指的是:将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类,比如针对员工信息表的职位分组,或者按照性别进行分组等
    
    #3、为何要分组呢?
        取每个部门的最高工资
        取每个部门的员工数
        取男人数和女人数
    
    小窍门:‘每’这个字后面的字段,就是我们分组的依据
    
    
    #4、大前提:
        可以按照任意字段分组,但是分组完毕后,比如group by post,只能查看post字段,如果想查看组内信息,需要借助于聚合函数

    ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY

    #查看MySQL 5.7默认的sql_mode如下:
    mysql> select @@global.sql_mode;
    ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION
    
    #!!!注意
    ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY的语义就是确定select target list中的所有列的值都是明确语义,简单的说来,在ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY模式下,target list中的值要么是来自于聚集函数的结果,要么是来自于group by list中的表达式的值。
    
    
    #设置sql_mole如下操作(我们可以去掉ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY模式):
    mysql> set global sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY';
    #没设置ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY之前
    mysql> select @@global.sql_mode;
    +---------------------+
    | @@global.sql_mode   |
    +---------------------+
    | STRICT_TRANS_TABLES |
    +---------------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    mysql> select * from emp group by post;
    +----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
    | id | name   | sex    | age | hire_date  | post                        | post_comment | salary     | office | depart_id |
    +----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
    | 14 | 僧龙   | male   |  28 | 2016-03-11 | operation                   | NULL         |   10000.13 |    403 |         3 |
    |  9 | 哈哈   | female |  48 | 2015-03-11 | sale                        | NULL         |    3000.13 |    402 |         2 |
    |  2 | tom    | male   |  78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher                     |              | 1000000.31 |    401 |         1 |
    |  1 | jason  | male   |  18 | 2017-03-01 | 张江第一帅形象代言          | NULL         |    7300.33 |    401 |         1 |
    +----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql>
    #由于没有设置ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,于是也可以有结果,默认都是组内的第一条记录,但其实这是没有意义的
    #设置ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY
    mysql> set global sql_mode='ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY';
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    mysql> quit #设置成功后,一定要退出,然后重新登录方可生效
    Bye
    
    mysql>  use school;    #进入库
    Database changed
    mysql> select @@global.sql_mode;
    +----------------------------------------+
    | @@global.sql_mode                      |
    +----------------------------------------+
    | ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES |
    +----------------------------------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    mysql> select * from emp group by post;
    ERROR 1055 (42000): 'school.emp.id' isn't in GROUP BY
    mysql> 
    
    #设置严格模式之后  分组默认只能拿到分组的依据
    mysql> select post from emp group by post;
    +-----------------------------+
    | post                        |
    +-----------------------------+
    | operation                   |
    | sale                        |
    | teacher                     |
    | 张江第一帅形象代言          |
    +-----------------------------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql>
    #按照什么分组就只能拿到分组,其他字段不能直接获取,如需获取其他字段需要借助于一些方法(聚合函数)

    group by

    #单独使用GROUP BY关键字分组
        SELECT post FROM emp GROUP BY post;
        注意:我们按照post字段分组,那么select查询的字段只能是post,想要获取组内的其他相关信息,需要借助聚合函数
    
    #GROUP BY关键字和GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用
        SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) FROM emp GROUP BY post;#按照岗位分组,并查看组内成员名
        SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) as emp_members FROM emp GROUP BY post;
    
    #GROUP BY与聚合函数一起使用
        select post,count(id) as count from emp group by post;#按照岗位分组,并查看每个组有多少人
    
    #ps:语句中是给select查找的字段取别名

    强调:

    如果我们用unique的字段作为分组的依据,则每一条记录自成一组,这种分组没有意义
    多条记录之间的某个字段值相同,该字段通常用来作为分组的依据

    聚合函数

    #强调:聚合函数聚合的是组的内容,若是没有分组,则默认一组
    
    示例:
        SELECT COUNT(*) FROM emp;
        SELECT COUNT(*) FROM emp WHERE depart_id=1;
        SELECT MAX(salary) FROM emp;
        SELECT MIN(salary) FROM emp;
        SELECT AVG(salary) FROM emp;
        SELECT SUM(salary) FROM emp;
        SELECT SUM(salary) FROM emp WHERE depart_id=3;

