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  • Mysql 数据库(九)

    一 视图

      什么是视图:视图就是一张虚拟表。方便查看。

      创建视图:create view 起名 as sql语句

    #两张有关系的表
    mysql> select * from course;
    +-----+--------+------------+
    | cid | cname  | teacher_id |
    +-----+--------+------------+
    |   1 | 生物   |          1 |
    |   2 | 物理   |          2 |
    |   3 | 体育   |          3 |
    |   4 | 美术   |          2 |
    +-----+--------+------------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from teacher;
    +-----+-----------------+
    | tid | tname           |
    +-----+-----------------+
    |   1 | 张磊老师        |
    |   2 | 李平老师        |
    |   3 | 刘海燕老师      |
    |   4 | 朱云海老师      |
    |   5 | 李杰老师        |
    +-----+-----------------+
    5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    #查询李平老师教授的课程名
    mysql> select cname from course where teacher_id = (select tid from teacher where tname='李平老师');
    +--------+
    | cname  |
    +--------+
    | 物理   |
    | 美术   |
    +--------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    #子查询出临时表,作为teacher_id等判断依据
    select tid from teacher where tname='李平老师'
    
    #语法:CREATE VIEW 视图名称 AS  SQL语句
    create view teacher_view as select tid from teacher where tname='李平老师';
     
    #于是查询李平老师教授的课程名的sql可以改写为
    mysql> select cname from course where teacher_id = (select tid from teacher_view);
    +--------+
    | cname  |
    +--------+
    | 物理   |
    | 美术   |
    +--------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
     
    #!!!注意注意注意:
    #1. 使用视图以后就无需每次都重写子查询的sql,但是这么效率并不高,还不如我们写子查询的效率高
     
    #2. 而且有一个致命的问题:视图是存放到数据库里的,如果我们程序中的sql过分依赖于数据库中存放的视图,那么意味着,一旦sql需要修改且涉及到视图的部分,则必须去数据库中进行修改,而通常在公司中数据库有专门的DBA负责,你要想完成修改,必须付出大量的沟通成本DBA可能才会帮你完成修改,极其地不方便
    

      注意sql语句不能包括子查询。

    使用视图:

    #修改视图,原始表也跟着改
    mysql> select * from course;
    +-----+--------+------------+
    | cid | cname  | teacher_id |
    +-----+--------+------------+
    |   1 | 生物   |          1 |
    |   2 | 物理   |          2 |
    |   3 | 体育   |          3 |
    |   4 | 美术   |          2 |
    +-----+--------+------------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
     
    mysql> create view course_view as select * from course; #创建表course的视图
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.52 sec)
     
    mysql> select * from course_view;
    +-----+--------+------------+
    | cid | cname  | teacher_id |
    +-----+--------+------------+
    |   1 | 生物   |          1 |
    |   2 | 物理   |          2 |
    |   3 | 体育   |          3 |
    |   4 | 美术   |          2 |
    +-----+--------+------------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
      
    mysql> update course_view set cname='xxx'; #更新视图中的数据
    Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.04 sec)
    Rows matched: 4  Changed: 4  Warnings: 0
     
    mysql> insert into course_view values(5,'yyy',2); #往视图中插入数据
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
     
    mysql> select * from course; #发现原始表的记录也跟着修改了
    +-----+-------+------------+
    | cid | cname | teacher_id |
    +-----+-------+------------+
    |   1 | xxx   |          1 |
    |   2 | xxx   |          2 |
    |   3 | xxx   |          3 |
    |   4 | xxx   |          2 |
    |   5 | yyy   |          2 |
    +-----+-------+------------+
    5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

    修改视图:alter view 视图名称 as sql语句

    语法:ALTER VIEW 视图名称 AS SQL语句
    mysql> alter view teacher_view as select * from course where cid>3;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
     
    mysql> select * from teacher_view;
    +-----+-------+------------+
    | cid | cname | teacher_id |
    +-----+-------+------------+
    |   4 | xxx   |          2 |
    |   5 | yyy   |          2 |
    +-----+-------+------------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

    删除视图:drop view 视图名  

    DROP VIEW teacher_view
    

    二 触发器

     什么是触发器:由一个行为触发了某一个行为。也就是用户对于表的增删改的操作前后的行为。

     创建触发器:

