x=2222 print(x) def func1(): x=65842 def func2(): x=65412 print(x) func2() func1() print(x) 2222 65412 2222
global:调用全局变量
x=8888 def func1(): def func2(): global x x=10000000 func2() func1() print(x) 10000000
local:调用外部变量
def f1(): x=1 def f2(): nonlocal x x=666 print(x) f2() f1() 666
闭包函数:
1.内部函数
2.包含对外部作用域而非全局作用域的引用
闭包函数特点:
1.自带作用域
2.延迟计算
closure:
name='alex' def func(): name='egon' x=1000000000000000000000 def bar(): print(name) print(x) a=1 b=2 return bar f=func() print(f.__closure__[0].cell_contents) print(f.__closure__[1].cell_contents) egon 1000000000000000000000
例子:
name='lyp' def func1(): name='xiaobai' def func2(): print(name) return func2 func1=func1() func1() xiaobai money=8000 def func1(): money=6000 def mo_info(name): print('%s有%s钱'%(name,money)) mo_info('xiaobai') func1() xiaobai有6000钱 def f0(): name='henbai' def f1(): money=6666 def f2(): print('xiaobai has %s'%(money)) print(name) return f2 return f1 f0()()() xiaobai has 6666 henbai
装饰器:任意可调用对象,被装饰的对象也可以任意可调用对象
功能:在不修改被修饰对象源代码以及调用方式的前提下为其添加新功能
原则:
1.不修改源代码
2.不修改调用方法
目标:添加新功能
装饰器的语法:在被装饰对象的正上方的单独一行,@装饰器名字(将函数作为参数传给装饰器)
执行顺序是自上而下,计算顺序是自下而上
from urllib.request import urlopen def info(url): def pa_pr(): return urlopen(url).read() return pa_pr pa_pr=info('http://www.baidu.com') print(pa_pr()) import random import time def index(): time.sleep(random.randrange(1,4)) print('welcome to the page') def sp_time(haha): def time_d(): start_time=time.time() haha() stop_time=time.time() print('runtime is %s'%(stop_time-start_time)) return time_d index=sp_time(index) index()