    注意事项:

    # 关键字where和group by同时出现的时候group by必须在where的后面
    where先对整体数据进行过滤之后再分组操作
    where筛选条件不能使用聚合函数
    select id,name,age from emp where max(salary) > 3000;
    
    select max(salary) from emp;  # 不分组 默认整体就是一组
    
    # 统计各部门年龄在30岁以上的员工平均薪资
        1 先求所有年龄大于30岁的员工
            select * from emp where age>30;
        2 再对结果进行分组        
        select post,avg(salary) from emp where age>30 group by post;

    练习:

    # 1.获取每个部门的最高薪资
    select post,max(salary) from emp group by post;
    select post as '部门',max(salary) as '最高薪资' from emp group by post;
    select post '部门',max(salary) '最高薪资' from emp group by post;
    # as可以给字段起别名 也可以直接省略不写 但是不推荐 因为省略的话语意不明确 容易错乱
    
    # 2.获取每个部门的最低薪资
    select post,min(salary) from emp group by post;
    # 3.获取每个部门的平均薪资
    select post,avg(salary) from emp group by post;
    # 4.获取每个部门的工资总和
    select post,sum(salary) from emp group by post;
    # 5.获取每个部门的人数
    select post,count(id) from emp group by post;  # 常用 符合逻辑
    select post,count(salary) from emp group by post;
    select post,count(age) from emp group by post;
    select post,count(post_comment) from emp group by post;  null不行
    
    # 6.查询分组之后的部门名称和每个部门下所有的员工姓名 
    # group_concat不单单可以支持你获取分组之后的其他字段值 还支持拼接操作
    select post,group_concat(name) from emp group by post;
    select post,group_concat(name,'_DSB') from emp group by post;
    select post,group_concat(name,':',salary) from emp group by post;
    # concat不分组的时候用 
    select concat('NAME:',name),concat('SAL:',salary) from emp;
    
    # 补充 as语法不单单可以给字段起别名 还可以给表临时起别名
    select emp.id,emp.name from emp;  
    select emp.id,emp.name from emp as t1;   报错
    select t1.id,t1.name from emp as t1;
    
    # 查询每个人的年薪  12薪
    select name,salary*12 from emp;

    having分组之后的筛选条件

    HAVING与WHERE不一样的地方在于!!!!!!

    #!!!执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > having 
    #1. Where 发生在分组group by之前,因而Where中可以有任意字段,但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。
    
    #2. Having发生在分组group by之后,因而Having中可以使用分组的字段,无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数
    # 统计各部门年龄在30岁以上的员工平均工资并且保留平均薪资大于10000的部门
    select post,avg(salary) from emp 
            where age>30 
            group by post
            having avg(salary) > 10000
            ;

    distinct去重

    """
    一定要注意 必须是完全一样的数据才可以去重!!!
    一定不要将逐渐忽视了 有逐渐存在的情况下 是不可能去重的
    [
    {'id':1,'name':'jason','age':18},
    {'id':2,'name':'jason','age':18},
    {'id':3,'name':'egon','age':18}
    ]
    """
    #select distinct id,age from emp;因为id字段不同,所以无法去重
    mysql> select distinct id,age from emp;
    +----+-----+
    | id | age |
    +----+-----+
    |  1 |  18 |
    |  2 |  78 |
    |  3 |  81 |
    |  4 |  73 |
    |  5 |  28 |
    |  6 |  18 |
    |  7 |  18 |
    |  8 |  48 |
    |  9 |  48 |
    | 10 |  38 |
    | 11 |  18 |
    | 12 |  18 |
    | 13 |  28 |
    | 14 |  28 |
    | 15 |  18 |
    | 16 |  18 |
    | 17 |  18 |
    | 18 |  18 |
    +----+-----+
    18 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    #select distinct age from emp; #去掉id字段后
    mysql> select distinct age from emp;
    +-----+
    | age |
    +-----+
    |  18 |
    |  78 |
    |  81 |
    |  73 |
    |  28 |
    |  48 |
    |  38 |
    +-----+
    7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    #总结:
    去重的时候最后去掉id字段(因为id字段一般为主键,自增,并不相同)