    # 插入前
    CREATE TRIGGER tri_before_insert_tb1 BEFORE INSERT ON tb1 FOR EACH ROW
    BEGIN
        ...
    END
    
    # 插入后
    CREATE TRIGGER tri_after_insert_tb1 AFTER INSERT ON tb1 FOR EACH ROW
    BEGIN
        ...
    END
    
    # 删除前
    CREATE TRIGGER tri_before_delete_tb1 BEFORE DELETE ON tb1 FOR EACH ROW
    BEGIN
        ...
    END
    
    # 删除后
    CREATE TRIGGER tri_after_delete_tb1 AFTER DELETE ON tb1 FOR EACH ROW
    BEGIN
        ...
    END
    
    # 更新前
    CREATE TRIGGER tri_before_update_tb1 BEFORE UPDATE ON tb1 FOR EACH ROW
    BEGIN
        ...
    END
    
    # 更新后
    CREATE TRIGGER tri_after_update_tb1 AFTER UPDATE ON tb1 FOR EACH ROW
    BEGIN
        ...
    END
    

     trigger:触发器

     for each row:每一行

     before:执行前

     after:执行后

     插入触发触发器:

    #准备表
    CREATE TABLE cmd (
        id INT PRIMARY KEY auto_increment,
        USER CHAR (32),
        priv CHAR (10),
        cmd CHAR (64),
        sub_time datetime, #提交时间
        success enum ('yes', 'no') #0代表执行失败
    );
    
    CREATE TABLE errlog (
        id INT PRIMARY KEY auto_increment,
        err_cmd CHAR (64),
        err_time datetime
    );
    
    #创建触发器
    delimiter //
    CREATE TRIGGER tri_after_insert_cmd AFTER INSERT ON cmd FOR EACH ROW
    BEGIN
        IF NEW.success = 'no' THEN #等值判断只有一个等号
                INSERT INTO errlog(err_cmd, err_time) VALUES(NEW.cmd, NEW.sub_time) ; #必须加分号
          END IF ; #必须加分号
    END//
    delimiter ;
    
    
    #往表cmd中插入记录,触发触发器,根据IF的条件决定是否插入错误日志
    INSERT INTO cmd (
        USER,
        priv,
        cmd,
        sub_time,
        success
    )
    VALUES
        ('egon','0755','ls -l /etc',NOW(),'yes'),
        ('egon','0755','cat /etc/passwd',NOW(),'no'),
        ('egon','0755','useradd xxx',NOW(),'no'),
        ('egon','0755','ps aux',NOW(),'yes');
    
    
    #查询错误日志,发现有两条
    mysql> select * from errlog;
    +----+-----------------+---------------------+
    | id | err_cmd         | err_time            |
    +----+-----------------+---------------------+
    |  1 | cat /etc/passwd | 2017-09-14 22:18:48 |
    |  2 | useradd xxx     | 2017-09-14 22:18:48 |
    +----+-----------------+---------------------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

     new:刚插入的数据;old:早已存在的数据

     delimiter :命名结束符号。

     触发器无法有用户直接调用,而知由于对表的增删改操作被动引发的。

     删除触发器:

    drop trigger tri_after_insert_cmd;
    

     三 事物

     什么是事物:包含着一堆sql语句,要么同时成功,要么同时失败。

     start transaction:开启事物。

     rollbask:如果出现异常,就要执行这个命令,还原开始的记录

     commit:事务的语句执行完毕后,用这个命令提交一下。

     try:扑捉异常;except:抛出异常。

    如下:  

    create table user(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name char(32),
    balance int
    );
     
    insert into user(name,balance)
    values
    ('wsb',1000),
    ('egon',1000),
    ('ysb',1000);
     
    #原子操作
    start transaction;
    update user set balance=900 where name='wsb'; #买支付100元
    update user set balance=1010 where name='egon'; #中介拿走10元
    update user set balance=1090 where name='ysb'; #卖家拿到90元
    commit;
     
    #出现异常,回滚到初始状态
    start transaction;
    update user set balance=900 where name='wsb'; #买支付100元
    update user set balance=1010 where name='egon'; #中介拿走10元
    uppdate user set balance=1090 where name='ysb'; #卖家拿到90元,出现异常没有拿到
    rollback;
    commit;
    mysql> select * from user;
    +----+------+---------+
    | id | name | balance |
    +----+------+---------+
    |  1 | wsb  |    1000 |
    |  2 | egon |    1000 |
    |  3 | ysb  |    1000 |
    +----+------+---------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

