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  • Mysql 字段类型与约束条件

    一、数值类型
    二、日期类型
    三、枚举与集合
    四、约束条件
    五、设置严格模式

    一、数值类型

    1.1 整型

    应用场景: id号、年龄...

    tinyint:
    有符号:默认范围 -128, 127
    无符号:默认范围 0,255

    #tinyint 默认有符号:
    create table t1(id tinyint,
     				 name varchar(16)
     				 );
    insert into t1 values(-128,'tank'),(127,'jason');
    insert into t1 values(-129,'sean') #报错
     
    select * from t1;
    +------+-------+
    | id   | name  |
    +------+-------+
    | -128 | tank  |  #有符号,最小值为-128
    |  127 | jason |  #有符号,最大值127
    +------+-------+
    
    #设置无符号tinyint
    create table t2(id tinyint unsigned);
    
    insert into t2 values((-1));  #报错
    insert into t2 values((0)); 
    insert into t2 values((255));
    insert into t2 values((256));  #报错
    
    select * from t2;
    +------+
    | id   |
    +------+
    |    0 |  #无符号,最小值为0
    |  255 |  #无符号,最大值为255
    +------+
    
    

    int:
    有符号:默认范围(-2147483648, 2147483647)
    无符号:默认范围 (0,4294967295)
    默认宽度为11

    #int 默认有符号:
    create table t3(id int);
    
    insert into t3 values(-2147483648);
    insert into t3 values(-2147483649); #报错
    insert into t3 values(2147483647);
    insert into t3 values(2147483648); #报错
    
    select * from t3;
    +-------------+
    | id          |
    +-------------+
    | -2147483648 |  #有符号,最小值为-2147483648
    |  2147483647 |  #有符号,最大值为2147483647
    +-------------+  
    
    #设置无符号int
    create table t4(id int unsigned)
    
    insert into t4 values((-1));
    insert into t4 values((0));
    insert into t4 values((4294967295));
    insert into t4 values((4294967296));
    
    select * from t4;
    ------------+
    | id         |
    +------------+
    |          0 |  #无符号,最小值为0
    | 4294967295 |  #无符号,最大值为4294967295
    +------------+ 
    

    1.2 浮点型

    应用场景:存储薪资、身高、体重、体质参数等

    float :FLOAT[(M,D)] ,单精度浮点数(非准确小数值)

    double:DOUBLE[(M,D)],双精度浮点数(非准确小数值)

    以上两个的m是数字总个数,d是小数点后个数。m最大值为255,d最大值为30

    decimal:DECIMAL[(M,D)],准确的小数值
    m最大值为65,d最大值为30。

    # 范围255是最大长度(包括.小数), 30代表是小数的位数
    create table t5(x float(255, 30));
    create table t6(x double(255, 30));
    create table t7(x decimal(65, 30));
    
    # 三种浮点型: 区别在于精确度不一样
    insert into t5 values(1.111111111111111111111111111111);
    insert into t6 values(1.1111111111111111111111111111);
    insert into t7 values(1.1111111111111111111111111111);
    
    #随着小数的增多,精度开始不准确
    mysql> select * from t5;  
    +----------------------------------+
    | x                                |
    +----------------------------------+
    | 1.111111164093017600000000000000 |
    
    #精度比float要准确点,但随着小数的增多,同样变得不准确
    mysql> select * from t6;
    +----------------------------------+
    | x                                |
    +----------------------------------+
    | 1.111111111111111200000000000000 |
    
    #精度始终准确,d为30,于是只留了30位小数
    mysql> select * from t7;
    +----------------------------------+
    | x                                |
    +----------------------------------+
    | 1.111111111111111111111111111100 |
    +----------------------------------+
    
    