    order by排序

    select * from emp order by salary;
    select * from emp order by salary asc;
    select * from emp order by salary desc;
    """
    order by默认是升序  asc 因此该asc可以省略不写
    也可以修改为降序     desc
    """
    select * from emp order by age desc,salary asc;
    # 先按照age降序排  如果碰到age相同 则再按照salary升序排
    
    # 统计各部门年龄在10岁以上的员工平均工资并且保留平均薪资大于1000的部门,然后对平均工资降序排序
        select post,avg(salary) from emp 
            where age>10 
            group by post
            having avg(salary) > 1000
            order by avg(salary) desc
            ;

    limit限制展示条数

    select * from emp;
    """针对数据过多的情况 我们通常都是做分页处理"""
    select * from emp limit 3;  # 只展示三条数据
    
    select * from emp limit 0,5;
    select * from emp limit 5,5;
    第一个参数是起始位置
    第二个参数是展示条数
    
    mysql> select * from emp limit 0,5;
    +----+-------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
    | id | name  | sex  | age | hire_date  | post                        | post_comment | salary     | office | depart_id |
    +----+-------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
    |  1 | jason | male |  18 | 2017-03-01 | 张江第一帅形象代言          | NULL         |    7300.33 |    401 |         1 |
    |  2 | tom   | male |  78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher                     |              | 1000000.31 |    401 |         1 |
    |  3 | kevin | male |  81 | 2013-03-05 | teacher                     | NULL         |    8300.00 |    401 |         1 |
    |  4 | tony  | male |  73 | 2014-07-01 | teacher                     | NULL         |    3500.00 |    401 |         1 |
    |  5 | owen  | male |  28 | 2012-11-01 | teacher                     | NULL         |    2100.00 |    401 |         1 |
    +----+-------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
    5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql>select * from emp limit 5,5;
    +----+--------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
    | id | name   | sex    | age | hire_date  | post    | post_comment | salary   | office | depart_id |
    +----+--------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
    |  6 | jack   | female |  18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL         |  9000.00 |    401 |         1 |
    |  7 | jenny  | male   |  18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL         | 30000.00 |    401 |         1 |
    |  8 | sank   | male   |  48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher | NULL         | 10000.00 |    401 |         1 |
    |  9 | 哈哈   | female |  48 | 2015-03-11 | sale    | NULL         |  3000.13 |    402 |         2 |
    | 10 | 呵呵   | female |  38 | 2010-11-01 | sale    | NULL         |  2000.35 |    402 |         2 |
    +----+--------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
    5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> 

    使用正则查询

    SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP '^ale';
    
    SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';
    
    SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'm{2}';
    
    
    小结:对字符串匹配的方式
    WHERE name = 'egon';
    WHERE name LIKE 'yua%';
    WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';
  • 相关阅读:
    mysql迁移达梦数据库varchar长度问题
    处理器 i3 i5 i7 i9 区别,以及K F 区别
    mybatis配置文件,Mapper标签下以package包扫描形式时需要Mapper.xml文件名称和mapper接口名称一致
    add、commit、push、pull 、merge 的区别与作用
    testng 接口测试,读取Excel表格数据中json数据,做数据驱动
    windows 系统查看端口与进程,查看某个具体的端口所占用的进程号,杀掉进程
    码云gitee删除仓库
    java.sql.SQLNonTransientConnectionException: Public Key Retrieval is not allowed
    maven+mybatis+spring 项目整合log4j,实现控制台打印SQL语句
    将idea 中 代码提交至码云
  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/baicai37/p/12837534.html
Copyright © 2011-2022 走看看