     四 存储过程

     什么是存储过程:也就是一堆失去了语句,与存储有关的。

     只要一执行存储过程,就会触发一堆sql语句的执行。

     优点:用来代替程序写的sql语句,实现程序与数据库的解耦。

        基于网络传输,传别名数据量小,直接传sql数据量大。

     缺点:扩展不方便

     程序与sql语句结合使用的方式

     1 mysql:存储过程           程序:调用存储过程

     2 mysql:什么都不做         程序:纯sql语句

     3 mysql:什么都不做       程序:类和对象,即orm(本质还是纯sql语句)

    创建存储过程程序:

     procedure:创建函数

     call:在数据库中执行存储过程函数

     callproc:在python中基于pymysql模块执行存储过程函数

      1 创建无参存储过程程序:

    delimiter //
    create procedure p1()
    BEGIN
        select * from blog;
        INSERT into blog(name,sub_time) values("xxx",now());
    END //
    delimiter ;
     
    #在mysql中调用
    call p1()
     
    #在python中基于pymysql调用
    cursor.callproc('p1')
    print(cursor.fetchall())
    

     2 创建有参存储过程程序: 

     in:接收参数

    delimiter //
    create procedure p2(
        in n1 int,
        in n2 int
    )
    BEGIN
        
        select * from blog where id > n1;
    END //
    delimiter ;
    
    #在mysql中调用
    call p2(3,2)
    
    #在python中基于pymysql调用
    cursor.callproc('p2',(3,2))
    print(cursor.fetchall())
    

    out:返回值的参数  

    delimiter //
    create procedure p3(
        in n1 int,
        out res int
    )
    BEGIN
        select * from blog where id > n1;
        set res = 1;
    END //
    delimiter ;
    
    #在mysql中调用
    set @res=0; #0代表假(执行失败),1代表真(执行成功)
    call p3(3,@res);
    select @res;
    
    #在python中基于pymysql调用
    cursor.callproc('p3',(3,0)) #0相当于set @res=0
    print(cursor.fetchall()) #查询select的查询结果
    
    cursor.execute('select @_p3_0,@_p3_1;') #@p3_0代表第一个参数,@p3_1代表第二个参数,即返回值
    print(cursor.fetchall())
    

     注意:in接收的参数值不能够当作out的返回值使用。

     inout:既可以传入值,又可以做为返回值。

    delimiter //
    create procedure p4(
        inout n1 int
    )
    BEGIN
        select * from blog where id > n1;
        set n1 = 1;
    END //
    delimiter ;
    
    #在mysql中调用
    set @x=3;
    call p4(@x);
    select @x;
    
    
    #在python中基于pymysql调用
    cursor.callproc('p4',(3,))
    print(cursor.fetchall()) #查询select的查询结果
    
    cursor.execute('select @_p4_0;') 
    print(cursor.fetchall())
    

    事物:  

    #介绍
    delimiter //
                create procedure p4(
                    out status int
                )
                BEGIN
                    1. 声明如果出现异常则执行{
                        set status = 1;
                        rollback;
                    }
                       
                    开始事务
                        -- 由秦兵账户减去100
                        -- 方少伟账户加90
                        -- 张根账户加10
                        commit;
                    结束
                    
                    set status = 2;
                    
                    
                END //
                delimiter ;
    
    #实现
    delimiter //
    create PROCEDURE p5(
        OUT p_return_code tinyint
    )
    BEGIN 
        DECLARE exit handler for sqlexception 
        BEGIN 
            -- ERROR 
            set p_return_code = 1; 
            rollback; 
        END; 
    
        DECLARE exit handler for sqlwarning 
        BEGIN 
            -- WARNING 
            set p_return_code = 2; 
            rollback; 
        END; 
    
        START TRANSACTION; 
            DELETE from tb1; #执行失败
            insert into blog(name,sub_time) values('yyy',now());
        COMMIT; 
    
        -- SUCCESS 
        set p_return_code = 0; #0代表执行成功
    
    END //
    delimiter ;
    
    #在mysql中调用存储过程
    set @res=123;
    call p5(@res);
    select @res;
    
    #在python中基于pymysql调用存储过程
    cursor.callproc('p5',(123,))
    print(cursor.fetchall()) #查询select的查询结果
    
    cursor.execute('select @_p5_0;')
    print(cursor.fetchall())
    

    执行存储过程:

     在MySQL中执行:

    -- 无参数
    call proc_name()
     
    -- 有参数,全in
    call proc_name(1,2)
     