    在这里插入图片描述

    1.4 字符串类型

    char: 定长,简单粗暴,浪费空间,存取速度快。

    字符长度范围:0-255(一个中文是一个字符,是utf8编码的3个字节)。

    存储char类型的值时,会往右填充空格来满足长度

    create table t8(id int,name char(4));
    
    insert into t8 values(1, 'tank');
    insert into t8 values(1, 't');  
    insert into t8 values(1, '你个大傻子'); #字符长度超过4报错
    
    mysql> select * from t8;
    +------+--------------+
    | id   | name         |
    +------+--------------+
    |    1 | tank         |
    |    1 | t            |   # t+3个空格
    +------+--------------+
    

    varchar: 不定长字符,精准,节省空间,存取速度慢

    存几个字符,就是几个字符的大小,每个字符前都要+1bytes

    create table t9(id int, name varchar(4));
    
    insert into t9 values(1, 'bob');  # 1bytes + bob
    insert into t9 values(2, 'tank');  # 1bytes + tank
    insert into t9 values(3, 'sean');  # 1bytes + sean
    insert into t9 values(4, 'jason'); #报错
    
    mysql> select * from t9;
    +------+------+
    | id   | name |
    +------+------+
    |    1 | bob  |
    |    2 | tank |
    |    3 | sean |
    +------+------+
    

    在这里插入图片描述

    二、日期类型

    在这里插入图片描述
    例如:
    date: 2019-12-11
    datetime: 2019-12-11 11:11:11
    time: 11:11:11
    year: 2019
    timestamp: 时间戳

    注意:TIMESTAMP的字段默认不为空(not null),默认值为当前时间(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP),如果不做特殊处理,并且update语句中没有指定该列的更新值,则默认更新为当前时间。

    create table student(
    	id int,
    	name varchar(10),
    	birth date,
    	register datetime,
    	born_year year,
    	t_time time,
    	update_time timestamp
        );
              
    insert into student values(1, 'baohan', '1996-06-23', '2019-12-12 11:11:11', '1996', '11:11:11', null);
    insert into student values(2, 'HCY', '1000-11-11', '1980-11-11 11:11:11','2019', '11:11:11', null);
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    +------+--------+------------+---------------------+-----------+----------+---------------------+
    | id   | name   | birth      | register            | born_year | t_time   | update_time         |
    +------+--------+------------+---------------------+-----------+----------+---------------------+
    |    1 | baohan | 1996-06-23 | 2019-12-12 11:11:11 |      1996 | 11:11:11 | 2019-12-11 16:02:45 |
    |    2 | HCY    | 1000-11-11 | 1980-11-11 11:11:11 |      2019 | 11:11:11 | 2019-12-11 16:03:22 |
    +------+--------+------------+---------------------+-----------+----------+---------------------+
    

    三、枚举与集合

    字段的值只能在给定范围中选择,如单选框,多选框
    enum: 单选 只能在给定的范围内选一个值(多选一),如性别 sex 男male/女female
    set : 多选 在给定的范围内可以选择一个或一个以上的值 ,如(爱好1,爱好2,爱好3...)

    #enum:多选一
    create table t10(id int, name varchar(4), gender enum('male', 'female', 'others'));
    
    # insert into 表名(字段名) values(字段名对应的值);
    insert into t13(id, name, gender) values(1, 'tank', 'male');
    insert into t13(id, name, gender) values(1, 'tank', '人妖'); #报错,‘人妖’不在范围内
    
    mysql> select * from t10;
    +------+------+--------+
    | id   | name | gender |
    +------+------+--------+
    |    1 | tank | male   |
    +------+------+--------+
    
    #set 可 多选一 或 多选多
    create table t11(
    	id int,
    	name varchar(4),
    	hobbies set('read', 'sing', 'run',  'think')
        );
    
    insert into t11 values(1, 'bob', 'read,sing');
    
    mysql> select * from t11;
    +------+------+-----------+
    | id   | name | hobbies   |
    +------+------+-----------+
    |    1 | bob  | read,sing |
    +------+------+-----------+
    

    四、约束条件

    初始约束条件:not null

    #约束插入记录时id不能为空
    create table t1(id int not null,name varchar(6));
    
    insert into t1 values(1,'tank');
    insert into t1 values(null,'tank');  #报错
    
    mysql> select * from t1;
    +----+------+
    | id | name |
    +----+------+
    |  1 | tank |
    +----+------+
    