    -- 有参数,有in,out,inout
    set @t1=0;
    set @t2=3;
    call proc_name(1,2,@t1,@t2)
    

     set @:定义变量

     在python中基于pymysql模块执行:

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import pymysql
     
    conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')
    cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
    # 执行存储过程
    cursor.callproc('p1', args=(1, 22, 3, 4))
    # 获取执行完存储的参数
    cursor.execute("select @_p1_0,@_p1_1,@_p1_2,@_p1_3")
    result = cursor.fetchall()
     
    conn.commit()
    cursor.close()
    conn.close()
     
     
    print(result)
    

     select @_名_值:获取执行完的存储参数。

    删除存储过程:

    drop procedure proc_name;
    

     五 函数

     mysql中部分内置函数:

    CHAR_LENGTH(str)
            返回值为字符串str 的长度,长度的单位为字符。一个多字节字符算作一个单字符。
            对于一个包含五个二字节字符集, LENGTH()返回值为 10, 而CHAR_LENGTH()的返回值为5。
    
        CONCAT(str1,str2,...)
            字符串拼接
            如有任何一个参数为NULL ,则返回值为 NULL。
        CONCAT_WS(separator,str1,str2,...)
            字符串拼接(自定义连接符)
            CONCAT_WS()不会忽略任何空字符串。 (然而会忽略所有的 NULL)。
    
        CONV(N,from_base,to_base)
            进制转换
            例如:
                SELECT CONV('a',16,2); 表示将 a 由16进制转换为2进制字符串表示
    
        FORMAT(X,D)
            将数字X 的格式写为'#,###,###.##',以四舍五入的方式保留小数点后 D 位, 并将结果以字符串的形式返回。若  D 为 0, 则返回结果不带有小数点,或不含小数部分。
            例如:
                SELECT FORMAT(12332.1,4); 结果为: '12,332.1000'
        INSERT(str,pos,len,newstr)
            在str的指定位置插入字符串
                pos:要替换位置其实位置
                len:替换的长度
                newstr:新字符串
            特别的:
                如果pos超过原字符串长度,则返回原字符串
                如果len超过原字符串长度,则由新字符串完全替换
        INSTR(str,substr)
            返回字符串 str 中子字符串的第一个出现位置。
    
        LEFT(str,len)
            返回字符串str 从开始的len位置的子序列字符。
    
        LOWER(str)
            变小写
    
        UPPER(str)
            变大写
    
        LTRIM(str)
            返回字符串 str ,其引导空格字符被删除。
        RTRIM(str)
            返回字符串 str ,结尾空格字符被删去。
        SUBSTRING(str,pos,len)
            获取字符串子序列
    
        LOCATE(substr,str,pos)
            获取子序列索引位置
    
        REPEAT(str,count)
            返回一个由重复的字符串str 组成的字符串,字符串str的数目等于count 。
            若 count <= 0,则返回一个空字符串。
            若str 或 count 为 NULL,则返回 NULL 。
        REPLACE(str,from_str,to_str)
            返回字符串str 以及所有被字符串to_str替代的字符串from_str 。
        REVERSE(str)
            返回字符串 str ,顺序和字符顺序相反。
        RIGHT(str,len)
            从字符串str 开始,返回从后边开始len个字符组成的子序列
    
        SPACE(N)
            返回一个由N空格组成的字符串。
    
        SUBSTRING(str,pos) , SUBSTRING(str FROM pos) SUBSTRING(str,pos,len) , SUBSTRING(str FROM pos FOR len)
            不带有len 参数的格式从字符串str返回一个子字符串,起始于位置 pos。带有len参数的格式从字符串str返回一个长度同len字符相同的子字符串,起始于位置 pos。 使用 FROM的格式为标准 SQL 语法。也可能对pos使用一个负值。假若这样,则子字符串的位置起始于字符串结尾的pos 字符,而不是字符串的开头位置。在以下格式的函数中可以对pos 使用一个负值。
    
            mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Quadratically',5);
                -> 'ratically'
    
            mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('foobarbar' FROM 4);
                -> 'barbar'
    
            mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Quadratically',5,6);
                -> 'ratica'
    
            mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Sakila', -3);
                -> 'ila'
    
            mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Sakila', -5, 3);
                -> 'aki'
    
            mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Sakila' FROM -4 FOR 2);
                -> 'ki'
    
        TRIM([{BOTH | LEADING | TRAILING} [remstr] FROM] str) TRIM(remstr FROM] str)
            返回字符串 str , 其中所有remstr 前缀和/或后缀都已被删除。若分类符BOTH、LEADIN或TRAILING中没有一个是给定的,则假设为BOTH 。 remstr 为可选项,在未指定情况下,可删除空格。
    
            mysql> SELECT TRIM('  bar   ');
                    -> 'bar'
    
            mysql> SELECT TRIM(LEADING 'x' FROM 'xxxbarxxx');
                    -> 'barxxx'
    
            mysql> SELECT TRIM(BOTH 'x' FROM 'xxxbarxxx');
                    -> 'bar'
    
            mysql> SELECT TRIM(TRAILING 'xyz' FROM 'barxxyz');
                    -> 'barx'
    

    date_format函数:将时间日期取出某段部分  

    #1 基本使用
    mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2009-10-04 22:23:00', '%W %M %Y');
            -> 'Sunday October 2009'
    mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2007-10-04 22:23:00', '%H:%i:%s');
            -> '22:23:00'
    mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1900-10-04 22:23:00',
        ->                 '%D %y %a %d %m %b %j');
            -> '4th 00 Thu 04 10 Oct 277'
    mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1997-10-04 22:23:00',
        ->                 '%H %k %I %r %T %S %w');
            -> '22 22 10 10:23:00 PM 22:23:00 00 6'
    mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1999-01-01', '%X %V');
            -> '1998 52'
    mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2006-06-00', '%d');
            -> '00'
     
     
    #2 准备表和记录
    CREATE TABLE blog (
        id INT PRIMARY KEY auto_increment,
        NAME CHAR (32),
        sub_time datetime
    );
     
    INSERT INTO blog (NAME, sub_time)
    VALUES
        ('第1篇','2015-03-01 11:31:21'),
        ('第2篇','2015-03-11 16:31:21'),
        ('第3篇','2016-07-01 10:21:31'),
        ('第4篇','2016-07-22 09:23:21'),
        ('第5篇','2016-07-23 10:11:11'),
        ('第6篇','2016-07-25 11:21:31'),
        ('第7篇','2017-03-01 15:33:21'),
        ('第8篇','2017-03-01 17:32:21'),
        ('第9篇','2017-03-01 18:31:21');
     
    #3. 提取sub_time字段的值,按照格式后的结果即"年月"来分组
    SELECT DATE_FORMAT(sub_time,'%Y-%m'),COUNT(1) FROM blog GROUP BY DATE_FORMAT(sub_time,'%Y-%m');
     
    #结果
    +-------------------------------+----------+
    | DATE_FORMAT(sub_time,'%Y-%m') | COUNT(1) |
    +-------------------------------+----------+
    | 2015-03                       |        2 |
    | 2016-07                       |        4 |
    | 2017-03                       |        3 |
    +-------------------------------+----------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

     自定义函数:不要在函数内部写sql语句,函数仅仅只有一个功能,是一个在mysql中被应用的功能。若想在begin......end.... 中写sql语句,请用存储过程。

    定义函数:

    实例1:  

    delimiter //
    create function f1(
        i1 int,
        i2 int)
    returns int
    BEGIN
        declare num int;
        set num = i1 + i2;
        return(num);
    END //
    delimiter ;
    

     实例2:  

    delimiter //
    create function f5(
        i int
    )
    returns int
    begin
        declare res int default 0;
        if i = 10 then
            set res=100;
        elseif i = 20 then
            set res=200;
        elseif i = 30 then
            set res=300;
        else
            set res=400;
        end if;
        return res;
    end //
    delimiter ;
    

     删除函数:  

    drop function func_name;
    

     执行函数:  

    # 获取返回值
    select UPPER('egon') into @res;
    SELECT @res;
     
     
    # 在查询中使用
    select f1(11,nid) ,name from tb2;
    

     六 流程控制

    1 if 条件语句:

    delimiter //
    CREATE PROCEDURE proc_if ()
    BEGIN
        
        declare i int default 0;
        if i = 1 THEN
            SELECT 1;
        ELSEIF i = 2 THEN
            SELECT 2;
        ELSE
            SELECT 7;
        END IF;
    
    END //
    delimiter ;
    

      declare:声明变量

      then :接下来执行

      end if:接收循环

    2 循环语句:

    while:  

    delimiter //
    CREATE PROCEDURE proc_while ()
    BEGIN
     
        DECLARE num INT ;
        SET num = 0 ;
        WHILE num < 10 DO
            SELECT
                num ;
            SET num = num + 1 ;
        END WHILE ;
     