    

    unique: :唯一,将某个字段设置为唯一的值

    create table t2(id int not null unique,name varchar(4));
    
    insert into t2(id, name) values(1, 'tank'), (2, 'sean');
    insert into t2(id, name) values(1, 'bob'); #报错,1已用过
    
    +----+------+
    | id | name |
    +----+------+
    |  1 | tank |
    |  2 | sean |
    +----+------+
    

    primary key(主键)----> not null unique: pk就是表中的索引: 可以通过索引快速查找某些数据,提高查询效率。

    # 将id设置为主键,非空且唯一
    create table t3(id int primary key,name varchar(4));
    
    insert into t3(id, name) values(1, 'tank');
    insert into t3(id, name) values(2, 'sean');
    insert into t3(id, name) values(1, 'bob'); #报错 
    
    mysql> desc t3;
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)    | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | name  | varchar(4) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    

    auto_increment:自增

    # 将id设置为自增
    create table t4(id int primary key auto_increment,name varchar(4));
    
    # 自增默认从0开始
    insert into t4(name) values('tank');
    insert into t4(name) values('sean');
    insert into t4(name) values('bob');
    insert into t4(name) values('哈哈哥');
    
    mysql> select * from t4;
    +----+-----------+
    | id | name      |
    +----+-----------+
    |  1 | tank      |
    |  2 | sean      |
    |  3 | bob       |
    |  4 | 哈哈哥    |
    +----+-----------+
    
    ## 若想自增从指定值开始,可插入第一条数据时先指定id的值;
    insert into t4(id, name) values(10, 'tank');
    insert into t4(name) values('sean');   # 11
    insert into t4(name) values('bob');   # 12
    insert into t4(name) values('哈哈哥');  # 13
    
    mysql> select * from t4;
    +----+-----------+
    | id | name      |
    +----+-----------+
    | 10 | tank      |
    | 11 | sean      |
    | 12 | bob       |
    | 13 | 哈哈哥    |
    +----+-----------+
    

    zerofill:使用0填充空格

    create table t5(id int zerofill);
    
    insert into t5 values(100);
    
    mysql> select * from t5;
    +------------+
    | id         |
    +------------+
    | 0000000100 |
    +------------+
    

    default:约束插入数据时的默认值

    create table t7(id int,
    				name varchar(32) unique,
                	password varchar(255) default '000000');	
    
    insert into t7(id,name) values(1,'tank');
    
    mysql> select * from t7;
    +------+------+----------+
    | id   | name | password |
    +------+------+----------+
    |    1 | tank | 000000   |
    +------+------+----------+
    

    delete:清空表中所有记录:
    truncate:清空表中的所有记录,并且id重置为0

    #delete
    create table t6(id int primary key auto_increment,name varchar(4));
    
    insert into t6(name) values('tank');
    insert into t6(name) values('大大大'), ('sean');
    delete from t6;
    insert into t6(name) values('tank');
    insert into t6(name) values('大大大'), ('sean');
    	
    mysql> select * from t6;
    +----+-----------+
    | id | name      |
    +----+-----------+
    |  4 | tank      |
    |  5 | 大大大    |
    |  6 | sean      |
    +----+-----------+
    
    
    
    #truncate
    create table t6(id int primary key auto_increment,name varchar(4));
    
    insert into t6(name) values('tank');
    insert into t6(name) values('sean');
    truncate table t6;
    insert into t6(name) values('tank');
    insert into t6(name) values('sean');
    
    mysql> select * from t6;
    +----+-----------+
    | id | name      |
    +----+-----------+
    |  1 | tank      |
    |  2 | sean      |
    +----+-----------+
    

    五、设置严格模式

    # 查看数据库配置中变量名包含mode的配置参数:
    show variables like "%mode%";
    
    # 修改安全模式:
    set session;  # 局部有效,只在你当前操作的窗口有效
    set global session;  # 全局有效,永久有效
    
    # 修改完之后退出当前客户端重新登录即可,不用关闭服务端
    set global sql_mode = 'STRICT_TRANS_TABLES';
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/baohanblog/p/12143996.html
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