    END //
    delimiter ;
    

       do :while的结尾

      end while:结束循环

    repeat:  

    delimiter //
    CREATE PROCEDURE proc_repeat ()
    BEGIN
     
        DECLARE i INT ;
        SET i = 0 ;
        repeat
            select i;
            set i = i + 1;
            until i >= 5
        end repeat;
     
    END //
    delimiter ;
    

      end repeat:结束repeat循环

    loop:

    BEGIN
         
        declare i int default 0;
        loop_label: loop
             
            set i=i+1;
            if i<8 then
                iterate loop_label;
            end if;
            if i>=10 then
                leave loop_label;
            end if;
            select i;
        end loop loop_label;
     
    END
    

    本片博客详情:http://www.cnblogs.com/linhaifeng/articles/7495918.html  

     

    练习题

    准备表:

    create table class(cid int primary key auto_increment,
                                                caption char(5) not null unique);
    
    INSERT into class(caption)values('三年二班'),('一年三班'),('三年一班');
    
    CREATE table student(sid int primary key auto_increment,
                                                sname char(6) not null,
                                                gender enum('男','女','male','female') not null,
                                                class_id int(4) not null,
                                                foreign key(class_id) references class(cid)
                                                on delete CASCADE
                                                on update cascade);
    
    insert into student(sname,gender,class_id)values
                                                ('钢蛋','女',1),('铁锤','女',1),('山炮','男',2);
    
    
    
    
    create table teacher(tid int primary key auto_increment,
                                                    tname char(6) not null);
    
    insert into teacher(tname)values('波多'),('苍空'),('饭岛');
    
    create table course(cid int primary key auto_increment,
                                                    cname CHAR(5) not null unique,
                                                teacher_id int not null,
                                                foreign key(teacher_id) references teacher(tid)
                                                on delete CASCADE
                                                on update cascade);
    
    insert into course(cname,teacher_id)values('生物',1),('体育',1),('物理',2);
    
    
    create table score(sid int primary key auto_increment,
                                            student_id int not null,
                                            foreign key(student_id) references student(sid)
                                                on delete cascade on update cascade,
                                            course_id int not null,
                                            foreign key(course_id) references course(cid)
                                                on delete cascade on update cascade,
                                            number int(4) not null);
    
    insert into score(student_id,course_id,number)values(1,1,60),(1,2,59),(2,2,100);
    
    
    
    SELECT * from class;
    show CREATE table class;
    select * from student;
    show create table student;
    SELECT * from teacher;
    show create table teacher;
    select * from course;
    show create table course;
    select * from score;
    show create table score;
    

    开始练习:  

    1、查询所有的课程的名称以及对应的任课老师姓名
    SELECT cname,tname from course inner join teacher ON course.teacher_id = teacher.tid;
     
     
    2、查询学生表中男女生各有多少人
    select gender,COUNT(sid) from student GROUP BY gender;
     
    3、查询物理成绩等于100的学生的姓名
    SELECT sname from student where sid in (
    SELECT student_id from score where course_id = (SELECT cid from course where cname = '物理') and num = 100
    );
     
    4、查询平均成绩大于八十分的同学的姓名和平均成绩
     
    方法1:
    SELECT student.sname,t1.avg_num from student inner join
    (SELECT student_id,AVG(num) avg_num from score GROUP BY student_id
    HAVING avg(num) > 80) as t1
    on student.sid = t1.student_id;
     
     
    方法2:
    select * from student where sid in (
        select student_id from score group by student_id
                having avg(num)>80
     );
     
     
     
     
    5、查询所有学生的学号,姓名,选课数,总成绩
    SELECT student.sid,student.sname,t1.course_num,t1.total_num from student inner JOIN
    (SELECT
        student_id,
        count(course_id) course_num,
        sum(num) total_num
    FROM
        score
    GROUP BY
        student_id) as t1
    on student.sid = t1.student_id;
     
     
    6、 查询姓李老师的个数
    方法1:
    SELECT COUNT(1) from teacher where tname like '李%';
     
     
    方法2:
    select count(t1) from (
        select tname t1 from teacher where tname LIKE '李%'
    )as t
     
     
     
    7、 查询没有报李平老师课的学生姓名
    SELECT
        sname
    FROM
        student
    WHERE
        sid NOT IN (
            SELECT
                student_id
            FROM
                score
            WHERE
                course_id IN (
                    SELECT
                        cid
                    FROM
                        course
                    WHERE
                        teacher_id = (
                            SELECT
                                tid
                            FROM
                                teacher
                            WHERE
                                tname = '李平老师'
                        )
                )
        );
     
     
     
    8、 查询物理课程比生物课程高的学生的学号
    SELECT t1.student_id from
    (SELECT student_id,num from score where course_id = (
    SELECT cid from course where cname = '物理'
    )) as t1
    inner join
    (SELECT student_id,num from score where course_id = (
    SELECT cid from course where cname = '生物'
    )) as t2
    on t1.student_id = t2.student_id
    where t1.num > t2.num;
     
     
    9、 查询没有同时选修物理课程和体育课程的学生姓名
    方法1:
    SELECT sname from student where sid in (
    SELECT student_id from score LEFT JOIN course
    on score.course_id = course.cid
    WHERE course.cname in ('物理','体育')
    GROUP BY student_id
    HAVING count(sid) < 2
    );
     
     
    方法2:
    select sname from student where sid not in (
    SELECT s1.student_id from (
    select student_id from score where course_id =(
    SELECT cid from course where cname ='体育')) s1
    INNER JOIN (
    select student_id from score where course_id =(
    SELECT cid from course where cname ='物理')) s2
     on s1.student_id=s2.student_id);
     
     
    10、查询挂科超过两门(包括两门)的学生姓名和班级
    方法1::
    SELECT sname,caption from student LEFT JOIN class
    on student.class_id = class.cid
    where student.sid in (
    SELECT student_id from score where num < 60 GROUP BY student_id
    HAVING COUNT(course_id) >= 2
    )
    ;
     
     
    方法2:
     select s.sname,class.caption from class INNER JOIN
        (select * from student where sid in (
            select student_id from score GROUP BY student_id
            having student_id>=2)) s
                on s.class_id=class.cid;
     
     
    11 、查询选修了所有课程的学生姓名
    select sname from student where sid in (
    select student_id from score GROUP BY student_id
    having count(sid)=(
    select count(cid) from course))
     
     
    12、查询李平老师教的课程的所有成绩记录
    方法1:
    SELECT * from score where course_id in (
    SELECT cid from course inner JOIN teacher
    on course.teacher_id = teacher.tid
    WHERE tname = '李平老师'
    );
     
     
    方法2:
    select num from score WHERE course_id in (
    select cid from course where teacher_id=(
    select tid from teacher where tname='李平老师'));
     
     
    13、查询全部学生都选修了的课程号和课程名
    SELECT ss.s1,ss.s2,course.cid,course.cname from
    (select student.sid s1,student.sname s2,score.course_id s3
        from student INNER JOIN score
        on student.sid=score.student_id ) ss
     INNER JOIN course
     on ss.s3=course.cid;
     
    14、查询每门课程被选修的次数
    方法1:
    SELECT course.cname,t1.count_student FROM course
    INNER JOIN
    (
    SELECT course_id,count(student_id) count_student from score GROUP BY course_id
    ) as t1
    ON course.cid = t1.course_id;
     
     
    方法2:
    select course.cname,COUNT(score.sid)
    from course INNER JOIN score
        on course.cid=score.course_id
            group by score.course_id;
     
    15、查询只选修了一门课程的学生姓名和学号
    select sid,sname from student where sid in(
        select student_id from score GROUP BY student_id
            having count(sid)=1);
     
     
    16、查询所有学生考出的总成绩并按从高到低排序(成绩去重)
    方法1:
    SELECT  DISTINCT sum(num) sum_num from score group by student_id
    ORDER BY sum_num desc;
     
    方法2:
    select  student.sname,avg(score.num) avg_num from
        student INNER JOIN score on student.sid=score.student_id
        GROUP BY student_id ORDER BY avg_num desc;
     
     
    17、查询平均成绩大于85的学生姓名和平均成绩
    方法1:
    SELECT student.sname,t1.avg_num from student inner join
    (
    SELECT student_id,avg(num) avg_num from score GROUP BY student_id having avg(num) > 85
    ) as t1
    on student.sid = t1.student_id;
     
     
    方法2:
     select student.sname,avg(score.num) from student INNER JOIN score
        on student.sid=score.student_id
            GROUP BY score.student_id
            having avg(score.num)>85;
     
     
    18、查询生物成绩不及格的学生姓名和对应生物分数
    方法1:
    SELECT sname,t1.num from student
    INNER JOIN
    (
    SELECT student_id,num from score LEFT JOIN course
    on score.course_id = course.cid
    where course.cname = '生物' and score.num < 60
    ) as t1
    on student.sid = t1.student_id;
     
     
     
    方法2:
    select student.sname,ss.num from student INNER JOIN(
    select * from score where course_id=(
    select cid from course where cname='生物') and num<60) ss
    on ss.student_id=student.class_id;
     
     
     
    19、查询在所有选修了李平老师课程的学生中,这些课程(李平老师的课程,不是所有课程)平均成绩最高的学生姓名
    select sname from student where sid in(
     select student_id from score where course_id in(
    select cid from course where teacher_id=(
    select tid from teacher where tname='李平老师'))
     GROUP BY student_id
     HAVING avg(num)=(
     select  avg(num) from score where course_id in(
     select cid from course where teacher_id=(
     select tid from teacher where tname='李平老师'))
     GROUP BY student_id order by avg(num) desc
    limit 1))
     
     
    20、查询每门课程成绩最好的前两名学生姓名
     
     
     
     
     
    SELECT * from score ORDER BY course_id,num desc;
     
    #取得课程编号与第一高的成绩:course_id,first_num
    SELECT course_id,max(num) first_num from score GROUP BY course_id;
     
     
    #取得课程编号与第二高的成绩:course_id,second_num
    SELECT score.course_id,max(num) second_num from score LEFT JOIN (
    SELECT course_id,max(num) first_num from score GROUP BY course_id
     
    ) as t1
    on score.course_id = t1.course_id
    where score.num < t1.first_num
    GROUP BY score.course_id
    ;
     
    #链表得到一张新表,新表包含课程编号与这门课程前两名的成绩分数
     
    select t1.course_id,t1.first_num,t2.second_num from
     
    (SELECT course_id,max(num) first_num from score GROUP BY course_id) as t1
     
    inner join
     
    (SELECT score.course_id,max(num) second_num from score LEFT JOIN (
    SELECT course_id,max(num) first_num from score GROUP BY course_id
     
    ) as t1
    on score.course_id = t1.course_id
    where score.num < t1.first_num
    GROUP BY score.course_id) as t2
     
    on t1.course_id = t2.course_id;
     
     
    #取前两名学生的编号
     
    SELECT score.course_id,score.student_id from score LEFT JOIN (
    select t1.course_id,t1.first_num,t2.second_num from
     
    (SELECT course_id,max(num) first_num from score GROUP BY course_id) as t1
     
    inner join
     
    (SELECT score.course_id,max(num) second_num from score LEFT JOIN (
    SELECT course_id,max(num) first_num from score GROUP BY course_id
     
    ) as t1
    on score.course_id = t1.course_id
    where score.num < t1.first_num
    GROUP BY score.course_id) as t2
     
    on t1.course_id = t2.course_id
     
    ) as t3
     
    on score.course_id = t3.course_id
    where score.num >= t3.second_num and score.num <= t3.first_num
    ;
     
    SELECT t4.course_id,student.sname from student inner join
    (
    SELECT score.course_id,score.student_id from score LEFT JOIN (
    select t1.course_id,t1.first_num,t2.second_num from
     
    (SELECT course_id,max(num) first_num from score GROUP BY course_id) as t1
     
    inner join
     
    (SELECT score.course_id,max(num) second_num from score LEFT JOIN (
    SELECT course_id,max(num) first_num from score GROUP BY course_id
     
    ) as t1
    on score.course_id = t1.course_id
    where score.num < t1.first_num
    GROUP BY score.course_id) as t2
     
    on t1.course_id = t2.course_id
     
    ) as t3
     
    on score.course_id = t3.course_id
    where score.num >= t3.second_num and score.num <= t3.first_num
    ) as t4
    on student.sid = t4.student_id
    ORDER BY t4.course_id
    ;
     
     
     
    select student.sname,t.course_id,t.num from student INNER JOIN
    (
    select
                s1.student_id,s1.course_id,s1.num,
                (select num from score as s2 where s2.course_id = s1.course_id order by num desc limit 0,1) as first_num,
                (select num from score as s2 where s2.course_id = s1.course_id order by num desc limit 1,1) as second_num
        from
                score as s1
    ) as t
    on student.sid =  t.student_id
    where t.num in (t.first_num,t.second_num)
    ORDER BY t.course_id
    ;
     
     
    SELECT sid from score as s1 ;
    

      

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/bsxq/p/7773179.html
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